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Bioengineering
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Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications
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Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 8204

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Noe T Alvarez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
Interests: carbon nanomaterials; biomaterials; electrochemical sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Great advances have been made in diagnostic technologies, but most are still centralized to hospitals and laboratories, which require testing times from hours to days. On the other hand, clinicians constantly face the challenge of the early detection of diseases for successful treatments, or the continuous monitoring of  bioindicators associated with diseases. Biosensors offer a unique solution to detect and monitor specific analytes, and with the current miniaturization of electronics, these devices can be affordable, sensitive, user-friendly, robust, and able to provide on-site diagnostic capabilities. Their popularity has increased due to their capability for real-time analysis, continuous monitoring, and portability. Besides clinical testing, many areas are currently benefitting from the use of biosensors, such as neuroscience, and the diagnosis of infectious and cardiovascular diseases. A biosensor is basically a device that is capable of providing quantitative discrete measurements or monitoring biological indicators and determining their concentrations in a similar manner to laboratory analysis. A typical biosensor determines the concentration of bioanalytes (proteins, hormones, metabolites, ions, and toxins), using biological recognition elements known as bioreceptors (enzymes, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, peptides, and cells). In addition, a biosensor requires some types of transducer (optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, gravimetric, etc.), and typically an electronic device for signal readout. Among the most popular biosensors are the electrochemical-based devices (glucometer), but the field has grown significantly to include other areas, such as immunosensors, the monitoring of carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals, and reporting endocrine-disrupting compounds. Because of these unique and diverse capabilities, biosensors have a very promising future in biomedical applications.

This Special Issue of Bioengineering will focus on recent biosensors that have the potential to become medical devices, and therefore also to improve patient care.

