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Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery

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A special issue of Biomimetics (ISSN 2313-7673). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomimetics of Materials and Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 20559

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Prof. Dr. Ryszard Uklejewski

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Department of Constructional Materials and Biomaterials Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: bone tissue biomechanics and endocrinology; orthopaedic biomaterials; connecting scaffolds for resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses; surface modification and functionalization of biomaterials
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Dr. Mariusz Winiecki

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Department of Constructional Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: orthopaedic biomaterials; engineering of bone–implant interface; scaffolds for bone reconstruction; surface modification and functionalization of biomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hard tissues are living, mineralized tissues possessing a high degree of hardness that are found in organs such as bones and teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum). The ultimate goal of bone and joint surgery, craniofacial surgery, dental surgery, or, in general, hard tissue surgery, is reconstruction via the implantation of a device to replace a bone and/or joints affected by disease or traumatic damage or deformity. Reconstruction of critical-sized loss or defects caused by trauma, tumour excision, osteoarthritis, and other bone-resorption-related diseases or disorders remains a significant challenge. However, three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds have emerged as relatively novel tools used to repair such damaged hard tissues. Biomimetic scaffolds are designed and generated as biomaterial architectures that promote the regeneration of native tissue. Scaffolds for hard tissue surgery require mechanical stability to support the needed geometry of tissue loss or defects and facilitate bearing external loading. Such scaffolds should provide internal microarchitecture to the tissue that is to be regenerated with an internal, interconnected porous network of effective space for infiltration, growth, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, vasculature ingrowth, and new tissue growth, and ensure a channel of material exchange with the external environment (delivering oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and waste removal). Thus, the design of such scaffolds is extremely important to the success of clinical outcomes in hard tissue surgery. The newest trend in this field is the viable bioinspired structural and functional design of tissue-mimicking 3D-printed (composite or hybrid) scaffolds with interconnected pore structures of controlled and often gradual porosity of implants with the synergistic functions of promoting bone regeneration (often seeded with mesenchymal stromal cells and involving biomolecules and growth factors) and reducing local bacterial infections (intrinsically antimicrobial or loaded with antibiotics, peptides, antimicrobial metallic ions, and/or nanoparticles).

This Special Issue aims to exhibit and discuss the latest advancements in biomimetic scaffolds for hard tissue surgery. It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Biomimetic design strategies for scaffolds;
Techniques for fabricating biomimetic scaffolds;
Novel biomaterials for biomimetic scaffolds;
Biodegradability design of biomimetic scaffolds;
Surface functionalization of biomimetic scaffolds;
Clinical applications of biomimetic scaffolds.

Prof. Dr. Ryszard Uklejewski
Dr. Mariusz Winiecki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomimetics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biomimetic scaffolds
hard tissue surgery
hard tissue regeneration
bone regeneration
biomimetic microstructure and biomechanics, biocompatibility
biodegradability design
scaffold functionalization

Related Special Issue

Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery: 2nd Edition in Biomimetics

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 9800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Aerogels with Piezoelectric Particles

by Catarina Tavares, Tânia Vieira, Jorge C. Silva, João P. M. R. Borges and M. Carmo Lança

Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030143 - 27 Feb 2024

Viewed by 967

Abstract

Open-cell foams based on hydroxyapatite (HAp) can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) to better replace damaged hard tissues and assist in their regeneration processes. Aerogels of HAp nanowires (NW) with barium titanate (BT) particles were produced and characterized regarding their physical and chemical properties, bioactivity, and in vitro cytotoxicity. Considering the role of piezoelectricity (mainly due to collagen) and surface charges in bone remodeling, all BT particles, of size 280 nm and 2 and 3 µm, contained BaTiO₃ in their piezoelectric tetragonal phase. The synthesized nanowires were verified to be AB-type carbonated hydroxyapatite. The aerogels showed high porosity and relatively homogeneous distribution of the BT particles. Barium titanate proved to be non-cytotoxic while all the aerogels produced were cytotoxic for an extract concentration of 1 mg/mL but became non-cytotoxic at concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and below. It is possible that these results were affected by the higher surface area and quicker dissolution rate of the aerogels. In the bioactivity assays, SEM/EDS, it was not easy to differentiate between the apatite deposition and the surface of the HAp wires. However, a quantitative EDS analysis shows a possible CaP deposition/dissolution cycle taking place. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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16 pages, 3388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TCP Doped with Metal Ions Reinforced with Tetragonal and Cubic Zirconia

by Vanessa M. Ferro, Beatriz C. Silva, Duarte F. Macedo, Natanael F. Fernandes and Abílio P. Silva

