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Bioengineering
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Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing
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Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 35793

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gael Y. Rochefort

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Dental Surgery, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
Interests: tissue engineering; biomaterials; bone modeling, remodeling and healing; angiogenesis; stem cells; cell expansion and differentiation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anne-Margaux Collignon

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Guest Editor
EA 2496 Orofacial Pathologies, Imagery and Biotherapies, Dental School Faculty, University Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bone loss can occur as a result of various pathologies, traumas, and injuries, and poor bone healing leads to functionally debilitating conditions, loss of self-sufficiency, and deterioration in quality of life. Given the increasing incidence of facial trauma and the emergence of new procedural techniques, advanced scaffolds are currently developed as substitutes for bone tissue engineering. This growing worldwide clinical demand for bone regeneration is a problematic issue in orthopaedic and maxillofacial surgery. The application of autologous bone is still the standard in bone transplantation. Due to the limited quantity of bone available for harvesting and the poor quality of bone transplants, especially in elderly patients due to bone diseases such as osteoporosis, surgeons are looking for alternatives such as bone substitute materials. Ideal grafting material enable the regeneration of bony defects up to the condition of a restitution ad integrum and should combine the basic mechanisms of fracture healing, namely, osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction.

In the last few decades, a variety of bone substitute materials with different physicochemical properties have been developed and analyzed to optimize the process of bone regeneration. Furthermore, various different growth factors, cytokines and antibiotics have been incorporated into bone substitutes and matrices as so-called “composite bone grafts” in order to enhance bone healing. Moreover, different tissue engineering strategies, such as combinations with extracellular matrix proteins and/or different cell types (e.g., osteoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, or endothelial cells) have been developed with the aim of improving the regenerative properties of bone substitute materials. However, no alternative to autologous bone has been found; thus, there is a need for ongoing research to develop a composite bone graft that combines osteogenesis with inductive and conductive properties. In this context, preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials analyzing fundamental molecular processes, are crucial to define the regeneration mechanisms of new materials and tissue engineering concepts. In the same time, successful clinical management of bone pathologies, regeneration, and healing requires an understanding of the repair biology, advantages, and limitations of current fixation methods, and the feasibility of and selection criteria for grafting approaches including the use of viable cells, biologics, and physical stimulation.

This Special Issue focuses on the various aspects of assessments of bone regeneration, therapies, and healing, and the interactions of bone substitutes, materials and scaffolds with cells and tissues. To summarize, it seeks to improve the model and the analyses of the results to improve bone healing.

Thus, we invite contributions of reviews and/or original papers reporting new results in the field of bone substitute development and bone tissue engineering concepts, and 3D materials, including in vitro and in vivo analyses. We also invite original research papers, as well as comprehensive reviews, based on clinical studies, as well as innovative approaches, imaging technologies, and methodologies for assessing bone quality and the optimization of bone regeneration.

We look forward to receiving your contributions to this Special Issue.

