Atoms

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Elastic and Inelastic Stopping-Power Components for Heavy Ions at Bohr and Higher Velocities

by

Atoms 2023, 11(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11060086 - 24 May 2023

Carbon stopping power (SP) data for heavy ions (HIs), obtained around Bohr velocities, revealed remarkably lower values than those predicted using the SRIM/TRIM calculations/simulations. An attempt was made to extract the elastic (collisional) and inelastic (electronic) components from the available SP data obtained [...] Read more.

Carbon stopping power (SP) data for heavy ions (HIs), obtained around Bohr velocities, revealed remarkably lower values than those predicted using the SRIM/TRIM calculations/simulations. An attempt was made to extract the elastic (collisional) and inelastic (electronic) components from the available SP data obtained in experiments. A problem is that essentially, total SP is measured in experiments, whereas electronic SP values, usually presented as the results, are derived via the subtraction of the calculated collisional component from the measured values. At high HI reduced velocities

(V / v_{0}) / Z_{HI}^{2 / 3} ≳ 0.3

(V and

v_{0}

are HI and Bohr velocities, respectively, and

Z_{HI}

is the HI atomic number), the collisional component can be neglected, whereas at Bohr velocities it becomes comparable to the electronic one. These circumstances were used to compare the experimental SP data with the SRIM/TRIM calculations/simulations and to empirically obtain corrections to the collisional and inelastic SP components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)

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Open AccessReview

Atomic Lifetimes of Astrophysical Interest in Ions of Fe

by

Elmar Träbert

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050085 - 22 May 2023

Abstract

Multiple charged ions of iron dominate the EUV spectrum of the solar corona. For the interpretation of such spectra, data on both the atomic structure and the transition rate are essential, most of which are provided by theory and computation. The wavelengths of [...] Read more.

Multiple charged ions of iron dominate the EUV spectrum of the solar corona. For the interpretation of such spectra, data on both the atomic structure and the transition rate are essential, most of which are provided by theory and computation. The wavelengths of observed spectra are used to test the predicted energy level structure, while the line intensities depend on level lifetimes and branch fractions. A number of electric dipole and higher-order transition rates have been measured over the years in the laboratory, mostly by beam-foil spectroscopy, at heavy-ion storage rings, and at various ion traps. In this paper, the state of the knowledge base on level lifetimes in all ions of Fe is assessed, and the problems of further progress are outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic and Molecular Data in Astronomy and Astrophysics)

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Open AccessArticle

Attosecond Time Delay Trends across the Isoelectronic Noble Gas Sequence

by

Brock Grafstrom

and

Alexandra S. Landsman

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050084 - 15 May 2023

Abstract

The analysis and measurement of Wigner time delays can provide detailed information about the electronic environment within and around atomic and molecular systems, with one the key differences being the lack of a long-range potential after a halogen ion undergoes photoionization. In this [...] Read more.

The analysis and measurement of Wigner time delays can provide detailed information about the electronic environment within and around atomic and molecular systems, with one the key differences being the lack of a long-range potential after a halogen ion undergoes photoionization. In this work, we use relativistic random-phase approximation to calculate the average Wigner delay from the highest occupied subshells of the atomic pairings (2p, 2s in Fluorine, Neon), (3p, 3s in Chlorine, Argon), (4p, 4s, 3d, in Bromine, Krypton), and (5p, 5s, 4d in Iodine, Xenon). The qualitative behaviors of the Wigner delays between the isoelectronic pairings were found to be similar in nature, with the only large differences occurring at photoelectron energies less than

20 e V

and around Cooper minima. Interestingly, the relative shift in Wigner time delays between negatively charged halogens and noble gases decreases as atomic mass increases. All atomic pairings show large differences at low energies, with noble gas atoms showing large positive Wigner delays, while negatively charged halogen ions show negative delays. The implications for photoionization studies in halide-containing molecules is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photon and Particle Impact Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters)

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Open AccessArticle

Stabilizing Frequency of a Diode Laser to a Reference Transition of Molecular Iodine through Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy

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Atoms 2023, 11(5), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050083 - 12 May 2023

Abstract

We report the frequency stabilization of an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to a reference molecular iodine (I₂) transition at 13,531.18 cm⁻¹ (739.03382 nm). Using the Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy (MTS) method for the highly sensitive detection of weak absorption signals, [...] Read more.

