Research

11 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Blood Contamination and Decontamination Protocol on Reverse Torque Value of Abutment Screws in Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study

by Hafiz A. Adawi, Harisha Dewan, Arwa Khawaji, Hadeel Akkam, Areej Hakami, Bashair Wasli, Maram Hakami, Maimonah Alali and Hitesh Chohan

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020157 - 14 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Background and Objective: Loosening of abutment screws in dental implants is a mechanical complication that affects prosthetic treatments and hence, patient satisfaction. Blood contamination of abutment screws may play a role in this phenomenon. However, only limited research attention has been given [...] Read more.

Background and Objective: Loosening of abutment screws in dental implants is a mechanical complication that affects prosthetic treatments and hence, patient satisfaction. Blood contamination of abutment screws may play a role in this phenomenon. However, only limited research attention has been given to this issue. In the present study, we determined the effect of blood contamination and decontamination protocol on the reverse torque value (RTV) of abutment screws. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was sent to 210 implantologists requesting feedback on their attitude to the blood contamination issue and the decontamination protocols used. The survey responses were used in a selection of the decontamination solutions that were used in the subsequent in vitro study on the effects of blood decontamination protocol on the RTV of abutment screws. Thus, three study groups were used (n = 20 abutment screws in each group): Group 1 (control group; blood-contaminated screws); Group 2 (screws decontaminated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution); and Group 3 (screws decontaminated with normal saline solution (0.9%)). Then, each of the connections were subjected to thermocycling, and RTVs of the screw were measured using a digital torque meter. Intragroup and intergroup RTVs were analyzed for significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. Results: 48% of the implantologists responded to the survey; 80% of them were concerned with blood contamination in the implant connection, especially before abutment loading and 85% of them used either chlorhexidine solution or normal saline solution as the decontamination agent. The mean RTV for Group 2 screws (30.27 ± 2.8 N.cm) was significantly greater than that for Group 3 screws (26.02 ± 1.99 N.cm) which, in turn, was significantly greater than that for Group 1 screws (23.64 ± 1.84 N.cm). Conclusion: Decontamination of blood-covered connections using 5.25% NaOCl solution or normal saline solution restores the RTV of abutment screws. This finding may have clinical relevance in that the decontaminated screws may contribute to the low incidence of screw loosening and, ultimately, improved patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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12 pages, 2142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Helpful Method for Rapid Osseointegration of Dental Implants: Animal Study

by Amir Jafarpour Mahalleh, Ali Hossein Mesgarzadeh, Seyedhosein Jarolmasjed, Abbas Soltani Somee, Monireh Khordadmehr, Yashar Rezaei, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj and Shahriar Shahi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020137 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1420

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the multi-phasic use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) as an adjuvant treatment to accelerate the osseointegration of titanium dental implants. Initially, twelve titanium mini-screws were inserted in femur bones of six New Zealand rabbits [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the multi-phasic use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) as an adjuvant treatment to accelerate the osseointegration of titanium dental implants. Initially, twelve titanium mini-screws were inserted in femur bones of six New Zealand rabbits in three groups; the one-time treated group, the three-time treated group, and the control group (without ESWT). Then, 1800 focused shockwaves with an energy flux density of 0.3 mJ/mm² in every phase were used. Fourteen days after the last phase of ESWT, the animals were sacrificed to assess the osseointegration of screws via micro-computed tomography scan (micro-CT scan), biomechanical pull-out test, and histopathological analysis. Pull-out and histopathology analysis showed that the ESWT significantly increased bone regeneration and osseointegration around the implants compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the pull-out test confirmed that the three-time treated screws needed more force to pull the bone out compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). The mean bone volume fraction between the control group, the one-time treated group, and the three-time treatment group were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) according to the micro-CT scan results. Based on our results, ESWT can be suggested as a non-invasive and cost-effective adjuvant for osseointegration of dental implants. However, more in vivo studies and clinical trials are needed for validation of this finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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13 pages, 2585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of the Fracture Loads Involved in the Framework of Removable Partial Dentures Using Two Types of All-Ceramic Restorations

by Fahad Hussain Alhamoudi, Lujain Ibrahim N. Aldosari, Abdulkhaliq Ali F. Alshadidi, Saeed Awod Bin Hassan, Maram Ali M. Alwadi, Sunil Kumar Vaddamanu, Marco Cicciù and Giuseppe Minervini

