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Bioengineering
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Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine
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Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Regenerative Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 April 2023) | Viewed by 12819

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mangesh D. Hade

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
Interests: extracellular vesicles; exosomes; mesenchymal stem cells; drug delivery; miRNA; cell based therapies; wound healing; neurodegenerative diseases; cardiovascular diseases; growth factors; regenerative medicine
Dr. Timsy Bhando

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
Interests: antibiotic resistance; drug discovery
Dr. Amar Deep

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
Interests: defense systems; toxin-antitoxin systems; bacterial stress adaptation; structural biology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a new frontier in biomedicine, opening up exciting new possibilities for advanced drug delivery and targeted release. They are a diverse group of membranous structures derived from cells. They include exosomes and microvesicles that originate in the endosomal system or are shed from the plasma membrane. Almost all cell types secrete these vesicles to facilitate a wide variety of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, angiogenesis, differentiation and proliferation, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to participate in a variety of distinct processes is a result of EVs complexity, as they contain a variety of including proteins, signaling moieties, lipids, enzymes, cell surface receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and nucleic acids. EVs’ advantageous biological properties, which include biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and efficient molecular cargo exchange, make them ideal candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. EV research has made significant progress in recent years, with the majority of studies focusing on the use of EV as drug delivery vehicles for non-native therapeutics such as nucleic acids, gene delivery via adeno-associated viruses, and small drug molecules.

Dr. Mangesh D. Hade
Dr. Timsy Bhando
Dr. Amar Deep
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extracellular vesicles
  • exosomes
  • mesenchymal stem cells
  • drug delivery
  • miRNA
  • mRNA
  • siRNA
  • cell-based therapies
  • cell-based cancer therapies
  • wound healing
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • growth factors
  • regenerative medicine
  • gene therapies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

20 pages, 1792 KiB  
Review
Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Nervous System Disorders: An Overview of Recent Advances
by Safir Ullah Khan, Muhammad Imran Khan, Munir Ullah Khan, Noor Muhammad Khan, Simona Bungau and Syed Shams ul Hassan
Bioengineering 2023, 10(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010051 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
Diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord fall under the umbrella term “central nervous system disease”. Most medications used to treat or prevent chronic diseases of the central nervous system cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and hence cannot reach their intended target. [...] Read more.
Diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord fall under the umbrella term “central nervous system disease”. Most medications used to treat or prevent chronic diseases of the central nervous system cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and hence cannot reach their intended target. Exosomes facilitate cellular material movement and signal transmission. Exosomes can pass the blood–brain barrier because of their tiny size, high delivery efficiency, minimal immunogenicity, and good biocompatibility. They enter brain endothelial cells via normal endocytosis and reverse endocytosis. Exosome bioengineering may be a method to produce consistent and repeatable isolation for clinical usage. Because of their tiny size, stable composition, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and capacity to carry a wide range of substances, exosomes are indispensable transporters for targeted drug administration. Bioengineering has the potential to improve these aspects of exosomes significantly. Future research into exosome vectors must focus on redesigning the membrane to produce vesicles with targeting abilities to increase exosome targeting. To better understand exosomes and their potential as therapeutic vectors for central nervous system diseases, this article explores their basic biological properties, engineering modifications, and promising applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine)
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28 pages, 1799 KiB  
Review
Fighting Fire with Fire: Exosomes and Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury
by Qi Yang, Yalan Luo, Bowen Lan, Xuanchi Dong, Zhengjian Wang, Peng Ge, Guixin Zhang and Hailong Chen
Bioengineering 2022, 9(11), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110615 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3235
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent clinical condition of the digestive system, with a growing frequency each year. Approximately 20% of patients suffer from severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with local consequences and multi-organ failure, putting a significant strain on patients’ health insurance. According [...] Read more.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent clinical condition of the digestive system, with a growing frequency each year. Approximately 20% of patients suffer from severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with local consequences and multi-organ failure, putting a significant strain on patients’ health insurance. According to reports, the lungs are particularly susceptible to SAP. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe type of acute lung injury (ALI), is the primary cause of mortality among AP patients. Controlling the mortality associated with SAP requires an understanding of the etiology of AP-associated ALI, the discovery of biomarkers for the early detection of ALI, and the identification of potentially effective drug treatments. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm that are actively released into tissue fluids to mediate biological functions. Exosomes are laden with bioactive cargo, such as lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA. During the initial stages of AP, acinar cell-derived exosomes suppress forkhead box protein O1 expression, resulting in M1 macrophage polarization. Similarly, macrophage-derived exosomes activate inflammatory pathways within endothelium or epithelial cells, promoting an inflammatory cascade response. On the other hand, a part of exosome cargo performs tissue repair and anti-inflammatory actions and inhibits the cytokine storm during AP. Other reviews have detailed the function of exosomes in the development of AP, chronic pancreatitis, and autoimmune pancreatitis. The discoveries involving exosomes at the intersection of AP and acute lung injury (ALI) are reviewed here. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of exosomes in AP and associated ALI. With the continuous improvement of technological tools, the research on exosomes has gradually shifted from basic to clinical applications. Several exosome-specific non-coding RNAs and proteins can be used as novel molecular markers to assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of AP and associated ALI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine)
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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 2048 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool
by Yann Lamarre, Elie Nader, Philippe Connes, Marc Romana and Yohann Garnier
Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090439 - 05 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It is characterized by an impairment of shear stress-mediated vasodilation, a pro-coagulant, and a pro-adhesive state orchestrated among others by the depletion of the vasodilator nitric oxide, by the increased phosphatidylserine exposure and [...] Read more.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It is characterized by an impairment of shear stress-mediated vasodilation, a pro-coagulant, and a pro-adhesive state orchestrated among others by the depletion of the vasodilator nitric oxide, by the increased phosphatidylserine exposure and tissue factor expression, and by the increased interactions of erythrocytes with endothelial cells that mediate the overexpression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be novel actors involved in SCD pathophysiological processes. Medium-sized EVs, also called microparticles, which exhibit increased plasma levels in this pathology, were shown to induce the activation of endothelial cells, thereby increasing neutrophil adhesion, a key process potentially leading to the main complication associated with SCD, vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). Small-sized EVs, also named exosomes, which have also been reported to be overrepresented in SCD, were shown to potentiate interactions between erythrocytes and platelets, and to trigger endothelial monolayer disruption, two processes also known to favor the occurrence of VOCs. In this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge about EVs concentration and role in SCD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine)
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27 pages, 2151 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool
by Caitlin N. Suire and Mangesh D. Hade
Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030105 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4216
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels [...] Read more.
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine)
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