Dr. Gael Y. Rochefort
Dr. Anne-Margaux Collignon
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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29 pages, 19183 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Behavior of a Variable Angle Locked Tibiotalocalcaneal Construct
by Farah Hamandi, Gerard Simon, Richard Laughlin and Tarun Goswami
Bioengineering 2020, 7(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010027 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6031
Abstract
This paper examines the mechanics of the tibiotalocalcaneal construct made with a PHILOS plating system. A failed device consisting of the LCP plate and cortical, locking, and cannulated screws was used to perform the analysis. Visual, microstructure, and fractographic examinations were carried out [...] Read more.
This paper examines the mechanics of the tibiotalocalcaneal construct made with a PHILOS plating system. A failed device consisting of the LCP plate and cortical, locking, and cannulated screws was used to perform the analysis. Visual, microstructure, and fractographic examinations were carried out to characterize the fracture surface topology. These examinations revealed the presence of surface scratching, inclusions, discoloration, corrosion pits, beach marks, and cleavage and striations on the fracture surface. Further examination of the material crystallography and texture revealed an interaction of S, Ni, and Mo-based inclusions that may have raised pitting susceptibility of the device made with Stainless Steel 316L. These features suggest that the device underwent damage by pitting the corrosion-fatigue mechanism and overloading towards the end to fail the plate and screws in two or more components. The screws failed via conjoint bending and torsion fatigue mechanisms. Computer simulations of variable angle locking screws were performed in this paper. The material of construction of the device was governed by ASTM F138-8 or its ISO equivalent 5832 and exhibited inconsistencies in chemistry and hardness requirements. The failure conditions were matched in finite element modeling and those boundary conditions discussed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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19 pages, 5833 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Anabolic Effects of Reported Osteogenic Compounds on Human Mesenchymal Progenitor-Derived Osteoblasts
by Robert Owen, Hossein Bahmaee, Frederik Claeyssens and Gwendolen C. Reilly
Bioengineering 2020, 7(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010012 - 21 Jan 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5551
Abstract
There is variability in the reported effects of compounds on osteoblasts arising from differences in experimental design and choice of cell type/origin. This makes it difficult to discern a compound’s action outside its original study and compare efficacy between compounds. Here, we investigated [...] Read more.
There is variability in the reported effects of compounds on osteoblasts arising from differences in experimental design and choice of cell type/origin. This makes it difficult to discern a compound’s action outside its original study and compare efficacy between compounds. Here, we investigated five compounds frequently reported as anabolic for osteoblasts (17β-estradiol (oestrogen), icariin, lactoferrin, lithium chloride, and menaquinone-4 (MK-4)) on human mesenchymal progenitors to assess their potential for bone tissue engineering with the aim of identifying a potential alternative to expensive recombinant growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Experiments were performed using the same culture conditions to allow direct comparison. The concentrations of compounds spanned two orders of magnitude to encompass the reported efficacious range and were applied continuously for 22 days. The effects on the proliferation (resazurin reduction and DNA quantification), osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity), and mineralised matrix deposition (calcium and collagen quantification) were assessed. Of these compounds, only 10 µM MK-4 stimulated a significant anabolic response with 50% greater calcium deposition. Oestrogen and icariin had no significant effects, with the exception of 1 µM icariin, which increased the metabolic activity on days 8 and 22. 1000 µg/mL of lactoferrin and 10 mM lithium chloride both significantly reduced the mineralised matrix deposition in comparison to the vehicle control, despite the ALP activity being higher in lithium chloride-treated cells at day 15. This demonstrates that MK-4 is the most powerful stimulant of bone formation in hES-MPs of the compounds investigated, highlighting its potential in bone tissue engineering as a method of promoting bone formation, as well as its prospective use as an osteoporosis treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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12 pages, 4497 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Pressure Distribution in Transfemoral Prosthetic Socket for Prefabrication Evaluation via the Finite Element Method
by Mohd Syahmi Jamaludin, Akihiko Hanafusa, Yamamoto Shinichirou, Yukio Agarie, Hiroshi Otsuka and Kengo Ohnishi
Bioengineering 2019, 6(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6040098 - 24 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6164
Abstract
In this study, we estimated and validated the pressure distribution profile between the residuum and two types of prosthetic sockets for transfemoral amputees by utilizing a finite element analysis. Correct shaping of the socket for an appropriate load distribution is a critical process [...] Read more.
In this study, we estimated and validated the pressure distribution profile between the residuum and two types of prosthetic sockets for transfemoral amputees by utilizing a finite element analysis. Correct shaping of the socket for an appropriate load distribution is a critical process in the design of lower-limb prosthesis sockets. The pressure distribution profile provides an understanding of the relationship between the socket design and the level of subject comfortability. Estimating the pressure profile is important, as it helps improve the prosthesis through an evaluation of the socket design before it undergoes the fabrication process. This study focused on utilizing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based three-dimensional (3D) model inside a predetermined finite element simulation. The simulation was predetermined by mimicking the actual socket-fitting environment. The results showed that the potential MRI-based 3D model simulation could be used as an estimation tool for a pressure distribution profile due to the high correlation coefficient value (R2 > 0.8) calculated when the pressure profiles were compared to the experiment data. The simulation also showed that the pressure distribution in the proximal area was higher (~30%) than in the distal area of the prosthetic socket for every subject. The results of this study will be of tremendous interest for fabricators through the use of a finite element model as an alternative method for the prefabrication and evaluation of prosthetic sockets. In future prosthetic socket fabrications, less intervention will be required in the development of a socket, and the participation of the subject in the socket-fitting session will not be necessary. The results suggest that this study will contribute to expanding the development of an overall prefabrication evaluation system to allow healthcare providers and engineers to simulate the fit and comfort of transfemoral prosthetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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8 pages, 2629 KiB  
Communication
Assessment of the Inner Surface Microstructure of Decellularized Cortical Bone by a Scanning Electron Microscope
by Heonuk Jeong, Jungo Asai, Takashi Ushida and Katsuko S. Furukawa
Bioengineering 2019, 6(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6030086 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6040
Abstract
The microstructural changes of bones, which form a hierarchy of skeletal tissue, vary, depending on their condition, and are affected by the behaviors of bone cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the microstructural changes in the inner femoral surface of [...] Read more.
The microstructural changes of bones, which form a hierarchy of skeletal tissue, vary, depending on their condition, and are affected by the behaviors of bone cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the microstructural changes in the inner femoral surface of Sprague Dawley rats according to the conditions using a scanning electron microscope. Microstructural differences on the endocortical surface were observed in the characteristics of osteocytic canaliculi, bone fibers, and surface roughness, showing a rougher surface in old adults and an osteoporosis model by quantitative comparison. These results could be helpful for developing a basic understanding of the microstructural changes that occur on the bone surface under various conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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12 pages, 2295 KiB  
Communication
Biomechanical Role and Motion Contribution of Ligaments and Bony Constraints in the Elbow Stability: A Preliminary Study
by Elisa Panero, Laura Gastaldi, Mara Terzini, Cristina Bignardi, Arman Sard and Stefano Pastorelli
Bioengineering 2019, 6(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6030068 - 07 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5742
Abstract
In flexion–extension motion, the interaction of several ligaments and bones characterizes the elbow joint stability. The aim of this preliminary study was to quantify the relative motion of the ulna with respect to the humerus in two human upper limbs specimens and to [...] Read more.
In flexion–extension motion, the interaction of several ligaments and bones characterizes the elbow joint stability. The aim of this preliminary study was to quantify the relative motion of the ulna with respect to the humerus in two human upper limbs specimens and to investigate the constraints role for maintaining the elbow joint stability in different section conditions. Two clusters of four markers were fixed respectively to the ulna and humerus, and their trajectory was recorded by a motion capture system during functional orthopedic maneuver. Considering the posterior bundle of medial collateral complex (pMUCL) and the coronoid, two section sequences were executed. The orthopedic maneuver of compression, pronation and varus force was repeated at 30°, 60° and 90° flexion for the functional investigation of constraints. Ulna deflection was compared to a baseline elbow flexion condition. With respect to the intact elbow, the coronoid osteotomy influences the elbow stability at 90° (deflection = 11.49 ± 17.39 mm), while small differences occur at 30° and 60°, due to ligaments constraint. The contemporary pMUCL section and coronoid osteotomy causes elbow instability, with large deflection at 30° (deflection = 34.40 ± 9.10 mm), 60° (deflection = 45.41 ± 18.47 mm) and 90° (deflection = 52.16 ± 21.92 mm). Surgeons may consider the pMUCL reconstruction in case of unfixable coronoid fracture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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Review