We report the frequency stabilization of an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to a reference molecular iodine (I₂) transition at 13,531.18 cm⁻¹ (739.03382 nm). Using the Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy (MTS) method for the highly sensitive detection of weak absorption signals, the Doppler-free absorption peaks of I₂ corresponding to the hot band transition R(78) (1–11) are resolved. The ECDL’s frequency is stabilized with respect to one of the lines lying within the reference absorption band. For this, the iodine vapor cell is heated to 450 °C and the corresponding circularly polarized pump and probe beam powers are maintained at 10 mW and 1 mW, respectively, to avoid power broadening. The short (100 ms) and long-term (50 h) linewidths of the frequency stabilized laser are measured to be 0.75(3) MHz and 0.5(2) MHz, respectively, whereas the natural linewidth of the specific I₂-transitions lie within a range of tens of MHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy)

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Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Twisted Electron Impact Ionization of CH₄ and NH₃ Molecule

by

Nikita Dhankhar

,

Neha

and

Rakesh Choubisa

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050082 - 10 May 2023

Abstract

Electron vortex beams (EVBs, also known as twisted electron beams) possess an intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM) with respect to their propagation direction. This intrinsic OAM represents a new degree of freedom that provides new insights into investigating the dynamics of electron impact [...] Read more.

Electron vortex beams (EVBs, also known as twisted electron beams) possess an intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM) with respect to their propagation direction. This intrinsic OAM represents a new degree of freedom that provides new insights into investigating the dynamics of electron impact ionization. In this communication, we present, in the first Born approximation (FBA), the angular profiles of the triple differential cross section (TDCS) for the (e, 2e) process on CH

_{4}

and NH

_{3}

molecular targets in the coplanar asymmetric geometry. We compare the TDCS of the EVB for different values of OAM number m with that of the plane wave. For a more realistic scenario, we investigate the average TDCS for macroscopic targets to explore the influence of the opening angle

θ_{p}

of the twisted electron beam on the TDCS. In addition, we also present the TDCS for the coherent superposition of two EVBs. The results demonstrate that the twisted (e, 2e) process retrieves the p-type character of the molecular orbitals, which is absent in the plane wave TDCS for the given kinematics. The results for the coherent superposition of two Bessel beams show the sensitivity of TDCS toward the OAM number m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy)

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Open AccessCommunication

Electron Impact Ionization Cross-Section Maxima of Atoms

by

Antônio Carlos Fontes dos Santos

and

Károly Tőkési

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050081 - 08 May 2023

Abstract

Using measured cross-sections and polarizability data, an empirical scaling law is extracted for the electron collision single-ionization cross-section maxima of neutral atoms. We found that the cross sections scale linearly with the target’s static polarizability. We confirm this observation using our present three-body [...] Read more.

Using measured cross-sections and polarizability data, an empirical scaling law is extracted for the electron collision single-ionization cross-section maxima of neutral atoms. We found that the cross sections scale linearly with the target’s static polarizability. We confirm this observation using our present three-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Collision Strengths of Astrophysical Interest for Multiply Charged Ions

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and

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050080 - 06 May 2023

Abstract

The electron impact excitation and ionization processes are crucial for modeling the spectra of different astrophysical objects, from atmospheres of late-type stars to remnants of supernovae and up to the light emission from neutron star mergers, to name just a few. Despite their [...] Read more.