Biomimetics 2023, 8(8), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8080599 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1125

Abstract

Ceramic biocomposites based on bioactive tricalcium phosphate doped with metal ions are a strategy for obtaining good biomimetics for human bone composition. Manufacturing with PMMA porogen also induces bone-like porosity morphology. The poor strength of tricalcium phosphate can be overcomed by designing ceramic composites reinforced with tetragonal and cubic zirconia. In this work, five different bioceramic composites were manufactured without and with induced porosity and their physical, mechanical, microstructural, and biological properties were studied. With the addition of tetragonal and cubic zirconia, an improvement in strength of 22% and 55%, respectively, was obtained, corresponding to up to 20.7 MPa. PMMA was suitable for adding porosity, up to 30%, with interconnectivity while an excellent hOB cellular viability was achieved for all biocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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21 pages, 9131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Biomimetic Conductive Gelatin-Chitosan–Carbon Black Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

by Kamol Dey, Emanuel Sandrini, Anna Gobetti, Giorgio Ramorino, Nicola Francesco Lopomo, Sarah Tonello, Emilio Sardini and Luciana Sartore

Biomimetics 2023, 8(6), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060473 - 03 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

Conductive nanocomposites play a significant role in tissue engineering by providing a platform to support cell growth, tissue regeneration, and electrical stimulation. In the present study, a set of electroconductive nanocomposite hydrogels based on gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), and conductive carbon black (CB) was synthesized with the aim of developing novel biomaterials for tissue regeneration application. The incorporation of conductive carbon black (10, 15 and 20 wt.%) significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced mechanical properties with the increased CB content. We employed an oversimplified unidirectional freezing technique to impart anisotropic morphology with interconnected porous architecture. An investigation into whether any anisotropic morphology affects the mechanical properties of hydrogel was conducted by performing compression and cyclic compression tests in each direction parallel and perpendicular to macroporous channels. Interestingly, the nanocomposite with 10% CB produced both anisotropic morphology and mechanical properties, whereas anisotropic pore morphology diminished at higher CB concentrations (15 and 20%), imparting a denser texture. Collectively, the nanocomposite hydrogels showed great structural stability as well as good mechanical stability and reversibility. Under repeated compressive cyclic at 50% deformation, the nanocomposite hydrogels showed preconditioning, characteristic hysteresis, nonlinear elasticity, and toughness. Overall, the collective mechanical behavior resembled the mechanics of soft tissues. The electrical impedance associated with the hydrogels was studied in terms of the magnitude and phase angle in dry and wet conditions. The electrical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels conducted in wet conditions, which is more physiologically relevant, showed a decreasing magnitude with increased CB concentrations, with a resistive-like behavior in the range 1 kHz–1 MHz and a capacitive-like behavior for frequencies <1 kHz and >1 MHz. Overall, the impedance of the nanocomposite hydrogels decreased with increased CB concentrations. Together, these nanocomposite hydrogels are compositionally, morphologically, mechanically, and electrically similar to native ECMs of many tissues. These gelatin-chitosan–carbon black nanocomposite hydrogels show great promise for use as conducting substrates for the growth of electro-responsive cells in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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27 pages, 14050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibers Incorporating Mesoporous Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Ricardo J. R. Matos, Jorge C. Silva, Paula I. P. Soares and João Paulo Borges

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020206 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

Composite biomaterials that combine osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties are a promising approach for bone tissue engineering (BTE) since they stimulate osteogenesis while mimicking extracellular matrix (ECM) morphology. In this context, the aim of the present research was to produce polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers containing mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) 80S15 nanoparticles. These composite materials were produced by the electrospinning technique. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to estimate the optimal electrospinning parameters to reduce average fiber diameter. The polymeric matrices were thermally crosslinked under different conditions, and the fibers’ morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evaluation of the mechanical properties of nanofibrous mats revealed a dependence on thermal crosslinking parameters and on the presence of MBG 80S15 particles inside the polymeric fibers. Degradation tests indicated that the presence of MBG led to a faster degradation of nanofibrous mats and to a higher swelling capacity. The assessment of in vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) was performed using MBG pellets and PVP/MBG (1:1) composites to assess if the bioactive properties of MBG 80S15 were kept when it was incorporated into PVP nanofibers. FTIR and XRD analysis along with SEM–EDS results indicated that a hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA) layer formed on the surface of MBG pellets and nanofibrous webs after soaking in SBF over different time periods. In general, the materials revealed no cytotoxic effects on the Saos-2 cell line. The overall results for the materials produced show the potential of the composites to be used in BTE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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14 pages, 3423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long Bone Defect Filling with Bioactive Degradable 3D-Implant: Experimental Study

by Arnold Popkov, Natalia Kononovich, Gleb Dubinenko, Elena Gorbach, Alexander Shastov, Sergei Tverdokhlebov and Dmitry Popkov

