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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management
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Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 14 June 2024 | Viewed by 8969

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chaofan Xian

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Interests: ecosystem health; environmental management; urban and regional sustainability; society and environment; environmental footprint; pollution source apportionment; nitrogen cycling
Dr. Yu-Sheng Shen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
2. Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Metabolism, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
Interests: urban science and sustainability; healthy city and public health; suicide and mental health; climate change and environmental management; quantitative methodology and artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cheng Gong

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Interests: ecosystem service; urban forest; stable isotope; air pollution; big data mining

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Atmosphere dedicates this Special Issue to the urban and regional nitrogen cycle with urbanzition, which should be addressed by risk management as anthropogenic interventions have globally alterded the multi-scale distributions of  reactive nitrogen, resulting in the greenhouse effect, acid rain, eurtophication and reductions in biodiversity. Therefore, the ‘nitrogen cascade’ effect induced by nitrogen cycle disruption has been regonized as the third most important global environmental problem after biodiversity loss and global warming. In China, the world's largest anthropogenic reactive nitrogen producer, significant progress has been made in recent decades in nitrogen polltuion alleviation. Despite this, previous studies have revealed that insignificant reductions in national reactive nitrogen releasing, mainly contributed by agricultural production (62–69%), are still observed, and 55–59% reactive nitrogen was emitted to the atmosphere. However, based on most city-scale case studies, residental livelihood is supposed to be the main source of reactive nitrogen releases induced by a disrupted nitrogen cycle.

In agricultural, industrial and residential activites, maintaining well-ordered nitrogen cycles with fewer negative environmental impacts is linked to the correct and efficienct risk-management of reactive nitrogen. Possible actions to reduce reactive nitrogen being released to the environment include proper nitrogen management within the production and consumption cycles of essencial resources (e.g., food, energy, water), which could be supported by anthropogenic approachs (e.g., environmental pollution monitoring, environmentally friendly technology and residents’ behavior) and natural-based approaches including nitrogen retention by greenland, wetland, farmland and bare land. The experimental approaches and modeling techniques can help the research in this respect. Different study methods can be adopted to address this Special Issue, depending on the scale of the urban and regional nitrogen cycles.

Authors are welcome to submit their contributions concerning the analysis of sources, sinks and flows of nitrogen cycles and relevant risk management towards SDGs. Field and modeling studies concerning the nitrogen pollution and driving factors, as well as the relaionships between nitrogen cycle and other cycles of water, carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, etc., are also encouraged.

Dr. Chaofan Xian
Dr. Yu-Sheng Shen
Dr. Cheng Gong
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • reactive nitrogen cycle
  • air pollution/air pollutants
  • environmental monitoring and assessment
  • ecosystem service
  • environmental footprint
  • material flow analysis
  • nitrogen source apportionment
  • nitrogen and carbon coupling
  • food, energy and water nexus
  • urban and regional sustainability

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 6916 KiB  
Article
Litter Mass Loss of the Invasive Rhus typhina L. and Native Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Trees Alters Soil N-Fixing Bacterial Community Composition under Different N Forms
by Yue Li, Chuang Li, Huiyuan Cheng, Zhelun Xu, Shanshan Zhong, Mawei Zhu, Yuqing Wei, Zhongyi Xu, Daolin Du, Congyan Wang and Huanshi Zhang
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040424 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 488
Abstract
Soil N-fixing bacterial (NFB) community may facilitate the successful establishment and invasion of exotic non-nitrogen (N) fixing plants. Invasive plants can negatively affect the NFB community by releasing N during litter decomposition, especially where N input from atmospheric N deposition is high. This [...] Read more.
