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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter
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Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 9963

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eui-Chan Jeon

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Guest Editor
Department of Climate and Environment, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
Interests: PM 2.5 secondary source; fine particulate matters; climate change; greenhouse gases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Seongmin Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Climate Change & Environment Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
Interests: climate change; greenhouse gases; fine particulate matters; PM 2.5 secondary source
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Particulate matter is a class 1 carcinogen, as dictated by the WHO (World Health Organization), and health damage caused by particulate matter has been reported in various studies around the world. PM-2.5 is particulate matter smaller than 2.5/1000 mm. It is known to have various effects on the body, including the onset of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reduced visibility, and thus the importance of emission control is being discussed.

Ammonia is a basic gaseous substance that plays a major role in generating secondary PM-2.5, such as ammonium ions, when it meets SOx and NOx in the atmosphere. Secondary generated particulate matter consists of large amounts of PM-2.5. Thus, with the amount of high-concentration fine dust increasing, the importance of managing secondary generation material is paramount. Moreover, this substance also affects climate change as a SLCF (short-lived climate forcer).

It has been reported that ammonia is mainly generated in agriculture (fertilizer use, livestock manure, soil circulation, etc.), industries involving production processes (the petroleum product industry, the iron and steel industries, etc.), and road transportation sources. For this reason, it is important to study the emission mechanisms and characteristics of ammonia, which is a major cause of secondary generated particulate matter and climate change.

Therefore, under the theme of “Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter”, we are publishing a Special Issue to share the latest research results related to ammonia and particulate matter. Submissions to this Special Issue might include, but are by no means limited to, the following: ammonia emission; emission inventories; secondary particulate matter; climate change; and the management of emission sources.

Original papers discussing the above topics and presenting general methodologies, numerical and experimental investigations, and case studies addressing the sustainable management of air pollution emission and urban air quality are welcome. These findings could take the form of field, laboratory, or modeling studies.

Thank you in advance for your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Eui-Chan Jeon
Dr. Seongmin Kang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ammonia emission
  • emission inventory
  • SLCFs (short-lived climate forcers) secondary particulate matter
  • climate change
  • air pollution
  • air quality

