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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias
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Special Issue "Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias"

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Biology and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 2999

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gwen Nichols
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chief Medical Officer, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS), Rye Brook, NY, USA
Interests: acute leukemia; leukemia pathogenesis
Dr. Alexandra Stevens

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Interests: developmental therapeutics; leukemia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Prevention and early detection have greatly reduced age-adjusted death rates in many types of cancer. In the United States, death rates from lung, female breast and colorectal cancers have decreased by more than 40% over the last decades, in great part due to screening and early detection. However, in contrast, death rates from acute leukemia have been relatively steady over this period, with the exception of childhood ALL where survival is > 90%. Much of the progress in acute leukemia has come from improvements in classification, monitoring and modified treatment regimens. 

How can we leverage recent discoveries that have identified mutations in genes that can lead to leukemia well before leukemia occurs, or genes that are major drivers of leukemia when it occurs? Can this knowledge be used to identify individuals at risk of developing leukemia, enabling us to create diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that will prevent leukemia? Will improved subclassification of leukemia at the molecular level help novel, more targeted therapies for these diseases be successful?

This Special Issue will explore what we are learning about leukemia pathogenesis, and present progress towards new treatments that can replace “one size fits all” therapy for acute leukemia. 

Dr. Gwen Nichols
Dr. Alexandra Stevens
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • acute leukemia
  • leukemia pathogenesis
  • diagnostic for leukemia
  • therapeutic strategies for leukemia
  • novel targeted therapies for leukemia
  • new leukemia treatments
  • replacing one-size-fits-all therapy

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

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20 pages, 381 KiB  
Review
CAR T-Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Current Status and Future Prospects
by
Abdulrahman H. Almaeen
and
Mohamed Abouelkheir
Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102693 - 02 Oct 2023
Viewed by 849
Abstract
The currently available treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mainly dependent on the combination of chemotherapy, steroids, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, refractoriness and relapse (R/R) after initial complete remission may reach up to 20% in pediatrics. This percentage may even [...] Read more.
The currently available treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mainly dependent on the combination of chemotherapy, steroids, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, refractoriness and relapse (R/R) after initial complete remission may reach up to 20% in pediatrics. This percentage may even reach 60% in adults. To overcome R/R, a new therapeutic approach was developed using what is called chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T-cell therapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States has so far approved four CAR T-cells for the treatment of ALL. Using this new therapeutic strategy has shown a remarkable success in treating R/R ALL. However, the use of CAR T-cells is expensive, has many imitations, and is associated with some adverse effects. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are two common examples of these adverse effects. Moreover, R/R to CAR T-cell therapy can take place during treatment. Continuous development of this therapeutic strategy is ongoing to overcome these limitations and adverse effects. The present article overviews the use of CAR T-cell in the treatment of ALL, summarizing the results of relevant clinical trials and discussing future prospects intended to improve the efficacy of this therapeutic strategy and overcome its limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias)
25 pages, 664 KiB  
Review
Harnessing the Immune System: Current and Emerging Immunotherapy Strategies for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
by
Chana L. Glasser
and
Jing Chen
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071886 - 03 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 935
Abstract
Treatment for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and young adults continues to evolve. Despite optimization of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches and risk-adapted therapy, about 12% of pediatric patients still relapse, and survival rates in this population remain poor. Salvage therapy for relapsed [...] Read more.
Treatment for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and young adults continues to evolve. Despite optimization of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches and risk-adapted therapy, about 12% of pediatric patients still relapse, and survival rates in this population remain poor. Salvage therapy for relapsed patients continues to be challenging as attempts to further intensify chemotherapy have resulted in excessive toxicity without improving outcomes. Immunotherapy has profoundly impacted the landscape of relapsed ALL by harnessing the patient’s immune system to target and eliminate leukemia cells. In this review, we provide an overview and summary of immunotherapy agents that have been approved and remain under investigation for children, including blinatumomab, inotuzumab, daratumomab, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. We discuss the landmark clinical trials that have revolutionized the field and provide an update on ongoing clinical trials involving these agents for children in the relapsed and upfront setting. The incorporation of these novel immunotherapies into ALL treatment, either as monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, has demonstrated promising potential to augment outcomes while decreasing toxicity. However, we also highlight the many challenges we still face and the research critically needed to achieve our goals for cure in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias)
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8 pages, 1603 KiB  
Case Report
ALK Fusion in an Adolescent with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
by
Meghan Shekar
,
Gabriela Llaurador Caraballo
,
Jyotinder N. Punia
,
Choladda V. Curry
,
Kevin E. Fisher
and
Michele S. Redell
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071842 - 27 Jun 2023
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Activating mutations and fusions of the ALK oncogene have been identified as drivers in a number of malignancies. Crizotinib and subsequent ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors have improved treatment outcomes for these patients. In this paper, we discuss the case of an adolescent patient [...] Read more.
Activating mutations and fusions of the ALK oncogene have been identified as drivers in a number of malignancies. Crizotinib and subsequent ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors have improved treatment outcomes for these patients. In this paper, we discuss the case of an adolescent patient with acute myeloid leukemia, who was identified to have an activating ALK fusion, which is a rare finding and has never been reported in cases of AML without monosomy 7. Crizotinib was added to this patient’s frontline therapy and was well tolerated. In cases of more common gene alterations, existing data supports the use of targeted agents as post-HSCT maintenance therapy; however, crizotinib was not able to be used post-HSCT for this patient due to the inability to obtain insurance coverage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias)
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