The electron impact excitation and ionization processes are crucial for modeling the spectra of different astrophysical objects, from atmospheres of late-type stars to remnants of supernovae and up to the light emission from neutron star mergers, to name just a few. Despite their significance, however, little is known quantitatively about these processes for low- and medium-impact energies of, say,

E_{kin} ≲ 5000

eV of the free incident electron. To further explore the role of impact excitation, we here expanded Jac, the Jena Atomic Calculator, to the computation of distorted wave collision strengths for fine-structure-resolved, as well as configuration-averaged transitions. While we excluded the formation of dielectronic resonances, these tools can be readily applied for ions with a complex shell structure and by including the major relativistic contributions to these strengths. Detailed computations of the collision strengths are shown and explained for the impact excitation of lithium- and chlorine-like ions. When compared with other, well-correlated methods, good agreement was found, and hence, these tools will support studies of effective collision strengths for a wide range of electron impact energies, levels, and ionic charge states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Processes for Plasma Modeling Applications)

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Open AccessArticle

Projectile Coherence Effects in Twisted Electron Ionization of Helium

by

A. L. Harris

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050079 - 03 May 2023

Abstract

Over the last decade, it has become clear that for heavy ion projectiles, the projectile’s transverse coherence length must be considered in theoretical models. While traditional scattering theory often assumes that the projectile has an infinite coherence length, many studies have demonstrated that [...] Read more.

Over the last decade, it has become clear that for heavy ion projectiles, the projectile’s transverse coherence length must be considered in theoretical models. While traditional scattering theory often assumes that the projectile has an infinite coherence length, many studies have demonstrated that the effect of projectile coherence cannot be ignored, even when the projectile-target interaction is within the perturbative regime. This has led to a surge in studies that examine the effects of the projectile’s coherence length. Heavy-ion collisions are particularly well-suited to this because the projectile’s momentum can be large, leading to a small deBroglie wavelength. In contrast, electron projectiles that have larger deBroglie wavelengths and coherence effects can usually be safely ignored. However, the recent demonstration of sculpted electron wave packets opens the door to studying projectile coherence effects in electron-impact collisions. We report here theoretical triple differential cross-sections (TDCSs) for the electron-impact ionization of helium using Bessel and Laguerre-Gauss projectiles. We show that the projectile’s transverse coherence length affects the shape and magnitude of the TDCSs and that the atomic target’s position within the projectile beam plays a significant role in the probability of ionization. We also demonstrate that projectiles with large coherence lengths result in cross-sections that more closely resemble their fully coherent counterparts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photon and Particle Impact Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters)

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Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Acetone Sensing Based on Group-11 Metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) Nanoparticles Embedded in Graphitic Carbon Nitride (gCN)

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,

,

,

,

and

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050078 - 01 May 2023

Abstract

In this work, a group-11 metal nanoparticle-embedded, graphitic carbon nitride-based, resistive-type sensor was developed for room temperature acetone sensing. We synthesized pure and group-11 transition metal (Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticles embedded in graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) by thermal polycondensation and chemical reduction [...] Read more.

In this work, a group-11 metal nanoparticle-embedded, graphitic carbon nitride-based, resistive-type sensor was developed for room temperature acetone sensing. We synthesized pure and group-11 transition metal (Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticles embedded in graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) by thermal polycondensation and chemical reduction methods. The synthesized material was characterized using UV/visspectroscopy, FTIRspectroscopy, XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, and EDS techniques. Sensing properties such as response, response/recovery time, selectivity, and stability were calculated. This study confirms that Ag/gCN is the best material for room temperature sensing of acetone compared to Cu/gCN, Au/gCN, and pure gCN. The response of Ag/gCN for 20 ppm acetone at room temperature is 28%. The response/recovery time is 42.05/37.09 s. Moreover, the response of Ag/gCN is stable for 10 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy)

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Open AccessArticle

Trapped Ideal Bose Gas with a Few Heavy Impurities

by

Orest Hryhorchak

and

Volodymyr Pastukhov

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050077 - 28 Apr 2023

Abstract

In this article, we formulate a general scheme for the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of an ideal Bose gas with one or two immersed static impurities, when the bosonic particles are trapped in a harmonic potential with either a quasi-1D or quasi-2D [...] Read more.