Dr. Noe T Alvarez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2619 KiB  
Article
Straightforward Magnetic Resonance Temperature Measurements Combined with High Frame Rate and Magnetic Susceptibility Correction
by Sangwoo Kim, Donghyuk Kim and Sukhoon Oh
Bioengineering 2023, 10(11), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10111299 - 09 Nov 2023
Viewed by 748
Abstract
Proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) is an MRI-based simple temperature mapping method that exhibits higher spatial and temporal resolution than temperature mapping methods based on T1 relaxation time and diffusion. PRFS temperature measurements are validated against fiber-optic thermal sensors (FOSs). However, the use [...] Read more.
Proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) is an MRI-based simple temperature mapping method that exhibits higher spatial and temporal resolution than temperature mapping methods based on T1 relaxation time and diffusion. PRFS temperature measurements are validated against fiber-optic thermal sensors (FOSs). However, the use of FOSs may introduce temperature errors, leading to both underestimation and overestimation of PRFS measurements, primarily due to material susceptibility changes caused by the thermal sensors. In this study, we demonstrated susceptibility-corrected PRFS (scPRFS) with a high frame rate and accuracy for suitably distributed temperatures. A single-echo-based background removal technique was employed for phase variation correction, primarily owing to magnetic susceptibility, which enabled fast temperature mapping. The scPRFS was used to validate the temperature fidelity by comparing the temperatures of fiber-optic sensors and conventional PRFS through phantom-mimicked human and ex vivo experiments. This study demonstrates that scPRFS measurements in agar-gel are in good agreement with the thermal sensor readings, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.33–0.36 °C in the phantom model and 0.12–0.16 °C in the ex vivo experiment. These results highlight the potential of scPRFS for precise thermal monitoring and ablation in both low- and high-temperature non-invasive therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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16 pages, 12322 KiB  
Article
FAST (Flexible Acetylcholine Sensing Thread): Real-Time Detection of Acetylcholine with a Flexible Solid-Contact Potentiometric Sensor
by Farbod Amirghasemi, Ali Soleimani, Shahd Bawarith, Asna Tabassum, Alayne Morrel and Maral P. S. Mousavi
Bioengineering 2023, 10(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060655 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1862
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in memory and learning and has implications in neurodegenerative diseases; it is therefore important to study the dynamics of ACh in the brain. This work creates a flexible solid-contact potentiometric sensor for in vitro and in vivo recording of [...] Read more.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in memory and learning and has implications in neurodegenerative diseases; it is therefore important to study the dynamics of ACh in the brain. This work creates a flexible solid-contact potentiometric sensor for in vitro and in vivo recording of ACh in the brain and tissue homogenate. We fabricate this sensor using a 250 μm diameter cotton yarn coated with a flexible conductive ink and an ACh sensing membrane that contains a calix[4]arene ionophore. The exposed ion-to-electron transducer was sealed with a 2.5 μm thick Parylene C coating to maintain the flexibility of the sensor. The resulting diameter of the flexible ACh sensing thread (FAST) was 400 μm. The FAST showed a linear response range from 1.0 μM to 10.0 mM in deionized water, with a near-Nernstian slope of 56.11 mV/decade and a limit of detection of 2.6 μM. In artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the limit of detection increased to 20 μM due to the background signal of ionic content of the cerebrospinal fluid. The FAST showed a signal stability of 226 μV/h over 24 h. We show that FAST can measure ACh dynamics in sheep brain tissue and sheep brain homogenate after ACh spiking. FAST is the first flexible electrochemical sensor for monitoring ACh dynamics in the brain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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18 pages, 4472 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Polymer-Coated Carbon Nanotube Flexible Microelectrodes for Biomedical Applications
by Chethani Ruhunage, Vaishnavi Dhawan, Chaminda P. Nawarathne, Abdul Hoque, Xinyan Tracy Cui and Noe T. Alvarez
Bioengineering 2023, 10(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060647 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1948
Abstract
The demand for electrically insulated microwires and microfibers in biomedical applications is rapidly increasing. Polymer protective coatings with high electrical resistivity, good chemical resistance, and a long shelf-life are critical to ensure continuous device operation during chronic applications. As soft and flexible electrodes [...] Read more.
The demand for electrically insulated microwires and microfibers in biomedical applications is rapidly increasing. Polymer protective coatings with high electrical resistivity, good chemical resistance, and a long shelf-life are critical to ensure continuous device operation during chronic applications. As soft and flexible electrodes can minimize mechanical mismatch between tissues and electronics, designs based on flexible conductive microfibers, such as carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers, and soft polymer insulation have been proposed. In this study, a continuous dip-coating approach was adopted to insulate meters-long CNT fibers with hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), a soft and rubbery insulating polymer. Using this method, 4.8 m long CNT fibers with diameters of 25–66 µm were continuously coated with HNBR without defects or interruptions. The coated CNT fibers were found to be uniform, pinhole free, and biocompatible. Furthermore, the HNBR coating had better high-temperature tolerance than conventional insulating materials. Microelectrodes prepared using the HNBR-coated CNT fibers exhibited stable electrochemical properties, with a specific impedance of 27.0 ± 9.4 MΩ µm2 at 1.0 kHz and a cathodal charge storage capacity of 487.6 ± 49.8 mC cm−2. Thus, the developed electrodes express characteristics that made them suitable for use in implantable medical devices for chronic in vivo applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 2403 KiB  
Article
Multifunctional Biosensing Platform Based on Nickel-Modified Laser-Induced Graphene
by Yao Tong, Yingying Zhang, Benkun Bao, Xuhui Hu, Jiuqiang Li, Han Wu, Kerong Yang, Senhao Zhang, Hongbo Yang and Kai Guo
Bioengineering 2023, 10(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10050620 - 21 May 2023
Viewed by 1655
Abstract
Nickel plating electrolytes prepared by using a simple salt solution can achieve nickel plating on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, which greatly enhances the electrical conductivity, electrochemical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of LIG. This makes the LIG–Ni electrodes well suited for electrophysiological, [...] Read more.
Nickel plating electrolytes prepared by using a simple salt solution can achieve nickel plating on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, which greatly enhances the electrical conductivity, electrochemical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of LIG. This makes the LIG–Ni electrodes well suited for electrophysiological, strain, and electrochemical sensing applications. The investigation of the mechanical properties of the LIG–Ni sensor and the monitoring of pulse, respiration, and swallowing confirmed that the sensor can sense insignificant deformations to relatively large conformal strains of skin. Modulation of the nickel-plating process of LIG–Ni, followed by chemical modification, may allow for the introduction of glucose redox catalyst Ni2Fe(CN)6 with interestingly strong catalytic effects, which gives LIG–Ni impressive glucose-sensing properties. Additionally, the chemical modification of LIG–Ni for pH and Na+ monitoring also confirmed its strong electrochemical monitoring potential, which demonstrates application prospects in the development of multiple electrochemical sensors for sweat parameters. A more uniform LIG–Ni multi-physiological sensor preparation process provides a prerequisite for the construction of an integrated multi-physiological sensor system. The sensor was validated to have continuous monitoring performance, and its preparation process is expected to form a system for non-invasive physiological parameter signal monitoring, thus contributing to motion monitoring, disease prevention, and disease diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 4851 KiB  
Article
Needle-Based Electrical Impedance Imaging Technology for Needle Navigation
by Jan Liu, Ömer Atmaca and Peter Paul Pott
Bioengineering 2023, 10(5), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10050590 - 13 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
Needle insertion is a common procedure in modern healthcare practices, such as blood sampling, tissue biopsy, and cancer treatment. Various guidance systems have been developed to reduce the risk of incorrect needle positioning. While ultrasound imaging is considered the gold standard, it has [...] Read more.
Needle insertion is a common procedure in modern healthcare practices, such as blood sampling, tissue biopsy, and cancer treatment. Various guidance systems have been developed to reduce the risk of incorrect needle positioning. While ultrasound imaging is considered the gold standard, it has limitations such as a lack of spatial resolution and subjective interpretation of 2D images. As an alternative to conventional imaging techniques, we have developed a needle-based electrical impedance imaging system. The system involves the classification of different tissue types using impedance measurements taken with a modified needle and the visualization in a MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI) based on the spatial sensitivity distribution of the needle. The needle was equipped with 12 stainless steel wire electrodes, and the sensitive volumes were determined using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation. A k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithm was used to classify different types of tissue phantoms with an average success rate of 70.56% for individual tissue phantoms. The results showed that the classification of the fat tissue phantom was the most successful (60 out of 60 attempts correct), while the success rate decreased for layered tissue structures. The measurement can be controlled in the GUI, and the identified tissues around the needle are displayed in 3D. The average latency between measurement and visualization was 112.1 ms. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using needle-based electrical impedance imaging as an alternative to conventional imaging techniques. Further improvements to the hardware and the algorithm as well as usability testing are required to evaluate the effectiveness of the needle navigation system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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