Soil N-fixing bacterial (NFB) community may facilitate the successful establishment and invasion of exotic non-nitrogen (N) fixing plants. Invasive plants can negatively affect the NFB community by releasing N during litter decomposition, especially where N input from atmospheric N deposition is high. This study aimed to quantitatively compare the effects of the invasive Rhus typhina L. and native Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. trees on the litter mass loss, soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and the NFB. Following N supplementation at 5 g N m−2 yr−1 in four forms (including ammonium, nitrate, urea, and mixed N with an equal mixture of the three individual N forms), a litterbag-experiment was conducted indoors to simulate the litter decomposition of the two trees. After four months of decomposition, the litter cumulative mass losses of R. typhina under the control, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, urea, and mixed N were 57.93%, 57.38%, 58.69%, 63.66%, and 57.57%, respectively. The litter cumulative mass losses of K. paniculata under the control, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, urea, and mixed N were 54.98%, 57.99%, 48.14%, 49.02%, and 56.83%, respectively. The litter cumulative mass losses of equally mixed litter from both trees under the control, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, urea, and mixed N were 42.95%, 42.29%, 50.42%, 46.18%, and 43.71%, respectively. There were antagonistic responses to the co-decomposition of the two trees. The litter mass loss of the two trees was mainly associated with the taxonomic richness of NFB. The form of N was not significantly associated with the litter mass loss in either species, the mixing effect intensity of the litter co-decomposition of the two species, and NFB alpha diversity. Litter mass loss of R. typhina was significantly higher than that of K. paniculata under urea. The litter mass loss of the two trees under the control and N in four forms mainly affected the relative abundance of numerous NFB taxa, rather than NFB alpha diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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14 pages, 1956 KiB  
Communication
Is the Invasive Plant Amaranthus spinosus L. More Competitive than the Native Plant A. tricolor L. When Exposed to Acid Deposition with Different Sulfur–Nitrogen Ratios?
by Yue Li, Chuang Li, Shanshan Zhong, Zhelun Xu, Jun Liu, Zhongyi Xu, Mawei Zhu, Congyan Wang and Daolin Du
Atmosphere 2024, 15(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010029 - 26 Dec 2023
Viewed by 718
Abstract
The functional differences between invasive plants and coexisting native plants can affect the invasion process of the former because invasive plants and coexisting native plants are exposed to similar or even identical environmental pressures. Acid deposition is an important component of atmospheric pollution, [...] Read more.
The functional differences between invasive plants and coexisting native plants can affect the invasion process of the former because invasive plants and coexisting native plants are exposed to similar or even identical environmental pressures. Acid deposition is an important component of atmospheric pollution, and acid deposition with different sulfur–nitrogen ratios may affect the invasion process of invasive plants by shifting the functional differences and differences in the growth performance between the invasive and coexisting native plants. It is crucial to analyze the functional indices and growth performance of these plants when exposed to acid deposition with different chemical compositions to assess the ecological impacts of atmospheric pollution on the growth performance of invasive plants. This study aimed to evaluate the functional differences and growth performance between the invasive plant Amaranthus spinosus L. and the native plant A. tricolor L. in mono- and mixed culture when exposed to an acid deposition with different sulfur–nitrogen ratios, including sulfur-rich acid deposition (sulfur–nitrogen ratio = 5:1), nitrogen-rich acid deposition (sulfur–nitrogen ratio = 1:5), and mixed acid deposition (sulfur–nitrogen ratio = 1:1). The acidity of the three types of simulated acid deposition was set at pH = 5.6 and pH = 4.5, respectively, with distilled water as a control (pH = 7.0). The competition experiment between A. spinosus and A. tricolor was conducted in the greenhouse. Amaranthus spinosus exhibited a strong growth performance over A. tricolor in the mixed culture, mainly via the increased leaf photosynthetic capacity. The competitiveness for light acquisition, leaf photosynthetic capacity, and enzymatic defense capacity under stress of A. spinosus may be vital to its growth performance. The lower pH acid deposition had imposed a greater reduction in the growth performance of both Amaranthus species than the higher pH acid deposition. Sulfur-rich acid deposition was more toxic to the growth performance of both Amaranthus species than nitrogen-rich acid deposition. Amaranthus spinosus was more competitive than A. tricolor, especially when exposed to acid deposition, compared with just distilled water. Thus, acid deposition, regardless of the sulfur–nitrogen ratio, may facilitate the invasion process of A. spinosus via the stronger growth performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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20 pages, 1662 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Carbon Emission Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Herder Households: A County-Scale Investigation of the Sanjiangyuan Region on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
by Changsu Song, Lu Liu, Chaofan Xian, Fan Feng and Zhiyun Ouyang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(12), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121800 - 08 Dec 2023
Viewed by 815
Abstract
With further urbanization, household consumption firmly plays a key role in China’s national carbon emissions. However, current research concerning carbon issues has mainly focused on urban household consumption, and few studies have paid attention to herder households, leading to a research gap in [...] Read more.