In this article, we formulate a general scheme for the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of an ideal Bose gas with one or two immersed static impurities, when the bosonic particles are trapped in a harmonic potential with either a quasi-1D or quasi-2D configuration. The binding energy of a single impurity and the medium-induced Casimir-like forces between the two impurities are numerically calculated for a wide range of temperatures and boson–impurity interaction strengths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends on Quantum Fluctuations in Ultra-Cold Quantum Gases)

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Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Investigation of Electron–Ion Recombination Process of Mg-like Gold

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and

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050076 - 23 Apr 2023

Abstract

The L-shell dielectronic and trielectronic recombinations of highly charged Mg-like gold ions (Au⁶⁷⁺) in the ground state 2s²2p⁶3s^2 1S₀ have been studied systematically. The recombination cross-sections and rate coefficients are carefully calculated [...] Read more.

The L-shell dielectronic and trielectronic recombinations of highly charged Mg-like gold ions (Au⁶⁷⁺) in the ground state 2s²2p⁶3s^2 1S₀ have been studied systematically. The recombination cross-sections and rate coefficients are carefully calculated for ∆n = 1 (2s/2p → 3l) transitions using a flexible atomic code based on the relativistic configuration interaction method and considering the Breit and QED corrections. Detailed resonance energies and resonance strengths are presented for the stronger resonances of the LMn (n = 3–12) series. It is found that the contributions of the trielectronic recombination to the total cross-section is about 13.75%, which cannot be neglected. For convenience of application, the plasma rate coefficients are also calculated and fitted to a semiempirical formula, and in the calculations, the contributions from the higher excited resonance groups n ≥ 13 are evaluated by an extrapolation method, which is about 2.93% of the total rate coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 20th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions)

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Open AccessArticle

Fragmentation Dynamics of

{CO}_{2}^{q +}

(q = 2, 3) in Collisions with 1 MeV Proton

by

Avijit Duley

and

Aditya. H. Kelkar

Atoms 2023, 11(5), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050075 - 23 Apr 2023

Abstract

The fragmentation dynamics of the CO

_{2}^{q +}

(q = 2, 3) molecular ions formed under the impact of 1 MeV protons is studied using a recoil ion momentum spectrometer equipped with a multi-hit time- and position-sensitive detector. Both two-body and three-body [...] Read more.

The fragmentation dynamics of the CO

_{2}^{q +}

(q = 2, 3) molecular ions formed under the impact of 1 MeV protons is studied using a recoil ion momentum spectrometer equipped with a multi-hit time- and position-sensitive detector. Both two-body and three-body fragmentation channels arising from the doubly and triply ionized molecular ions of CO

_{2}

are identified and analyzed. Kinetic energy release (KER) distributions have been obtained for various channels. With the help of Dalitz plots and Newton diagrams concerted and sequential processes have been assigned to observed fragmentation channels. In addition, angular correlations are used to determine the molecular geometry of the precursor molecular ion. It is found that the symmetric breakup into C

^{+}

+ O

^{+}

+ O

^{+}

involves asymmetric stretching of the molecular bonds in CO

_{2}^{3 +}

prior to dissociation via concerted decay implying the fact that collisions with 1 MeV proton induces an asynchronous decay in CO

_{2}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photon and Particle Impact Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters)

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Open AccessArticle

Ab Initio Double-Differential Ionization Cross-Section Calculations in Antiproton–Helium Collisions

by

Imre Ferenc Barna

,

Mihály András Pocsai

and

Károly Tőkési

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040074 - 20 Apr 2023

Abstract

We present ionization cross-sections for antiproton and helium collisions based on an ab initio time-dependent coupled channel method. In our calculations, a finite basis set of regular helium Coulomb wave packets and Slater function were used. The semiclassical approximation was applied with the [...] Read more.

