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11 pages, 18562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Textile PAN Carbon Fibers Cathode for High-Voltage Seawater Batteries

by João Ferreira, Tiago Salgueiro, Jossano Marcuzzo, Eduardo Arruda, João Ventura and Joana Oliveira

Batteries 2023, 9(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030178 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2085

Abstract

Rechargeable sodium seawater batteries (SWBs) are gaining the world leadership of high voltage energy storage devices for marine environments. With natural seawater as the source of active material, SWBs can be supplied infinitely with Na cations. Because of their open-structured cathode, the cathode [...] Read more.

Rechargeable sodium seawater batteries (SWBs) are gaining the world leadership of high voltage energy storage devices for marine environments. With natural seawater as the source of active material, SWBs can be supplied infinitely with Na cations. Because of their open-structured cathode, the cathode material’s specific surface area, porosity and wettability need to be optimized to achieve a high-performance cell. In this work, activated textile polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were used to produce an activated carbon felt with a facile manufacturing process. The easy and low-cost production of these fibers makes them excellent candidates for energy storage applications involving oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. The electrochemical performance results of the fabricated activated PAN fibers and of commercial carbon felts were measured and compared, being characterized through galvanostic charge discharge cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetries. A performance improvement was observed with PAN activated carbon felt as half cell with a capacitance increase (about 9000%), and as full cell with a smaller voltage gap (about 10%) and increased gravimetric capacitance (about 260%) when compared to the commercial carbon felt. The successful implementation of PAN activated carbon felts in an aqueous environment opens new paths toward high performance seawater battery’s cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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10 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lithium Salt Concentration on Materials Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Inorganic/Polymer Solid Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Debabrata Mohanty, Shu-Yu Chen and I-Ming Hung

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100173 - 09 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3356

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density. Solid electrolytes appear to be a potential replacement for flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium batteries. This inorganic/hybrid solid electrolyte is a composite of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries are popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density. Solid electrolytes appear to be a potential replacement for flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium batteries. This inorganic/hybrid solid electrolyte is a composite of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer and sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type Li_1+xAl_xTi_2−x(PO₄)₃ (LATP) ceramic powder. The structure, morphology, mechanical behavior, and electrochemical performance of this composite solid electrolyte, based on various amounts of LiTFSI, were investigated. The lithium-ion transfer and conductivity increased as the LiTFSI lithium salt concentration increased. However, the mechanical strength apparently decreased once the percentage of LITFSI was over 60%. The hybrid electrolyte with 60% LiTFSI content showed high ionic conductivity of 2.14 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, a wide electrochemical stability window (3–6 V) and good electrochemical stability. The capacity of the Li|60% LiTFSI/PVDF-HFP/LATP| LiFePO₄ solid-state lithium-metal battery was 103.8 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, with a high-capacity retention of 98% after 50 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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15 pages, 4376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Space Fillers to Enhance Volumetric Energy Density of NMC811 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

by Irina Skvortsova, Aleksandra A. Savina, Elena D. Orlova, Vladislav S. Gorshkov and Artem M. Abakumov

Batteries 2022, 8(7), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8070067 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3265

Abstract

Ni-rich layered transition metal (TM) oxides are considered to be the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their high electrochemical capacity, high Li⁺ ion (de)intercalation potential, and low cobalt content. However, such materials possess several drawbacks including relatively low [...] Read more.

Ni-rich layered transition metal (TM) oxides are considered to be the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their high electrochemical capacity, high Li⁺ ion (de)intercalation potential, and low cobalt content. However, such materials possess several drawbacks including relatively low volumetric energy density caused by insufficient values of tap density. Herein, we demonstrate an exceptionally rapid and energy-saving synthesis of the mixed hydroxide precursor for the LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (NMC811) positive electrode (cathode) material through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique. The obtained material further serves as a space-filler to fill the voids between spherical agglomerates in the cathode powder prepared via a conventional co-precipitation technique boosting the tap density of the resulting mixed NMC811 by 30% up to 2.9 g/cm³. Owing to increased tap density, the volumetric energy density of the composite cathode exceeds 2100 mWh/cm³ vs. 1690 mWh/cm³ for co-precipitated samples. The crystal structure of the obtained materials was scrutinized by powder X-ray diffraction and high angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM); the cation composition and homogeneity of TM spatial distribution were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a STEM mode (STEM-EDX). Well-crystallized NMC811 with a relatively low degree of anti-site disorder and homogeneous TM distribution in a combination with the co-precipitated material delivers a reversible discharge capacity as high as ~200 mAh/g at 0.1C current density and capacity retention of 78% after 300 charge/discharge cycles (current density 1C) within the voltage region of 2.7–4.3 V vs. Li/Li⁺. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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12 pages, 5215 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Mechanical Activation and Carbon Coating on Electrochemistry of TiNb₂O₇ Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Nina V. Kosova and Dmitry Z. Tsydypylov

Batteries 2022, 8(6), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8060052 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2985

Abstract

TiNb₂O₇ anode material with a Wadsley–Roth crystallographic shear structure was prepared by solid-state synthesis at a relatively low temperature (1000 °C) and a short calcination time (4 h) using preliminary mechanical activation of the reagent mixture. The as-prepared final product [...] Read more.

