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Biomedicines
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Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines
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Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 13353

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Filomena A. Carvalho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: nanomedicine; protein-ligand interactions; single-molecule biophysics
Prof. Dr. Nuno C. Santos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: molecular biophysics; biochemistry and nanomedicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

New biomarkers associated with different diseases are urgently needed to improve patient survival. Biomolecules allow for determining the optimal treatment, establishing a clinical diagnosis and enabling clinical prognosis in neurological, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, as well as in cancer. Highly promising strategies to detect specific biomarkers often rely on the design of specific biosensors; these techniques are expected to improve sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and response time. Clinical and non-clinical biosensors can be categorized into different types of detection (e.g., mechanical, chemical, optical or electrical). They use enzymes, cells, antibodies, DNA, nanoparticles or the pathogenic agent itself, such as bacteria or viruses, to enact their effects. This paves the way for a plethora of different applications, including the use of biosensors in diagnostic kits for SARS-CoV-2 detection. This Special Issue will explore the intersection between nanosciences, biology and medicine, presenting various research approaches to biosensors’ application in clinical diagnosis and care, including their fabrication, accompanying challenges and future trends in their development.

Dr. Filomena A. Carvalho
Prof. Dr. Nuno C. Santos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biosensors
  • fabrication
  • application
  • nanomedicine
  • nanoparticles
  • microfluidics
  • drug delivery
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • infectious diseases
  • cancer

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1562 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Sensor for Simple and Sensitive Determination of Hydroquinone in Water Samples Using Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
by Parisa Karami-Kolmoti, Hadi Beitollahi and Sina Modiri
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071869 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1119
Abstract
This study addressed the use of manganese dioxide nanorods/graphene oxide nanocomposite (MnO2 NRs/GO) for modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified electrode (MnO2 NRs/GO/GCE) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydroquinone (HQ) in water samples. Differential [...] Read more.
This study addressed the use of manganese dioxide nanorods/graphene oxide nanocomposite (MnO2 NRs/GO) for modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified electrode (MnO2 NRs/GO/GCE) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydroquinone (HQ) in water samples. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry were used for more analysis of the HQ electrochemical behavior. Analyses revealed acceptable electrochemical functions with lower transfer resistance of electrons and greater conductivity of the MnO2 NRs/GO/GCE. The small peak-to-peak separation is an indication of a rapid electron transfer reaction. Therefore, this result is probably related to the effect of the MnO2 NRs/GO nanocomposite on the surface of GCE. In the concentration range of 0.5 μM to 300.0 μM with the detection limit as 0.012 μM, there was linear response between concentration of HQ and the current. The selectivity of the modified electrode was determined by detecting 50.0 μM of HQ in the presence of various interferent molecules. At the end, the results implied the acceptable outcome of the prepared electrode for determining HQ in the water samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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18 pages, 5487 KiB  
Article
Formulation and Optimization of Repaglinide Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics for Enhanced Bioavailability and Management of Diabetes
by Mubashir Ahmad, Shahzeb Khan, Syed Muhammad Hassan Shah, Muhammad Zahoor, Zahid Hussain, Haya Hussain, Syed Wadood Ali Shah, Riaz Ullah and Amal Alotaibi
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041064 - 01 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2202
Abstract
The technologies for fabrication of nanocrystals have an immense potential to improve solubility of a variety of the poor water-soluble drugs with subsequent enhanced bioavailability. Repaglinide (Rp) is an antihyperglycemic drug having low bioavailability due to its extensive first-pass metabolism. Microfluidics is a [...] Read more.
The technologies for fabrication of nanocrystals have an immense potential to improve solubility of a variety of the poor water-soluble drugs with subsequent enhanced bioavailability. Repaglinide (Rp) is an antihyperglycemic drug having low bioavailability due to its extensive first-pass metabolism. Microfluidics is a cutting-edge technique that provides a new approach for producing nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled properties for a variety of applications. The current study’s goal was to engineer repaglinide smart nanoparticles (Rp-Nc) utilizing microfluidic technology (Dolomite Y shape), and then to perform in-vitro, in-vivo, and toxicity evaluations of them. This method effectively generated nanocrystals with average particle sizes of 71.31 ± 11 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.072 ± 12. The fabricated Rp’s crystallinity was verified by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). In comparison to the raw and commercially available tablets, the fabricated Rp’s nanoparticles resulted in a higher saturation solubility and dissolving rate (p < 0.05). Rp nanocrystals had a considerably lower (p < 0.05) IC50 value than that of the raw drug and commercial tablets. Moreover, Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose level (mg/dL, p < 0.001, n = 8) compared to its counterparts. Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.001, n = 8) in blood glucose compared to its counterparts at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The selected animal model’s histological analyses and the effect of Rp nanocrystals on several internal organs were determined to be equivalent to those of the control animal group. The findings of the present study indicated that nanocrystals of Rp with improved anti-diabetic properties and safety profiles can be successfully produced using controlled microfluidic technology, an innovative drug delivery system (DDS) approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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13 pages, 8172 KiB  
Article
Identification of Geometrical Features of Cell Surface Responsible for Cancer Aggressiveness: Machine Learning Analysis of Atomic Force Microscopy Images of Human Colorectal Epithelial Cells
by Mikhail Petrov and Igor Sokolov
Biomedicines 2023, 11(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010191 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the rather precise identification of malignancy in bladder and cervical cells. Furthermore, an example of human colorectal epithelial cells imaged in AFM Ringing mode has demonstrated the ability to distinguish cells [...] Read more.
It has been recently demonstrated that atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the rather precise identification of malignancy in bladder and cervical cells. Furthermore, an example of human colorectal epithelial cells imaged in AFM Ringing mode has demonstrated the ability to distinguish cells with varying cancer aggressiveness with the help of machine learning (ML). The previously used ML methods analyzed the entire cell image. The problem with such an approach is the lack of information about which features of the cell surface are associated with a high degree of aggressiveness of the cells. Here we suggest a machine-learning approach to overcome this problem. Our approach identifies specific geometrical regions on the cell surface that are critical for classifying cells as highly or lowly aggressive. Such localization gives a path to colocalize the newly identified features with possible clustering of specific molecules identified via standard bio-fluorescence imaging. The biological interpretation of the obtained information is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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17 pages, 14678 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Synthesis of Highly Biocompatible 2D Boron Nitride Nanosheets
by Marina Llenas, Lorenzo Cuenca, Carla Santos, Igor Bdikin, Gil Gonçalves and Gerard Tobías-Rossell
Biomedicines 2022, 10(12), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123238 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
2D ultrafine nanomaterials today represent an emerging class of materials with very promising properties for a wide variety of applications. Biomedical fields have experienced important new achievements with technological breakthroughs obtained from 2D materials with singular properties. Boron nitride nanosheets are a novel [...] Read more.
2D ultrafine nanomaterials today represent an emerging class of materials with very promising properties for a wide variety of applications. Biomedical fields have experienced important new achievements with technological breakthroughs obtained from 2D materials with singular properties. Boron nitride nanosheets are a novel 2D layered material comprised of a hexagonal boron nitride network (BN) with interesting intrinsic properties, including resistance to oxidation, extreme mechanical hardness, good thermal conductivity, photoluminescence, and chemical inertness. Here, we investigated different methodologies for the exfoliation of BN nanosheets (BNNs), using ball milling and ultrasound processing, the latter using both an ultrasound bath and tip sonication. The best results are obtained using tip sonication, which leads to the formation of few-layered nanosheets with a narrow size distribution. Importantly, it was observed that with the addition of pluronic acid F127 to the medium, there was a significant improvement in the BN nanosheets (BNNs) production yield. Moreover, the resultant BNNs present improved stability in an aqueous solution. Cytotoxicity studies performed with HeLa cells showed the importance of taking into account the possible interferences of the nanomaterial with the selected assay. The prepared BNNs coated with pluronic presented improved cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 200 μg mL−1 with more than 90% viability after 24 h of incubation. Confocal microscopy also showed high cell internalization of the nanomaterials and their preferential biodistribution in the cell cytoplasm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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Review