We present ionization cross-sections for antiproton and helium collisions based on an ab initio time-dependent coupled channel method. In our calculations, a finite basis set of regular helium Coulomb wave packets and Slater function were used. The semiclassical approximation was applied with the time-dependent Coulomb potential to describe the antiproton–electron interaction. Three different projectile energies were considered as 10, 50 and 100 keV. We found clear evidence for the formation of the anti-cusp in the differential distributions. Full article

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Open AccessCommunication

Rydberg Interaction-Induced Distortion of the Autler–Townes Spectra in Cold Lithium Atoms

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and

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040073 - 13 Apr 2023

Abstract

In this article, effects of the strong long-range interaction of Rydberg atoms on the Autler–Townes splitting spectrum are investigated. Preliminary results are obtained for various excitation times and Rydberg atom densities. The

2 S_{1 / 2}

and

2 P_{1 / 2}

[...] Read more.

In this article, effects of the strong long-range interaction of Rydberg atoms on the Autler–Townes splitting spectrum are investigated. Preliminary results are obtained for various excitation times and Rydberg atom densities. The

2 S_{1 / 2}

and

2 P_{1 / 2}

levels of lithium-7 are coupled with strong laser field and probed by another laser via excitation into a

70 S

Rydberg level. Interactions between Rydberg atoms excited by the probe beam lead to the broadening of the Autler–Townes spectra. At high concentrations of Rydberg atoms, a suppression of the excitation of the Autler–Townes peak at red detuning is observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cold and Rydberg Atoms for Quantum Technologies)

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Open AccessArticle

Temporal Response of Atoms Trapped in an Optical Dipole Trap: A Primer on Quantum Computing Speed

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Atoms 2023, 11(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040072 - 10 Apr 2023

Abstract

An atom confined in an optical dipole trap is a promising candidate for a qubit. Analyzing the temporal response of such trapped atoms enables us to estimate the speed at which quantum computers operate. The present work models an atom in an optical [...] Read more.

An atom confined in an optical dipole trap is a promising candidate for a qubit. Analyzing the temporal response of such trapped atoms enables us to estimate the speed at which quantum computers operate. The present work models an atom in an optical dipole trap formed using crossed laser beams and further examines the photoionization time delay from such confined atoms. We study noble gas atoms, such as Ne (Z = 10), Ar (Z = 18), Kr (Z = 36), and Xe (Z = 54). The atoms are considered to be confined in an optical dipole trap using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL). The present work shows that the photoionization time delay of the trapped atoms is different compared with that of the free atoms. This analysis alerts us that while talking about the speed of quantum computing, the temporal response of the atoms in the trapped environment must also be accounted for. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photon and Particle Impact Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters)

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Open AccessReview

Indigenisation of the Quantum Clock: An Indispensable Tool for Modern Technologies

by

Subhadeep De

and

Arijit Sharma

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040071 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 1

Abstract

Time and frequency (T&F) measurement with unprecedented accuracy is the backbone for several sophisticated technologies, commensurate with the evolution of human civilisation in the 20th century in terms of communication, positioning, navigation, and precision timing. This necessity drove researchers in the early 1950s [...] Read more.

Time and frequency (T&F) measurement with unprecedented accuracy is the backbone for several sophisticated technologies, commensurate with the evolution of human civilisation in the 20th century in terms of communication, positioning, navigation, and precision timing. This necessity drove researchers in the early 1950s to build atomic clocks that have now evolved to a state-of-the-art level, operating at optical wavelengths as optical atomic clocks, which use cold and trapped samples of atomic/ionic species and various other sophisticated diagnostic test techniques. Such ultrahigh-precision accurate clocks have made it possible to probe fundamental aspects of science through incredibly sensitive measurements. On the other hand, they meet the T&F synchronisation standards for classical and emerging quantum technologies at the desired level of accuracy. Considering the impact of optical atomic clocks in the second quantum revolution (quantum 2.0), they have been identified as an indispensable critical technology in worldwide quantum missions, including in India. This article reviews the present international scenario regarding optical atomic clocks and their related technologies and draws a roadmap for their indigenisation over the next decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy)

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Open AccessArticle

Fine-Tuning of Atomic Energies in Relativistic Multiconfiguration Calculations

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and

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040070 - 08 Apr 2023

Abstract

Ab initio calculations sometimes do not reproduce the experimentally observed energy separations at a high enough accuracy. Fine-tuning of diagonal elements of the Hamiltonian matrix is a process which seeks to ensure that calculated energy separations of the states that mix are in [...] Read more.