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010113 - 09 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1983

Abstract

Retention and support are needed for removable partial denture stability. The stability can be achieved by clasps, occlusal and cingulum rests on healthy abutment teeth. However, implants or crowns can be used to support the removable partial denture instated on unhealthy abutment teeth. [...] Read more.

Retention and support are needed for removable partial denture stability. The stability can be achieved by clasps, occlusal and cingulum rests on healthy abutment teeth. However, implants or crowns can be used to support the removable partial denture instated on unhealthy abutment teeth. This study was conducted to investigate the fracture strength of two types of all-ceramic restorations used as abutments for the removable partial denture framework. The crowns were manufactured with two types of ceramic materials: zirconia and IPS e.max Press ceramics. The metal alloy (cobalt-chrome) was cast to form the removable partial denture framework. A universal testing machine was used to evaluate the fracture strength of both ceramic crown materials. The results presented no fractures in all-ceramic crowns, but deformation of the partial denture frameworks occurred. With the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that zirconia and IPS e.max Press ceramic can be used as abutments to provide adequate support to the removable partial denture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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17 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in a Botox-Induced Muscle Paralysis Rat Model Is Sensitive to Surface Topography and Semaphorin 3A Treatment

by Jingyao Deng, D. Joshua Cohen, Michael B. Berger, Eleanor L. Sabalewski, Michael J. McClure, Barbara D. Boyan and Zvi Schwartz

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010093 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1733

Abstract

Reduced skeletal loading associated with many conditions, such as neuromuscular injuries, can lead to bone fragility and may threaten the success of implant therapy. Our group has developed a botulinum toxin A (botox) injection model to imitate disease-reduced skeletal loading and reported that [...] Read more.

Reduced skeletal loading associated with many conditions, such as neuromuscular injuries, can lead to bone fragility and may threaten the success of implant therapy. Our group has developed a botulinum toxin A (botox) injection model to imitate disease-reduced skeletal loading and reported that botox dramatically impaired the bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants. Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) is an osteoprotective factor that increases bone formation and inhibits bone resorption, indicating its potential therapeutic role in improving osseointegration in vivo. We first evaluated the sema3A effect on whole bone morphology following botox injections by delivering sema3A via injection. We then evaluated the sema3A effect on the osseointegration of titanium implants with two different surface topographies by delivering sema3A to cortical bone defect sites prepared for implant insertion and above the implants after insertion using a copper-free click hydrogel that polymerizes rapidly in situ. Implants had hydrophobic smooth surfaces (PT) or multiscale biomimetic micro/nano topography (SLAnano). Sema3A rescued the botox-impaired bone formation. Furthermore, biomimetic Ti implants improved the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and mechanical properties of the integrated bone in the botox-treated rats, which sema3A enhanced. This study demonstrated the value of biomimetic approaches combining multiscale topography and biologics in improving the clinical outcomes of implant therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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15 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Wetting Properties of Thalassemia Patients’ Blood Samples on Grade 5 Titanium Implant Surfaces: A Pilot Study

by Ali Temelci, Hasan Güney Yılmaz, Gürkan Ünsal, Lokman Onur Uyanik, Dilek Yazman, Aysa Ayali and Giuseppe Minervini

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010025 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1852