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020138 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

Previously, 3D-printed bone grafts made of titanium alloy with bioactive coating has shown great potential for the restoration of bone defects. Implanted into a medullary canal titanium graft with cellular structure demonstrated stimulation of the reparative osteogenesis and successful osseointegration of the graft into a single bone-implant block. The purpose of this study was to investigate osseointegration of a 3D-printed degradable polymeric implant with cellular structure as preclinical testing of a new technique for bone defect restoration. During an experimental study in sheep, a 20 mm-long segmental tibial defect was filled with an original cylindrical implant with cellular structure made of polycaprolactone coated with hydroxyapatite. X-ray radiographs demonstrated reparative bone regeneration from the periosteum lying on the periphery of cylindrical implant to its center in a week after the surgery. Cellular structure of the implant was fully filled with newly-formed bone tissue on the 4th week after the surgery. The bone tissue regeneration from the proximal and distal bone fragments was evident on 3rd week. This provides insight into the use of bioactive degradable implants for the restoration of segmental bone defects. Degradable implant with bioactive coating implanted into a long bone segmental defect provides stimulation of reparative osteogenesis and osseointegration into the single implant-bone block. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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15 pages, 5916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds to Assess Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Mechanobiological Behaviour

by Rémy Gauthier, Nina Attik, Charlène Chevalier, Vincent Salles, Brigitte Grosgogeat, Kerstin Gritsch and Ana-Maria Trunfio-Sfarghiu

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010108 - 07 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

While periodontal ligament cells are sensitive to their 3D biomechanical environment, only a few 3D in vitro models have been used to investigate the periodontal cells mechanobiological behavior. The objective of the current study was to assess the capability of a 3D fibrous scaffold to transmit a mechanical loading to the periodontal ligament cells. Three-dimensional fibrous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were synthetized through electrospinning. Scaffolds seeded with human periodontal cells (10³ mL⁻¹) were subjected to static (n = 9) or to a sinusoidal axial compressive loading in an in-house bioreactor (n = 9). At the end of the culture, the dynamic loading seemed to have an influence on the cells’ morphology, with a lower number of visible cells on the scaffolds surface and a lower expression of actin filament. Furthermore, the dynamic loading presented a tendency to decrease the Alkaline Phosphatase activity and the production of Interleukin-6 while these two biomolecular markers were increased after 21 days of static culture. Together, these results showed that load transmission is occurring in the 3D electrospun PCL fibrous scaffolds, suggesting that it can be used to better understand the periodontal ligament cells mechanobiology. The current study shows a relevant way to investigate periodontal mechanobiology using 3D fibrous scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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17 pages, 6239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Characterization, and Drug Delivery of Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Borate Bioactive Glass Biomimetic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Mertcan Ensoylu, Aylin M. Deliormanlı and Harika Atmaca

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010010 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

In this study, biomimetic borate-based bioactive glass scaffolds containing hexagonal boron nitride hBN nanoparticles (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight) were manufactured with the polymer foam replication technique to be used in hard tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. To create three-dimensional cylindrical-shaped scaffolds, polyurethane foams were used as templates and covered using a suspension of glass and hBN powder mixture. Then, a heat treatment was applied at 570 °C in an air atmosphere to remove the polymer foam from the structure and to sinter the glass structures. The structural, morphological, and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were examined in detail. The in vitro bioactivity of the prepared composites was tested in simulated body fluid, and the release behavior of gentamicin sulfate and 5-fluorouracil from glass scaffolds were analyzed separately as a function of time. The cytotoxicity was investigated using osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The findings indicated that the hBN nanoparticles, up to a certain concentration in the glass matrix, improved the mechanical strength of the glass scaffolds, which mimic the cancellous bone. Additionally, the inclusion of hBN nanoparticles enhanced the in vitro hydroxyapatite-forming ability of bioactive glass composites. The presence of hBN nanoparticles accelerated the drug release rates of the system. It was concluded that bioactive glass/hBN composite scaffolds mimicking native bone tissue could be used for bone tissue repair and regeneration applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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Review