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16 pages, 592 KiB  
Review
The Treatment of Acute Diaphyseal Long-bones Fractures with Orthobiologics and Pharmacological Interventions for Bone Healing Enhancement: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence
by Giuseppe Marongiu, Andrea Contini, Andrea Cozzi Lepri, Matthew Donadu, Marco Verona and Antonio Capone
Bioengineering 2020, 7(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010022 - 24 Feb 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5572
Abstract
Background: The healing of long bones diaphyseal fractures can be often impaired and eventually end into delayed union and non-union. A number of therapeutic strategies have been proposed in combination with surgical treatment in order to enhance the healing process, such as scaffolds, [...] Read more.
Background: The healing of long bones diaphyseal fractures can be often impaired and eventually end into delayed union and non-union. A number of therapeutic strategies have been proposed in combination with surgical treatment in order to enhance the healing process, such as scaffolds, growth factors, cell therapies and systemic pharmacological treatments. Our aim was to investigate the current evidence of bone healing enhancement of acute long bone diaphyseal fractures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by using Pubmed/MEDLINE; Embase and Ovid databases. The combination of the search terms “long-bones; diaphyseal fracture; bone healing; growth factors; cell therapies; scaffolds; graft; bone substitutes; orthobiologics; teriparatide”. Results: The initial search resulted in 4156 articles of which 37 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were the subject of this review. The studies included 1350 patients (837 males and 513 females) with a mean age of 65.3 years old. Conclusions: General lack of high-quality studies exists on the use of adjuvant strategies for bone healing enhancement in acute shaft fractures. Strong evidence supports the use of bone grafts, while only moderate evidence demineralized bone matrix and synthetic ceramics. Conflicting results partially supported the use of growth factors and cell therapies in acute fractures. Teriparatide showed promising results, particularly for atypical femoral fractures and periprosthetic femoral fractures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Advances in Bone Regeneration, Therapies and Healing)
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