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23 pages, 1718 KiB  
Review
Nucleic Acid Aptamer-Based Biosensors: A Review
by Beatriz Sequeira-Antunes and Hugo Alexandre Ferreira
Biomedicines 2023, 11(12), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123201 - 01 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
Aptamers, short strands of either DNA, RNA, or peptides, known for their exceptional specificity and high binding affinity to target molecules, are providing significant advancements in the field of health. When seamlessly integrated into biosensor platforms, aptamers give rise to aptasensors, unlocking a [...] Read more.
Aptamers, short strands of either DNA, RNA, or peptides, known for their exceptional specificity and high binding affinity to target molecules, are providing significant advancements in the field of health. When seamlessly integrated into biosensor platforms, aptamers give rise to aptasensors, unlocking a new dimension in point-of-care diagnostics with rapid response times and remarkable versatility. As such, this review aims to present an overview of the distinct advantages conferred by aptamers over traditional antibodies as the molecular recognition element in biosensors. Additionally, it delves into the realm of specific aptamers made for the detection of biomarkers associated with infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolomic and neurological disorders. The review further elucidates the varying binding assays and transducer techniques that support the development of aptasensors. Ultimately, this review discusses the current state of point-of-care diagnostics facilitated by aptasensors and underscores the immense potential of these technologies in advancing the landscape of healthcare delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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20 pages, 948 KiB  
Review
Urinary Biomarkers and Point-of-Care Urinalysis Devices for Early Diagnosis and Management of Disease: A Review
by Beatriz Sequeira-Antunes and Hugo Alexandre Ferreira
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041051 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4128
Abstract
Biosensing and microfluidics technologies are transforming diagnostic medicine by accurately detecting biomolecules in biological samples. Urine is a promising biological fluid for diagnostics due to its noninvasive collection and wide range of diagnostic biomarkers. Point-of-care urinalysis, which integrates biosensing and microfluidics, has the [...] Read more.
Biosensing and microfluidics technologies are transforming diagnostic medicine by accurately detecting biomolecules in biological samples. Urine is a promising biological fluid for diagnostics due to its noninvasive collection and wide range of diagnostic biomarkers. Point-of-care urinalysis, which integrates biosensing and microfluidics, has the potential to bring affordable and rapid diagnostics into the home to continuing monitoring, but challenges still remain. As such, this review aims to provide an overview of biomarkers that are or could be used to diagnose and monitor diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the different materials and techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic structures along with the biosensing technologies often used to detect and quantify biological molecules and organisms are reviewed. Ultimately, this review discusses the current state of point-of-care urinalysis devices and highlights the potential of these technologies to improve patient outcomes. Traditional point-of-care urinalysis devices require the manual collection of urine, which may be unpleasant, cumbersome, or prone to errors. To overcome this issue, the toilet itself can be used as an alternative specimen collection and urinalysis device. This review then presents several smart toilet systems and incorporated sanitary devices for this purpose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Nano Interfaces: From Biosensors to Nanomedicines)
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