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25 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Spider Silk Applications in Biomedical and Tissue Engineering

by Marija Branković, Fatima Zivic, Nenad Grujovic, Ivan Stojadinovic, Strahinja Milenkovic and Nikola Kotorcevic

Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030169 - 11 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1577

Abstract

This review will present the latest research related to the production and application of spider silk and silk-based materials in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissues, and including skin regeneration and tissue repair of bone and cartilage, ligaments, muscle tissue, peripheral nerves, and artificial blood vessels. Natural spider silk synthesis is reviewed, and the further recombinant production of spider silk proteins. Research insights into possible spider silk structures, like fibers (1D), coatings (2D), and 3D constructs, including porous structures, hydrogels, and organ-on-chip designs, have been reviewed considering a design of bioactive materials for smart medical implants and drug delivery systems. Silk is one of the toughest natural materials, with high strain at failure and mechanical strength. Novel biomaterials with silk fibroin can mimic the tissue structure and promote regeneration and new tissue growth. Silk proteins are important in designing tissue-on-chip or organ-on-chip technologies and micro devices for the precise engineering of artificial tissues and organs, disease modeling, and the further selection of adequate medical treatments. Recent research indicates that silk (films, hydrogels, capsules, or liposomes coated with silk proteins) has the potential to provide controlled drug release at the target destination. However, even with clear advantages, there are still challenges that need further research, including clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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19 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards the First Generation of Biomimetic Fixation for Resurfacing Arthroplasty Endoprostheses

by Ryszard Uklejewski, Mariusz Winiecki, Mikołaj Dąbrowski and Piotr Rogala

Biomimetics 2024, 9(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9020099 - 08 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1061

Abstract

This paper presents advances in designs of resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses that occurred through their historical generations. The critical characteristics of contemporary generation hip resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses are given and the failures resulting from the specific generation cemented and short stem fixation of the femoral component are reviewed. On the background of these failures, the critical need arises for an alternative approach to the fixation of components of resurfacing arthroplasty leading towards the first generation of biomimetic fixation for resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses. The state of the art of the completed bioengineering research on the first biomimetic fixation for resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses is presented. This new design type of completely cementless and stemless resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses of the hip joint (and other joints), where endoprosthesis components are embedded in the surrounding bone via the prototype biomimetic multi-spiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold), initiates the first at all generations of biomimetic endoprostheses of diarthrodial joints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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34 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Methods for Modifying Mechanical Properties of Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds for Clinical Applications

by Andrew Johnston and Anthony Callanan

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020205 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

The limited regenerative capacity of the human body, in conjunction with a shortage of healthy autologous tissue, has created an urgent need for alternative grafting materials. A potential solution is a tissue-engineered graft, a construct which supports and integrates with host tissue. One of the key challenges in fabricating a tissue-engineered graft is achieving mechanical compatibility with the graft site; a disparity in these properties can shape the behaviour of the surrounding native tissue, contributing to the likelihood of graft failure. The purpose of this review is to examine the means by which researchers have altered the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered constructs via hybrid material usage, multi-layer scaffold designs, and surface modifications. A subset of these studies which has investigated the function of their constructs in vivo is also presented, followed by an examination of various tissue-engineered designs which have been clinically translated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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18 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessReview

Reconstruction of Critical Sized Maxillofacial Defects Using Composite Allogeneic Tissue Engineering: Systematic Review of Current Literature

by Shaqayeq Ramezanzade, Mahsa Aeinehvand, Heliya Ziaei, Zohaib Khurshid, Seied Omid Keyhan, Hamid R. Fallahi, James C. Melville, Morvarid Saeinasab and Farshid Sefat

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020142 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

The current review aimed to assess the reliability and efficacy of tissue-engineered composite grafts in the reconstruction of large maxillofacial defects resulting from trauma or a benign pathologic disease. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus up to March 2022. The eligibility criteria included patients who had been treated with composite allogeneic tissue engineering for immediate/delayed reconstruction of large maxillofacial defects with minimum/no bone harvesting site. In the initial search, 2614 papers were obtained, and finally, 13 papers were eligible to be included in the current study. Most included papers were case reports or case series. A total of 144 cases were enrolled in this systematic review. The mean age of the patients was 43.34 (age range: 9–89). Most studies reported a successful outcome. Bone tissue engineering for the reconstruction and regeneration of crucial-sized maxillofacial defects is an evolving science still in its infancy. In conclusion, this review paper and the current literature demonstrate the potential for using large-scale transplantable, vascularized, and customizable bone with the aim of reconstructing the large maxillofacial bony defects in short-term follow-ups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)

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