TiNb₂O₇ anode material with a Wadsley–Roth crystallographic shear structure was prepared by solid-state synthesis at a relatively low temperature (1000 °C) and a short calcination time (4 h) using preliminary mechanical activation of the reagent mixture. The as-prepared final product was then ball milled in a planetary mill with and without carbon black. The crystal structure and morphology of the samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical performance was studied in a galvanostatic mode in varied voltage intervals and at different cycling rates in combination with in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The resistance measured using in situ EIS had the highest values at the end of the discharge and the lowest when charging. The lithium diffusion coefficient, determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), in samples milled with and without carbon black was an order of magnitude higher than that for the pristine sample. It was shown that improved electrochemical performance of the carbon composite TiNb₂O₇/C (reversible capacity of 250 mAh g⁻¹ at C/10 with Coulomb efficiency of ~99%) was associated with improved conductivity due to the formation of a conductive carbon matrix and uniform distribution of submicron particles by size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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18 pages, 4431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Charging Algorithm for Li-Ion Battery Packs Based on Artificial Neural Networks

by João P. D. Faria, Ricardo L. Velho, Maria R. A. Calado, José A. N. Pombo, João B. L. Fermeiro and Sílvio J. P. S. Mariano

Batteries 2022, 8(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8020018 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6145

Abstract

This paper shows the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in Li-ion battery charging methods by introducing a new charging algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed charging algorithm is able to find an optimized charging current profile, through ANNs, considering the [...] Read more.

This paper shows the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in Li-ion battery charging methods by introducing a new charging algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed charging algorithm is able to find an optimized charging current profile, through ANNs, considering the real-time conditions of the Li-ion batteries. To test and validate the proposed approach, a low-cost battery management system (BMS) was developed, supporting up to 168 cells in series and n cells in parallel. When compared with the multistage charging algorithm, the proposed charging algorithm revealed a shorter charging time (7.85%) and a smaller temperature increase (32.95%). Thus, the results show that the proposed algorithm based on AI is able to effectively charge and balance batteries and can be regarded as a subject of interest for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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Review

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28 pages, 11641 KiB

Open AccessReview

Boron Nitride-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Application in Rechargeable Batteries

by Srikanth Mateti, Irin Sultana, Ying Chen, Manikantan Kota and Md Mokhlesur Rahman

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070344 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2662

Abstract

Conventional boron nitride material is a resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with various crystalline forms. The hexagonal form, which corresponds to graphite, is used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products because of its higher stability and softness. Recently, [...] Read more.

Conventional boron nitride material is a resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with various crystalline forms. The hexagonal form, which corresponds to graphite, is used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products because of its higher stability and softness. Recently, various nanostructured boron nitride materials, including nanosheets, nanotubes, nanoparticles, and nanocomposites with diverse new properties, have been achieved through the development of advanced synthesis techniques as well as a deeper understanding of the properties and related applications. As nanostructured boron nitride materials exhibit high chemical, thermal and mechanical stability, the incorporation of nanostructured boron nitride materials into the key components (electrolytes, separators, and electrodes) of electrochemical systems can alleviate various inherent problems. This review article systematically summarizes the integration of nanostructured boron nitride into electrolytes, separators, and electrodes of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries. Various structures, synthesis methods, properties, and electrochemical performance of nanostructured boron nitride incorporated electrolytes, separators, and electrodes in rechargeable batteries are discussed. The challenges and possibilities for future application of boron nitride-based nanomaterials in electrochemical energy storage systems are also highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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25 pages, 5184 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO₄ Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review

by Brindha Ramasubramanian, Subramanian Sundarrajan, Vijila Chellappan, M. V. Reddy, Seeram Ramakrishna and Karim Zaghib

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100133 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 13020

Abstract

Li-ion batteries are in demand due to technological advancements in the electronics industry; thus, expanding the battery supply chain and improving its electrochemical performance is crucial. Carbon materials are used to increase the cyclic stability and specific capacity of cathode materials, which are [...] Read more.

Li-ion batteries are in demand due to technological advancements in the electronics industry; thus, expanding the battery supply chain and improving its electrochemical performance is crucial. Carbon materials are used to increase the cyclic stability and specific capacity of cathode materials, which are essential to batteries. LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathodes are generally safe and have a long cycle life. However, the common LFP cathode has a low inherent conductivity, and adding a carbon nanomaterial significantly influences how well it performs electrochemically. Therefore, the major focus of this review is on the importance, current developments, and future possibilities of carbon-LFP (C-LFP) cathodes in LIBs. Recent research on the impacts of different carbon sizes, LFP’s shape, diffusion, bonding, additives, dopants, and surface functionalization was reviewed. Overall, with suitable modifications, C-LFP cathodes are expected to bring many benefits to the energy storage sector in the forthcoming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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16 pages, 3260 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Enabled Wet Chemical Prelithiation and Presodiation for Batteries

by Yu-Sheng Su and Jeng-Kuei Chang

Batteries 2022, 8(8), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080099 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3350

Abstract

The current mainstream energy storage systems are in urgent need of performance improvements to meet novel application requirements. In pursuit of a higher energy density in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries, the conventional electrode materials have reached the upper limit of their theoretical specific [...] Read more.

The current mainstream energy storage systems are in urgent need of performance improvements to meet novel application requirements. In pursuit of a higher energy density in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries, the conventional electrode materials have reached the upper limit of their theoretical specific capacities. Hence, facile methods of reducing irreversible lithium-ion/sodium-ion loss are developed to further boost the battery energy density. Herein, we review studies that use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for wet chemical prelithiation and presodiation. The molecular structures of arenes and solvents used for solution-based prelithiation/presodiation have a substantial impact on the prelithiation/presodiation power and effectiveness. Multiple reports have already shown excellent initial Coulombic efficiency and streamlined processes by using this type of wet chemical prelithiation/presodiation strategy. This review article will cover how to select appropriate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon prelithiation/presodiation reagents for various materials/electrodes and provide possible directions and guidelines for future works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anode and Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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