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Beta-thalassemia (BT) has a high prevalence in Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African countries. Studies stated that thalassemia is an endemic disease that causes significant health problems in Cyprus. This study aimed to measure the contact angle between the implant and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Beta-thalassemia (BT) has a high prevalence in Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African countries. Studies stated that thalassemia is an endemic disease that causes significant health problems in Cyprus. This study aimed to measure the contact angle between the implant and blood samples from BT major patients and healthy individuals to compare the contact angles and wettability of Grade 5 titanium implant surfaces. Materials and Methods: Grade 5 titanium discs that were 10 mm in diameter were used since they mimic the surface of dental implants. Following receiving informed consent, blood samples were taken from the patients’ index fingers in each group with lancet needles and a photo of the contact angle between the blood samples and the titanium surface was taken; the collected blood was transferred to a titanium disc with a medical pipette. ImageJ software with a specific contact angle plugin was used for the contact angle measurements. Results: Theta-mean, theta-circular, and theta-ellipse values were compared between all groups, and no significant difference was found (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, it was hypothesized that the patients’ rheological property of decreased deformability would affect the wettability of implant surfaces in vitro; however, no such finding was reached in this study. Since in-depth studies associated with dental implant success in BTM patients are absent in the literature and Cyprus is one of the Mediterranean countries with a high prevalence of BTM, this study was conducted to enrich the literature. While some systemic diseases may affect the contact angle between the implant surface and blood, it can be concluded that this condition was not present for BTM patients in our study. Last but not least, we emphasize that this experiment was done on a single surface type and the results can be totally different when using other surface types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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15 pages, 8261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Type-Specific Effects of Implant Provisional Restoration Materials on the Growth and Function of Human Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts

by Takanori Matsuura, Keiji Komatsu, Denny Chao, Yu-Chun Lin, Nimish Oberoi, Kalie McCulloch, James Cheng, Daniela Orellana and Takahiro Ogawa

Biomimetics 2022, 7(4), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040243 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1813

Abstract

Implant provisional restorations should ideally be nontoxic to the contacting and adjacent tissues, create anatomical and biophysiological stability, and establish a soft tissue seal through interactions between prosthesis, soft tissue, and alveolar bone. However, there is a lack of robust, systematic, and fundamental [...] Read more.

Implant provisional restorations should ideally be nontoxic to the contacting and adjacent tissues, create anatomical and biophysiological stability, and establish a soft tissue seal through interactions between prosthesis, soft tissue, and alveolar bone. However, there is a lack of robust, systematic, and fundamental data to inform clinical decision making. Here we systematically explored the biocompatibility of fibroblasts and osteoblasts in direct contact with, or close proximity to, provisional restoration materials. Human gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts were cultured on the “contact” effect and around the “proximity” effect with various provisional materials: bis-acrylic, composite, self-curing acrylic, and milled acrylic, with titanium alloy as a bioinert control. The number of fibroblasts and osteoblasts surviving and attaching to and around the materials varied considerably depending on the material, with milled acrylic the most biocompatible and similar to titanium alloy, followed by self-curing acrylic and little to no attachment on or around bis-acrylic and composite materials. Milled and self-curing acrylics similarly favored subsequent cellular proliferation and physiological functions such as collagen production in fibroblasts and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts. Neither fibroblasts nor osteoblasts showed a functional phenotype when cultured with bis-acrylic or composite. By calculating a biocompatibility index for each material, we established that fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxicity induced by most materials in direct contact, however, the osteoblasts were more resistant when the materials were in close proximity. In conclusion, there was a wide variation in the cytotoxicity of implant provisional restoration materials ranging from lethal and tolerant to near inert, and this cytotoxicity may be received differently between the different cell types and depending on their physical interrelationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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16 pages, 3159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts

by Ryoya Iizumi and Michiyo Honda

Biomimetics 2022, 7(4), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040224 - 03 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

The periodontal ligament is a collagenous tissue that is important for maintaining the homeostasis of cementum and alveolar bone. In tendon cells, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to regulate the expression level of Scleraxis (Scx) and Mohawk Homeobox (Mkx) [...] Read more.