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2946 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study
by Beata Kułek and Tamás Weidinger
Atmosphere 2023, 14(11), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111703 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 666
Abstract
Influences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation [...] Read more.
Influences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation higher than 950 W/m2) in west–central Poland is presented. Concentrations of this gas were measured at four heights (0.1–1.5 m), which were changed every 5 min, using a Nitrolux 1000 photoacoustic spectrometer. A micrometeorological station was established to also measure the surface energy budget components. The results presented are the average for each hour and for the entire day. The fine structure of concentration profiles, plume detection and uncertainty of ammonia flux calculation are also presented. The highest NH3 concentrations were at a 0.5 m height between 16:00 and 17:00 h when cows were grazing, but the lowest concentrations were between 23:00 and 24:00 h at the height of 1.5 m. The ammonia concentration increased with increasing air temperature and was the highest with a westerly wind direction and decreased with increasing air relative humidity. The greatest influence on the ammonia concentration was related to the presence of cows and the time of day, while a slightly smaller influence was noted in terms of air temperature and wind direction. A case study is suitable for presenting local effects, inhomogeneities and quantifying uncertainties in the bidirectional ammonia flux calculation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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18 pages, 5296 KiB  
Article
Seasonal and Diurnal Variability of Monoterpenes in the Eastern Mediterranean Atmosphere
by Evangelia Tzitzikalaki, Nikos Kalivitis, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Nikos Mihalopoulos and Maria Kanakidou
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020392 - 17 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
Monoterpenes significantly affect air quality and climate as they participate in tropospheric ozone formation, new particle formation (NPF), and growth through their oxidation products. Vegetation is responsible for most biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions released into the atmosphere, yet the contribution of [...] Read more.
Monoterpenes significantly affect air quality and climate as they participate in tropospheric ozone formation, new particle formation (NPF), and growth through their oxidation products. Vegetation is responsible for most biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions released into the atmosphere, yet the contribution of shrub and regional transport to the ambient monoterpene mixing ratios is not sufficiently documented. In this study, we present one-year systematic observations of monoterpenes in the Eastern Mediterranean at a remote coastal site, affected mainly by the typical phrygana vegetation found on the Island of Crete in Greece. A total of 345 air samples were collected in absorption tubes and analyzed by a GC-FID system during three intensive campaigns (in spring 2014, summer 2014, and spring 2015) in addition to the systematic collection of one diurnal cycle per week from October 2014 to April 2015. Limonene, α-pinene and 1,8-cineol have been detected. The mixing ratios of α-pinene during spring and summer show a cycle that is typical for biogenic compounds, with high levels during the night and early morning, followed by an abrupt decrease around midday, which results from the strong photochemical depletion of this compound. Limonene was the most abundant monoterpene, with average mixing ratios of 36.3 ± 66 ppt. The highest mixing ratios were observed during autumn and spring, with a maximum mixing ratio in the early afternoon. The spring and autumn maxima could be attributed to the seasonal behavior of vegetation growth at Finokalia. The green period starts in late autumn when phrygana vegetation grows because of the rainfall; the temperature is still high at this time, as Finokalia is located in the southeast part of Europe. Statistical analyses of the observations showed that limonene and α-pinene have different sources, and none of the studied monoterpenes is correlated with the anthropogenic sources. Finally, the seasonality of the new particle formation (NPF) events and monoterpene mixing ratios show similarities, with a maximum occurring in spring, indicating that monoterpenes may contribute to the production of new particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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16 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Emission Characteristics of Fine Particles in Relation to Precursor Gases in Agricultural Emission Sources: A Case Study of Dairy Barns
by Hung-Soo Joo, Sang-Woo Han, Jin-Seok Han and Pius M. Ndegwa
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010171 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1173
Abstract
Recently, precursor gases such as ammonia have sparked a growing interest in the secondary formation of particulate matter (PM). Most studies focus on urban areas and scientific data. Studies on precursor gases and PM emitted from agricultural sources are insufficient; thus, this paper [...] Read more.
Recently, precursor gases such as ammonia have sparked a growing interest in the secondary formation of particulate matter (PM). Most studies focus on urban areas and scientific data. Studies on precursor gases and PM emitted from agricultural sources are insufficient; thus, this paper presents a field monitoring study conducted from agricultural sources. To estimate the effect of precursor gases for PM2.5 from naturally ventilated dairy barns, correlation analyses were conducted using real-time monitoring data on the mass concentrations of PM2.5, NH3, SO2, NO2, and H2S and meteorological data. In addition to mass concentration, the emission and loading rates were used to closely analyze pollution status. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 and gaseous compounds did not correlate well, whereas the mass emission rates for PM2.5 and gaseous compounds (SO2, NH3, and NO2) correlated well because the unit of the emission rate reflected the ventilation factor. The correlation coefficients between PM2.5 and precursor gas emission rates ranged from 0.72 to 0.89 (R), with the SO2 emission rate exhibiting the highest correlation coefficient (R = 0.89). This correlation implies that SO2 from dairy farms is a dominant species among the gaseous precursors influencing the secondary formation of PM2.5; alternatively, SO2 and PM2.5 are produced from the same sources. The ambient PM2.5 loading rate and barn PM2.5 emission rate—estimated by multivariate linear regression using the gaseous independent variables NH3, SO2, and NO2—revealed high-correlation coefficients (0.60 and 0.92, respectively) with the measured data. At present, most studies investigating the precursor gases of PM in agricultural fields have focused on NH3; however, this study suggests that SO2 is a key factor in PM2.5 pollution. To elucidate the secondary formation of PM from precursor gases in agricultural sources, particulate ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride, which were not measured in this study, as well as oxidants and intermediates, should be considered in future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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11 pages, 3197 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Method for Evaluating Ammonia Emission Rates of Bio-Curtain