With further urbanization, household consumption firmly plays a key role in China’s national carbon emissions. However, current research concerning carbon issues has mainly focused on urban household consumption, and few studies have paid attention to herder households, leading to a research gap in the field of low-carbon shifting related to nomadic economies. In this study, we interviewed more than one-thousand herder households in the Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China. The household carbon emissions and their influencing factors were investigated across the herder households of 15 counties. Our findings revealed the following: (1) There exist differences in the amounts of household carbon emissions and their compositions in the Sanjiangyuan region. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the emission hotspots are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the Sanjiangyuan region. (2) At the prefecture level, average personal emissions were larger in the Hainan Prefecture (3.26 t ce/year), while they were approximately 1.36 times that of the Huangnan Prefecture (2.4 t ce/year), though with smaller personal emissions. The indirect carbon emissions of the four prefectures all occupied larger percentages of household carbon emissions that were mainly contributed by food consumption and housing. (3) Family type was the main diver influencing personal carbon emissions in the Huangnan Prefecture, Guoluo Prefecture, and Yushu Prefecture. The more people living in the household, the lower the per capita carbon emissions. However, the effect size of potential carbon reductions was weakened when the number of family members rose to over three. (4) We propose that grazing prohibitions and low-carbon dietary shifts would contribute to low-carbon herder livelihoods, especially for small-sized households that should be peer-to-peer targeted by regional government propaganda, which may help to strengthen the implementation of in-depth low-carbon promotions across the Sanjiangyuan region and even the overall Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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16 pages, 6605 KiB  
Article
Insight into Municipal Reactive Nitrogen Emissions and Their Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Xiamen City, China
by Yanmin Li, Xu Yang, Shihang Wang and Shenghui Cui
Atmosphere 2023, 14(10), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101549 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 954
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) has been confirmed as an indispensable nutrient for the city ecosystem, but high-intensity human activities have led to nitrogen pollution in cities, especially in coastal cities, jeopardizing ecosystem services and human health. Despite this, the characteristics and influencing factors of [...] Read more.
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) has been confirmed as an indispensable nutrient for the city ecosystem, but high-intensity human activities have led to nitrogen pollution in cities, especially in coastal cities, jeopardizing ecosystem services and human health. Despite this, the characteristics and influencing factors of Nr remain unclear in coastal cities, particularly in the context of rapid urbanization. This study used the material flow analysis method to estimate Nr emissions in Xiamen from 1995 to 2018 and evaluated the characteristics of excessive Nr emissions. The STIRPAT model was used to identify and explore factors contributing to observed Nr levels in coastal cities. As indicated by the results, (1) the quantity of Nr generated by human activities increased 3.5 times from 1995 to 2018. Specifically, the total Nr entering the water environment showed a general increase with fluctuations, exhibiting an average annual growth rate of 3.1%, increasing from 17.2 Gg to 35.1 Gg. (2) Nr loads in the nearby sea increased notably from 8.1 Gg in 1995 to 25.4 Gg in 2018, suggesting a threefold augmentation compared with surface waters and groundwater. (3) NOx was the gaseous Nr with the greatest effect on the atmosphere in Xiamen, which was primarily due to fossil fuel consumption. (4) Population and per capita GDP were major factors contributing to Nr load in the water environment, while Nr emission to the atmosphere was influenced by population and energy consumption. These findings provide valuable insights for tailored approaches to sustainable nitrogen management in coastal cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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29 pages, 9555 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study on the Influencing Factors of the Greenhouse Gas Budget in Typical Cities: Case Studies of Beijing and Shenzhen
by Kuo Liu, Shishuai Yang, Binbin Huang, Chaofan Xian, Baolong Han, Tian Xie, Chengji Shu, Zhiwen Chen, Haoqi Wang, Haijun Wang and Fei Lu
Atmosphere 2023, 14(7), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071158 - 17 Jul 2023
Viewed by 960
Abstract
Clarifying the pattern of the urban greenhouse gas (GHG) budget and its influencing factors is the basis of promoting urban low-carbon development. This paper takes Beijing and Shenzhen—the capital city and the most rapidly developing city in China, respectively—as case studies, comprehensively accounts [...] Read more.
