Dear Colleagues,

Adverse cardiovascular (CV) events due to atherosclerotic plaque development and progression have been linked to dyslipidemia, which includes a wide variety of biochemical disorders. Among dyslipidemia factors, the main reason for atherosclerosis development and subsequent CV events is deemed to be low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although less evident, other lipids are supposed to contribute to atherosclerosis development, especially in the absence of high LDL-C levels. Plasma triglycerides and TG-rich lipoproteins are emerging new determinants of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, predisposing to atherogenesis and involving endothelial dysfunction. In this setting, a number of mechanisms result in lower levels of HDL-C, reduced reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), increased proportion of small, dense HDL and LDL particles with less anti-inflammatory and more pro-atherogenic effects. This specific lipid profile may directly contribute to cause or sustain abnormalities in glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion that characterize the pre-diabetic state. This complex cardiometabolic risk profile, which characterizes the metabolic syndrome, obesity, pre-diabetic and type-2 diabetic states, is considered to predict severe CV events independently of LDL-C levels, thus identifying patients with a “residual CV risk”. In these patients, further strategies may be required to adequately reduce this residual risk. Early identification and screening tools for atherogenic dyslipidemias, particularly in individuals at low to moderate CV risk, could guide interventions to improve primary prevention, including lifestyle modification or drug treatment. New therapeutic strategies based on molecular mechanisms underlying atherogenic dyslipidemias are needed for the treatment of the residual risk profiles. Among them, possible pharmacological targets considered to be relevant, including systemic inflammation and hypertriglyceridaemia, are emerging.

Dr. Chiara Caselli
Dr. Danilo Neglia
Guest Editors

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• atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)
• dyslipidemia
• CV residual risk
• CV mechanisms
• therapeutic approaches

• Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD), Dyslipidemia, and CV Residual Risk: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches in Biomedicines (7 articles)