by Joshua Nizel Halder, Jun Su Park, So Yean Park, Kyeong Seok Kwon and Ok Hwa Hwang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010127 - 06 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1070
Abstract
Bio-curtain (i.e., curtain) is a permeable cover equipped with a spraying system for ammonia (NH3) control in a swine facility. Previous studies investigated the NH3 reduction effects primarily based on concentration units. It is challenging to determine the actual efficiency [...] Read more.
Bio-curtain (i.e., curtain) is a permeable cover equipped with a spraying system for ammonia (NH3) control in a swine facility. Previous studies investigated the NH3 reduction effects primarily based on concentration units. It is challenging to determine the actual efficiency because of the large amount of air discharged through the large surface of the curtain, and external wind rapidly dilutes and disperses the exhausted air. Therefore, this study investigates a technique to evaluate the NH3 reduction effect of the curtain in terms of emission rate. We constructed a metallic cover with a single hole around the curtain to gather the air discharged through it. The NH3 reduction effect was calculated by comparing the NH3 emission rate that was monitored in the barn exhaust fan and at the single hole of metallic cover during the non-spray and spray treatments inside the curtain at the maximum and minimum operating rate of the barn’s exhaust fan. NH3 emission rates declined both non-spray and spray at the minimum operation rate of the barn exhaust fan, but the reduction effect was higher in spray conditions than non-spray. Accumulating NH3-absorbed water inside the curtain under the low ventilation of the exhaust fan caused these circumstances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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17 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Can Pollution Regulations Enable Key Industries to Reduce CO2 Emissions?—Empirical Evidence from China, Based on Green Innovative Technology Patents and Energy Efficiency Perspectives
by Jin Li and Huarong Zhang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010033 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2844
Abstract
Under the influence of the dual policies of sustainable economic development and the national dual-carbon target, the establishment of an environmental protection department for the treatment of heavily polluting industries is imminent, and the country has launched pollution control policies and regulations to [...] Read more.
Under the influence of the dual policies of sustainable economic development and the national dual-carbon target, the establishment of an environmental protection department for the treatment of heavily polluting industries is imminent, and the country has launched pollution control policies and regulations to restrict the emission rights of heavily polluting industries. Therefore, this paper focuses on whether the restriction of emission rights in key industries has reduced carbon emissions. To achieve this, this paper uses panel data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019 and adopts a two-way fixed-effects DID model to systematically analyze the impact of the key pollution industry governance policies launched by the Ministry of Environmental Protection on CO2 emissions in 2017. And further analyze the role of variables such as green technology innovation patents and energy efficiency using this model, while parallel trend tests and placebo tests, and related policies are used to ensure the robustness of the regression results. This paper reveals that: (1) The heavy pollution industry governance policy implemented in 2017 can effectively reduce CO2 emissions in the cities of the treated group, and the effect is more significant in the year of policy implementation; (2) Green utility patents and energy-use efficiency are the effective mediating mechanisms to reduce CO2 emissions; (3) Over time, the effect of heavy pollution industry governance policy on CO2 emissions gradually decreases; (4) The reliability of the baseline regression results of this paper is proved by the use of parallel trend tests, placebo tests, and tests excluding the influence factors such as relevant policies in the same period. Therefore, the key polluting industries treatment policy launched by China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2017 under the recent dual-carbon policy development goals formulated by China, can effectively reduce carbon emissions; however, in the future economic development process, the government should give more consideration to the continuity of the policy impact and its coherence on economic development when implementing the policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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15 pages, 3869 KiB  
Article
Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Daejeon Metropolitan Region during January and May to June 2021 in Korea Using a Hybrid Receptor Model
by Sang-Woo Han, Hung-Soo Joo, Hui-Jun Song, Su-Bin Lee and Jin-Seok Han
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111902 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
We tried to estimate anthropogenic emission sources, including the contributions of neighboring regions, that affect the fine particle concentration (PM2.5) in Daejeon using positive matrix factorization (PMF), concentration weight trajectory (CWT), and modified concentration weight trajectory (MCWT) models in a manner [...] Read more.
We tried to estimate anthropogenic emission sources, including the contributions of neighboring regions, that affect the fine particle concentration (PM2.5) in Daejeon using positive matrix factorization (PMF), concentration weight trajectory (CWT), and modified concentration weight trajectory (MCWT) models in a manner that might overcome the limitations of widely applied hybrid receptor models. Fractions of ion, carbonaceous compound and elements in PM2.5 were 58%, 17%, and 3.6% during January and 49%, 17%, and 14.9% during May to June, respectively. The fraction of ions was higher during winter season, while the fraction of elements was higher during the other season. From the PMF model, seven factors were determined, including dust/soil, sea salt, secondary nitrate/chloride, secondary sulfate, industry, coal combustion, and vehicle sources. Secondary sulfate showed the highest contribution followed by secondary nitrate/chloride and vehicle sources. The MCWT model significantly improved the performance of regional contributions of the CWT model, which had shown a high contribution from the Yellow Sea where there are no emission sources. According to the MCWT results, regional contributions to PM2.5 in the Daejeon metropolitan region were highest from eastern and southern China, followed by Russia, northeastern China, and Manchuria. We conclude that the MCWT model is more useful than the CWT model to estimate the regional influence of the PM2.5 concentrations. This approach can be used as a reference tool for studies to further improve on the limitations of hybrid receptor models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ammonia Emission and Particulate Matter)
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