Extracellular Vesicles in Human Viral Infections, Immune-Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Applications

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 2142

Special Issue Editor

1. Microbiology Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
2. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
Interests: exosomes; HIV; adenovirus; Pseudomonas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Membrane-bound vesicles known as extracellular vesicles are released from cells and are increasingly being studied as a medium of intercellular communication, as these act to shuttle DNA, RNA, miRNA, lipids, and functional proteins. EVs are secreted from all cell types (e.g., T cells, mast cells, stem cells, microglia, and endothelial cells) and are in many biological fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, breast milk, and urine). EVs range in size, and these EVs can serve in communication to promote disease transmission, progression, and/or to protect the host. EVs, most commonly exosomes, are consistently produced by virus-infected cells, and they play crucial roles in mediating communication between infected and uninfected cells. Notably, pathophysiological roles for EVs have been established in various human viral infections.

Viral organisms are complex systems that may have a parasitic or therapeutic relationship with host systems. This relationship is continually evolving. Understanding the molecular and immunological signatures of EV biogenesis and composition could allow new diagnostics and/or therapeutic tools to be developed. This Special Issue will cover the investigation of EVs for the implementation of viral diagnostics, vaccine tools, and therapeutic tools. This Special Issue is in line with the current literature and will add new knowledge.

Dr. Qiana Matthews
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • extracellular vesicles
  • exosomes
  • virus
  • protein
  • cell signaling
  • markers

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

20 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
Canine Coronavirus Infection Modulates the Biogenesis and Composition of Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
by Rachana Pandit, Ayodeji O. Ipinmoroti, Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Ting Li and Qiana L. Matthews
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030976 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1818
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) has persistently become a global health concern causing various diseases in a wide variety of hosts, including humans, birds, and companion animals. However, the virus-mediated responses in animal hosts have not been studied extensively due to pathogenesis complexity and disease developments. [...] Read more.
Coronavirus (CoV) has persistently become a global health concern causing various diseases in a wide variety of hosts, including humans, birds, and companion animals. However, the virus-mediated responses in animal hosts have not been studied extensively due to pathogenesis complexity and disease developments. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely explored in viral infections for their intercellular communication, nanocarrier, and immunomodulatory properties. We proposed that coronavirus hijacks the host exosomal pathway and modulates the EV biogenesis, composition, and protein trafficking in the host. In the present study, Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells were infected with canine coronavirus (CCoV) in an exosome-free medium at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 400 infectious units (IFU) at various time points. The cell viability was significantly decreased over time, as determined by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Post-infection EVs were isolated, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the presence of small EVs (sEVs) after infection. NanoSight particle tracking analysis (NTA) revealed that EV sizes averaged between 100 and 200 nm at both incubation times; however, the mean size of infection-derived EVs was significantly decreased at 48 h when compared to uninfected control EVs. Quantitative analysis of protein levels performed by dot blot scanning showed that the expression levels of ACE-2, annexin-V, flotillin-1, TLR-7, LAMP, TNF-α, caspase-1, caspase-8, and others were altered in EVs after infection. Our findings suggested that coronavirus infection impacts cell viability, modulates EV biogenesis, and alters cargo composition and protein trafficking in the host, which could impact viral progression and disease development. Future experiments with different animal CoVs will provide a detailed understanding of host EV biology in infection pathogenesis and progression. Hence, EVs could offer a diagnostic and therapeutic tool to study virus-mediated host responses that could be extended to study the interspecies jump of animal CoVs to cause infection in humans. Full article
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