Clarifying the pattern of the urban greenhouse gas (GHG) budget and its influencing factors is the basis of promoting urban low-carbon development. This paper takes Beijing and Shenzhen—the capital city and the most rapidly developing city in China, respectively—as case studies, comprehensively accounts their GHG budgets from 2005 to 2020, and investigates and compares the factors affecting their GHG budgets. The total GHG emissions in Beijing were lowest in 2005 (160.3 TgCO2 equivalents) and peaked at 227.7 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 209.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. Meanwhile, the total GHG emissions in Shenzhen gradually increased from 36.0 TgCO2 equivalents in 2005 to 121.4 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 119.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. The energy activity sector was the greatest contributor to GHG emissions in this period, accounting for 82.5% and 76.0% of the total GHG emissions in Beijing and Shenzhen, respectively. The carbon sink of the ecosystems of these two cities could absorb only small parts of their emissions, and the neutralization rates of sinks ranged from 1.7% to 2.3% in Beijing and from 0.3% to 1.5% in Shenzhen. The enhancement of population, economic product, and consumption increased the greenhouse gas emissions in both cities. A 1% increase in population size, per capita GD (gross domestic product), and residential consumption level would increase total GHG emissions by 0.181%, 0.019%, and 0.030% in Beijing, respectively. The corresponding increases in Shenzhen would be 0.180%, 0.243%, and 0.172%, respectively. The household size had opposite effects on the two cities, i.e., a 1% increase in household size would increase GHG emissions by 0.487% in Shenzhen but reduce them by 2.083% in Beijing. Each 1% increase in secondary industry and energy intensity would reduce GHG emissions by 0.553% and 0.110% in Shenzhen, respectively, which are more significant reductions than those in Beijing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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14 pages, 6097 KiB  
Article
The Bibliometric Analysis of Low-Carbon Transition and Public Awareness
by Xialu Wu and Yu-Sheng Shen
Atmosphere 2023, 14(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060970 - 01 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1232
Abstract
After the agreements of the Conference of the Parties, more and more countries announced plans to achieve net zero emissions over the coming decades and published new policies in response to the agreements. Public awareness is a crucial factor in achieving the goals [...] Read more.
After the agreements of the Conference of the Parties, more and more countries announced plans to achieve net zero emissions over the coming decades and published new policies in response to the agreements. Public awareness is a crucial factor in achieving the goals of the agreements. Therefore, the study of public awareness/behavior toward the low-carbon transition is important. However, this topic lacks a comprehensive and systematic review. Thus, this study used bibliometric analysis, including performance analysis and scientific mapping analysis, to reveal research trends and clarify the status of studies in low-carbon transition and public awareness. We found that 95% of the literature on this topic was published from 2011 to 2022. Judging from keywords, the hotspots of this topic are “Sustainability”, “Energy Transition”, “Low-carbon Economy”, and “Carbon Emission Reduction”. Regarding the research field transition for this topic, environmental sciences have always been a core subject. Furthermore, economics, management, political science, and sociology have focused on this topic in recent years. Additionally, there are gaps between low-carbon policy and public awareness/behavior. Therefore, the frontier directions of low-carbon transition and public awareness include “low-carbon education”, “policies with specific guidelines”, and “worldwide collaboration”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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19 pages, 7612 KiB  
Article
Driving Forces on the Distribution of Urban Ecosystem’s Non-Point Pollution Reduction Service
by Chengji Shu, Kaiwei Du, Baolong Han, Zhiwen Chen, Haoqi Wang and Zhiyun Ouyang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(5), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050873 - 16 May 2023
Viewed by 1148
Abstract
In the context of increasing urbanization and worsening environmental pollution, nonpoint source pollution during high-frequency rainfall has become a major ecological problem that endangers residents in cities. This study takes Shenzhen as an example. On the basis of a large number of soil [...] Read more.
