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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation
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Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 August 2022) | Viewed by 7117

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shuaiqi Tang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pacific Northwest National Lab, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Interests: climate model development and evaluation; aerosol, cloud and precipitation processes; objective analysis of field observations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yong Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: anthropogenic aerosol emissions and their climatic impacts; dust aerosols and their changes under global warming; wildfires and their climate effects; convection–cloud–precipitation–aerosol interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dié Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, 11973 NY, USA
Interests: convective cloud systems; cloud and precipitation microphysics; atmospheric radiative transfer
Dr. Yi-Chi Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan
Interests: convection and raining process; multiscale convective processes; convection scheme development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Precipitation is among the most important variables in the climate system. However, the simulation of precipitation properties such as its amount, location, intensity, and timing in weather and climate models remains largely uncertain in a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. This can largely be attributed to the gap between highly parameterized convective schemes in models and observed convective systems. Understanding the physical processes in convective systems and their interactions with environmental and boundary conditions is fundamental to improve weather forecasts and climate predictions of precipitation, which further impact our ability to prepare for the future climate change.

This Special Issue aims to advance our knowledge of precipitation and convective processes, diagnosing existing problems in current climate models and exploring new techniques and methods to improve parameterizations in weather and climate models. We invite researchers to submit papers related to precipitation and convection from both observation and modeling perspectives. Topics of interest for this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Precipitation measurement techniques and applications;
  • Precipitation characteristics (e.g., frequency and intensity) and variabilities (from diurnal to centurial) locally, regionally, or globally;
  • Precipitation uncertainties in observations and models ;
  • Convective systems (e.g., MCSs, elevated convection, terrain-forced convection);
  • Conceptual models of convection;
  • Convective parameterizations;
  • Interactions between convection and environment, land surface, aerosols, etc.;
  • Model assessment, evaluation, or improvement regarding convection and precipitation;
  • Monsoons, MJO, ITCZ, storm tracks, etc.;
  • Precipitation and convection under climate change scenarios.