Ab initio calculations sometimes do not reproduce the experimentally observed energy separations at a high enough accuracy. Fine-tuning of diagonal elements of the Hamiltonian matrix is a process which seeks to ensure that calculated energy separations of the states that mix are in agreement with experiment. The process gives more accurate measures of the mixing than can be obtained in ab initio calculations. Fine-tuning requires the Hamiltonian matrix to be diagonally dominant, which is generally not the case for calculations based on

j j

-coupled configuration state functions. We show that this problem can be circumvented by a method that transforms the Hamiltonian in

j j

-coupling to a Hamiltonian in

L S J

-coupling for which fine-tuning applies. The fine-tuned matrix is then transformed back to a Hamiltonian in

j j

-coupling. The implementation of the method into the General Relativistic Atomic Structure Package is described and test runs to validate the program operations are reported. The new method is applied to the computation of the

2 s^{2}^{1} S_{0} - 2 s 2 p^{1, 3} P_{1}

transitions in C III and to the computation of Rydberg transitions in B I, for which the

2 s 2 p^{2}^{2} S_{1 / 2}

perturber enters the

2 s^{2} n s^{2} S_{1 / 2}

series. Improved convergence patterns and results are found compared with ab initio calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The General Relativistic Atomic Structure Package—GRASP)

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Open AccessArticle

Resonance States of Negative Hydrogen-like Ions in Quantum Plasmas

by

Suya Yao

,

Zishi Jiang

and

Sabyasachi Kar

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040069 - 07 Apr 2023

Abstract

We studied the ¹S^e and ^1,3P^o resonance states of negative hydrogen-like ions immersed in quantum plasmas. The exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential was considered to model the quantum plasma environment. The correlated exponential wave functions in which the exponents [...] Read more.

We studied the ¹S^e and ^1,3P^o resonance states of negative hydrogen-like ions immersed in quantum plasmas. The exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential was considered to model the quantum plasma environment. The correlated exponential wave functions in which the exponents were generated by a pseudo-random technique were applied to represent the correlation effects between the charged particles. The stabilization method was used to calculate the resonance parameters (position and width). The resonance parameters (position and width) for

{Ps}^{-}

,

{M μ}^{-}

,

π^{-}

, ¹

H^{-}

,

D^{-}

,

T^{-}

and ^∞

H^{-}

embedded in quantum plasmas are reported for various screening parameters. The ¹S^e resonance parameters for

{M μ}^{-}

,

π^{-}

, ¹

H^{-}

,

D^{-}

,

T^{-}

ions and ^1,3 P^o states for

{Ps}^{-}

,

{M μ}^{-}

,

π^{-}

, ¹

H^{-}

,

D^{-}

,

T^{-}

and ^∞

H^{-}

of the proposed systems are reported for the first time in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)

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Open AccessArticle

GRASP Manual for Users

by

Per Jönsson

,

Gediminas Gaigalas

,

Charlotte Froese Fischer

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

and

Atoms 2023, 11(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms11040068 - 05 Apr 2023

Cited by 2

Abstract

grasp is a software package in Fortran 95, adapted to run in parallel under MPI, for research in atomic physics. The basic premise is that, given a wave function, any observed atomic property can be computed. Thus, the first step is always to [...] Read more.

grasp is a software package in Fortran 95, adapted to run in parallel under MPI, for research in atomic physics. The basic premise is that, given a wave function, any observed atomic property can be computed. Thus, the first step is always to determine a wave function. Different properties challenge the accuracy of the wave function in different ways. This software is distributed under the MIT Licence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The General Relativistic Atomic Structure Package—GRASP)

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