In the context of increasing urbanization and worsening environmental pollution, nonpoint source pollution during high-frequency rainfall has become a major ecological problem that endangers residents in cities. This study takes Shenzhen as an example. On the basis of a large number of soil sample test data, and combined with relevant environmental variables, it has drawn the high-resolution, high-precision spatial distribution maps of soil attributes within the city. In addition, this paper combines the revised universal soil loss equation and the GeoDetector model to evaluate the supply capacity of nonpoint source reduction services in the city’s ecological space and the main driving factors of spatial distribution characteristics for different types of land. The study found that increasing soil point density and combining environmental variables can help improve the accuracy of spatial mapping for soil attributes. The ME, MSE, ASE, RMSE, and RMSSE of spatial mapping all meet the accuracy evaluation criteria and are better than many existing studies; the spatial distribution characteristics of soil attributes and nonpoint source reduction services show significant differences among the whole city, secondary administrative regions, and different types of land; the GeoDetector results show that among the three main types of land use (forested land, industrial land, and street town residential land), topographic factors, habitat-quality factors, and ecosystem types have the greatest impact on the spatial differentiation characteristics of nonpoint source reduction services. Among climate factors, only precipitation factors have the greatest impact on the spatial differentiation characteristics of services. Facing the above factors, the q-values calculated by the GeoDetector are all higher than 10%. The results of this study can provide information for making better decisions on regional ecological system management and soil protection and on restoration work aimed at improving nonpoint source reduction services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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22 pages, 5481 KiB  
Article
Regional/Single Station Zenith Tropospheric Delay Combination Prediction Model Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Improved Long Short-Term Memory
by Xu Yang, Yanmin Li, Xuexiang Yu, Hao Tan, Jiajia Yuan and Mingfei Zhu
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020303 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1286
Abstract
Atmospheric water vapor is an essential source of information that predicts global climate change, rainfall, and disaster-natured weather. It is also a vital source of error for Earth observation systems, such as the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) [...] Read more.
Atmospheric water vapor is an essential source of information that predicts global climate change, rainfall, and disaster-natured weather. It is also a vital source of error for Earth observation systems, such as the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) plays a crucial role in applications, such as atmospheric water vapor inversion and GNSS precision positioning. ZTD has specific temporal and spatial variation characteristics. Real-time ZTD modeling is widely used in modern society. The conventional back propagation (BP) neural network model has issues, such as local, optimal, and long short-term memory (LSTM) model needs, which help by relying on long historical data. A regional/single station ZTD combination prediction model with high precision, efficiency, and suitability for online modeling was proposed. The model, called K-RBF, is based on the machine learning algorithms of radial basis function (RBF) neural network, assisted by the K-means cluster algorithm (K-RBF) and LSTM of real-time parameter updating (R-LSTM). An online updating mechanism is adopted to improve the modeling efficiency of the traditional LSTM. Taking the ZTD data (5 min sampling interval) of 13 international GNSS service stations in southern California in the United States for 90 consecutive days, K-RBF, R-LSTM, and K-RBF were used for regions, single stations, and a combination of ZTD prediction models regarding research, respectively. Real-time/near real-time prediction results show that the root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and training time consumption (TTC) of the K-RBF model with 13 station data are 8.35 mm, 6.89 mm, 0.61, and 4.78 s, respectively. The accuracy and efficiency of the K-RBF model are improved compared with those of the conventional BP model. The RMSE, MAE, R2, and TTC of the R-LSTM model with WHC1 station data are 6.74 mm, 5.92 mm, 0.98, and 0.18 s, which improved by 67.43%, 66.42%, 63.33%, and 97.70% compared with those of the LSTM model. The comparison experiments of different historical observation data in 24 groups show that the real-time update model has strong applicability and accuracy for the time prediction of small sample data. The RMSE and MAE of K-RBF with 13 station data are 4.37 mm and 3.64 mm, which improved by 47.70% and 47.20% compared to K-RBF and by 28.48% and 31.29% compared to R-LSTM, respectively. The changes in the temporospatial features of ZTD are considered, as well, in the combination model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Nitrogen Cycle and Risk Management)
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