The periodontal ligament is a collagenous tissue that is important for maintaining the homeostasis of cementum and alveolar bone. In tendon cells, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to regulate the expression level of Scleraxis (Scx) and Mohawk Homeobox (Mkx) gene and maintain the tissue homeostasis, while its role in the periodontal ligament is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling induced by Wnt-3a stimulation on the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). During osteogenic differentiation of HPLFs, they formed bone nodules independently of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. After stimulation of Wnt-3a, the expression of β-catenin increased, and nuclear translocation of β-catenin was observed. These data indicate that Wnt-3a activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, the stimulation of Wnt-3a inhibited the bone nodule formation and suppressed the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes such as Runx2, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin, and upregulated the gene expression of Type-I collagen and Periostin (Postn). Scx may be involved in the suppression of osteogenic differentiation in HPLFs. In conclusion, Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be an important signaling pathway that inhibits the osteogenic differentiation in HPLFs by the upregulation of Scx gene expression and downregulation of osteogenic differentiation-related genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

11 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview on Adjunct Ingredients Used in Hydroxyapatite-Based Oral Care Products

by Joachim Enax, Bennett T. Amaechi, Erik Schulze zur Wiesche and Frederic Meyer

Biomimetics 2022, 7(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040250 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the [...] Read more.

Hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the preventive effects of hydroxyapatite in various field of oral care. In some products, hydroxyapatite is combined with other active ingredients, to achieve an additional antibacterial effect or to promote gum health. This review analyzes the efficacy of six selected natural and nature-inspired ingredients that are commonly used together with hydroxyapatite. These additional actives are either antibacterial (lactoferrin, xylitol, and zinc) or promote gum health (allantoin, bisabolol, and hyaluronic acid). A systematic literature search was performed, and all studies found on each ingredient were analyzed. In summary, all analyzed ingredients mentioned in this review are well described in scientific studies on their beneficial effect for oral health and can be used to expand the preventive effect of hydroxyapatite in oral care products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

21 pages, 4260 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effects of Intrusion of Anterior Teeth by Skeletal Anchorage in Deep Bite Patients; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Erfan Bardideh, Golnaz Tamizi, Hooman Shafaee, Abdolrasoul Rangrazi, Mahsa Ghorbani and Navid Kerayechian

Biomimetics 2023, 8(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010101 - 02 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

Background: Deep bite is known as one of the most common malocclusions, and its treatment and retention are often challenging. The use of mini-screws has been suggested as an ideal method for the intrusion of incisors in deep-bite patients. Still, there are conflicting [...] Read more.

Background: Deep bite is known as one of the most common malocclusions, and its treatment and retention are often challenging. The use of mini-screws has been suggested as an ideal method for the intrusion of incisors in deep-bite patients. Still, there are conflicting reports regarding the superiority of this method compared to other common treatments. Aim: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of the intrusion of anterior teeth by skeletal anchorage in deep bite patients. Methods: From the beginning to 15 September 2022, articles on the topic of interest were searched in electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane’s CENTRAL. Additionally, a hand search for pertinent studies and a search of the grey literature were carried out. After the selection of eligible studies, data extraction was performed using piloted forms. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were used to combine the outcome measures of dental indices, skeletal cephalometric indices, and dental cephalometric indices. Results: A total of 15 studies (6 RCT; 9 CCT) were included in the systematic review and 14 were used in the meta-analyses. The differences in overbite changes (MD = −0.45, p = 0.04), true incisor intrusion [u1-pp] (MD = −0.62, p = 0.003) and molar extrusion [u6-pp] (MD = −0.40, p = 0.01) were statistically significant and TADs showed better treatment results than other intrusion methods (segmented intrusion arch, utility arch, J hook headgear). No significant differences regarding overjet, molar and incisor tipping, and skeletal indices between mini-screw and other intrusion methods could be found. Conclusion: The use of mini-screws leads to lower overbite and higher true intrusion (about 0.45 and 0.62 mm, respectively) compared to the use of other methods for intruding upper incisors. Furthermore, the effect of TAD on extrusion of molar teeth is less (by 0.4 mm) than other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approach to Dental Implants)

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