Dr. Shuaiqi Tang
Dr. Yong Wang
Dr. Dié Wang
Dr. Yi-Chi Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • precipitation
  • precipitation variability
  • precipitation measurements
  • convection
  • convective systems
  • convective parameterizations
  • model diagnostics and evaluation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 7670 KiB  
Article
The Importance of Cumulus Parameterization and Resolution in Simulating Rainfall over Peninsular Malaysia
by Abdul Azim Amirudin, Ester Salimun, Muhamad Zuhairi, Fredolin Tangang, Liew Juneng, Mohd Syazwan Faisal Mohd and Jing Xiang Chung
Atmosphere 2022, 13(10), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101557 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1559
Abstract
In this study, five simulations were conducted using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model with different cumulus parameterizations schemes (CPSs) for the period from 2013 until 2018. A one-year simulation of 2013 with three different horizontal resolutions of 25, 5, and 1.6 [...] Read more.
In this study, five simulations were conducted using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model with different cumulus parameterizations schemes (CPSs) for the period from 2013 until 2018. A one-year simulation of 2013 with three different horizontal resolutions of 25, 5, and 1.6 km was also performed. The CPSs used were Kain–Fritsch (KF), Grell–Devenyi (GR), Betts–Miller–Janjic (BM), and a non-parameterized scheme (NC). In assessments of model resolutions, both the 25 and 5 km resolutions depicted a strong negative bias in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia during December–January–February (DJF), with marginal differences between the two simulations. Among all 5 km experiments, the best performing scheme was the BM scheme for almost all seasons. Furthermore, the 5 km simulation did not exhibit significant differences relative to the 25 km of the diurnal cycle. The 1.6 km simulation showed significant added value as it was the only simulation that was able to simulate the high precipitation intensity in the morning and a precipitation peak during the evening. The 1.6 km resolution was also the only resolution capable of picking up the precipitation signals in the R4 region (South Peninsular Malaysia) compared to the other two resolutions. While both CPSs and resolutions are important for accurate predictions, the role of CPSs became less significant in a higher resolution simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation)
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13 pages, 2468 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of ECMWF Lightning Flash Forecast over Indian Subcontinent during MAM 2020
by Rituparna Sarkar, Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, Peter Bechtold, Philippe Lopez, Sunil D. Pawar and Kaustav Chakravarty
Atmosphere 2022, 13(9), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091520 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
During the pre-monsoon season (March–April–May), the eastern and northeastern parts of India, Himalayan foothills, and southern parts of India experience extensive lightning activity. Mean moisture, surface and upper-level winds, the sheared atmosphere in the lower level, and high positive values of vertically integrated [...] Read more.
During the pre-monsoon season (March–April–May), the eastern and northeastern parts of India, Himalayan foothills, and southern parts of India experience extensive lightning activity. Mean moisture, surface and upper-level winds, the sheared atmosphere in the lower level, and high positive values of vertically integrated moisture flux convergence (VIMFC) create favorable conditions for deep convective systems to occur, generating lightning. From mid-2018, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) operationally introduced lightning flash density on a global scale. This study evaluates the ECMWF lightning forecasts over India during the pre-monsoon season of 2020 using the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Lightning Location Network (LLN) observation data. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ECMWF lightning forecast has shown that the lightning forecast with a 72-h lead time can capture the spatial and temporal variation of lightning with a 90% skill score. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation)
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20 pages, 8484 KiB  
Article
A Coherent Approach to Evaluating Precipitation Forecasts over Complex Terrain
by Flora Gofa, Helena Flocas, Petroula Louka and Ioannis Samos
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081164 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Precipitation forecasts provided by high-resolution NWP models have a degree of realism that is very appealing to most users of meteorological data. However, it is a challenge to demonstrate whether or not such forecasts contain more skillful information than their lower resolution counterparts. [...] Read more.
Precipitation forecasts provided by high-resolution NWP models have a degree of realism that is very appealing to most users of meteorological data. However, it is a challenge to demonstrate whether or not such forecasts contain more skillful information than their lower resolution counterparts. A verification procedure must be based on equally detailed observations that are also realistic in areas where ground observations are not available and remote sensing data can only increase the accuracy of the location of rain events at the cost of decreased accuracy in estimating the amount of rain that has actually reached the ground. Traditional verification methods based on station or grid point comparison yield poor results for high-resolution fields due to the double penalty error that is attributed to finite space and time displacement that such methods do not account for. A complete approach to evaluating precipitation forecasts over complex terrain is suggested. The method is based on realistic gridded precipitation observations generated by an interpolation method that uses long climate data series to determine the geographical characteristics that this parameter is best correlated with as well as remote sensing estimates as background information to cover the areas where observations are insufficient. Spatial verification methodologies are subsequently applied to a convective event that accentuate the relative skill of high-resolution COSMOGR forecasts in revealing characteristics in the precipitation patterns such as structure and intensity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation)
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26 pages, 10216 KiB  
Article
Convection Initiation Associated with the Merger of an Immature Sea-Breeze Front and a Gust Front in Bohai Bay Region, North China: A Case Study
by Jingjing Zheng, Abuduwaili Abulikemu, Yan Wang, Meini Kong and Yiwei Liu
Atmosphere 2022, 13(5), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050750 - 06 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1857
Abstract
The mechanism for convection initiation (CI) associated with the merger of an immature sea-breeze front (SBF) and gust front (GF) that occurred in North China on 31 July 2010 was investigated based on both observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. [...] Read more.
The mechanism for convection initiation (CI) associated with the merger of an immature sea-breeze front (SBF) and gust front (GF) that occurred in North China on 31 July 2010 was investigated based on both observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. The results show that many CIs occurred continuously in the merging area, and eventually resulted in an intense mesoscale convective system (MCS). The WRF simulation captured the general features of the SBF, GF, their merger processes and associated CIs, as well as the resulting MCS. Quantitative Lagrangian vertical momentum budgets, in which the vertical acceleration was decomposed into dynamic and buoyant components, were conducted along the backward trajectories of air parcels within a convective cell initiated in the merger processes. It was found that both of the dynamic and buoyant accelerations played important roles for the CI. The buoyant acceleration was dominated by the warming due to the latent heat release within the convective cell. Further decomposition of the dynamic acceleration showed the vertical twisting and extension contributed significantly to the dynamic acceleration, while the horizontal curvature was rather small. The vertical twisting was generated due to the vertical shear of horizontal wind, while the extension indicated convergences owing to a mid-level blocking convergence effect and squeezing, and (or) merging of the convergent leading edges of both fronts during their merger processes. The weak convergent leading edge of the immature SBF played an important role for the formation of the convergences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation and Convection: From Observation to Simulation)
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