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Applied Sciences
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Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and...
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Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 15262

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Charles Humphrey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Interests: on-site wastewater systems; pollutant transport through groundwater and surface water; stormwater management; land use impacts on water quality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Guy Iverson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Interests: wastewater management; fate and transport of pollutants in water resources; land-use impacts on water quality; geospatial analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Greetings environmental science researchers! We encourage your contributions to the Special Issue of the scientific journal, Applied Sciences. This Special Issue will focus on the treatment of wastewater, stormwater, and agricultural drainage through various treatment technologies and methods. Experimental and observational studies that document reductions in the concentration or mass load of contaminants in wastewater, stormwater, and agricultural drainage are being solicited. Observational studies at the site, landscape, and/or watershed scale are of increased interest. Short communications and full length, completed studies describing treatment processes and treatment technologies will be considered.

Prof. Charles Humphrey
Dr. Guy Iverson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Wastewater
  • Stormwater
  • Agriculture
  • Nutrients
  • Bacteria
  • Sediment

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales
by Guy Iverson and Charles P. Humphrey, Jr.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3670; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073670 - 06 Apr 2022
Viewed by 966
Abstract
Human population growth has led to increased wastewater generation and discharges, land clearing and fertilization for food production, and impervious surfaces associated with housing and road construction [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

10 pages, 991 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Saprolite Thickness Needed to Remove E. coli from Wastewater
by Michael J. Vepraskas, Aziz Amoozegar and Terrence Gardner
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052066 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1909
Abstract
Saprolite, weathered bedrock, is being used to dispose of domestic sewage through septic system drainfields, but the thickness of saprolite needed to remove biological contaminants is unknown for most saprolites. This study developed and tested a simple method for estimating the thickness of [...] Read more.
Saprolite, weathered bedrock, is being used to dispose of domestic sewage through septic system drainfields, but the thickness of saprolite needed to remove biological contaminants is unknown for most saprolites. This study developed and tested a simple method for estimating the thickness of saprolite needed below septic drainlines to filter E. coli from wastewater using estimates of the volume of pores that are smaller than the length of the coliform (≤10 μm). Particle size distribution (texture) and water retention data were obtained for 12 different saprolites from the Piedmont and Mountain regions of North Carolina (N.C.). Saprolite textures ranged from clay loam to coarse sand. The volume of pores with diameters ≤10 μm were determined by water retention measurements for each saprolite. The data were used in an equation to estimate the saprolite thickness needed to filter E. coli. The estimated saprolite thicknesses ranged from 36 cm in the clay loam to 113 cm for the coarse sand. The average thickness across all samples was 58 cm. Saprolite thickness estimates increased as silt percentage decreased and as sand percentage and in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity increased. Silt percentage may be most useful for estimating appropriate saprolite thicknesses in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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16 pages, 3637 KiB  
Article
A Rapid UV/Vis Spectrophotometric Method for the Water Quality Monitoring at On-Farm Root Vegetable Pack Houses
by Algirdas Radzevičius, Midona Dapkienė, Nomeda Sabienė and Justyna Dzięcioł
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9072; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249072 - 18 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2833
Abstract
Our research aim was to apply UV/Vis spectrophotometric techniques for the rapid monitoring of the quality of water sourced from on-farm root vegetable washing processes. To achieve this goal, the quality assessment of the washing water and wastewater at different stages of the [...] Read more.
Our research aim was to apply UV/Vis spectrophotometric techniques for the rapid monitoring of the quality of water sourced from on-farm root vegetable washing processes. To achieve this goal, the quality assessment of the washing water and wastewater at different stages of the technological processes was performed using physicochemical, biological, and UV/Vis absorbance measurements as well as statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Limit values of UV/Vis absorbance at specific wavelengths were predicted in order to adapt them for routine testing and water quality monitoring at the farm packhouses. Results of the lab analyses showed, that the main problems of the water quality were caused by suspended solids (470–3400 mg L−1), organic substances (BOD5 215–2718 mg L−1; COD 540–3229 mg L−1), nitrogen (3–52 mg L−1), phosphorus (1–6 mg L−1), and pathogenic microorganisms (TVC > 300 cfu mL−1, E. coli 5.5 × 103–1.0 × 104 cfu mL−1, intestinal enterococci 2.8 × 102–1.5 × 104 cfu mL−1, coliform bacteria 1.6 × 103–2.0 × 104 cfu mL−1). Suspended solids exceeded the limit values by 10–50 times, organic matter by 10–25 times, dissolved organic carbon by 3–5 times, nitrogen by 3–7 times, total phosphorus by 3–12 times, and microorganisms by 3–10 times. UV/Vis limit values calculated were as follows: A210 nm—3.997–4.009 cm−1, A 240 nm—5.193–5.235 cm−1, A254 nm—4.042–4.047 cm−1, A320 nm—7.387–7.406 cm−1, and A 660 nm—3.937–3.946 cm−1. UV/Vis measurements at A320 nm are proposed for the routine water quality monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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16 pages, 3681 KiB  
Article
Reduction in Nitrogen Exports from Stormflow after Conversion of a Dry Detention Basin to a Stormwater Wetland
by Charles P. Humphrey, Jr. and Guy Iverson
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9024; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249024 - 17 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Stormwater control measures such as dry detention basins and wetlands are often used to reduce the discharge of urban runoff and nutrients to streams, but differences in nutrient treatment may vary between practices. The goal of this study was to compare the nitrogen [...] Read more.
Stormwater control measures such as dry detention basins and wetlands are often used to reduce the discharge of urban runoff and nutrients to streams, but differences in nutrient treatment may vary between practices. The goal of this study was to compare the nitrogen treatment efficiency of a dry detention basin before and after it was converted into a stormwater wetland. Inflow and outflow from a detention basin in Greenville, North Carolina was sampled during 13 storms and the stormwater wetland was sampled during 10 storms. Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO3−, NH4+, chloride, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Inflow and outflow from the detention basin had identical median concentrations of TDN (0.47 mg L−1). The median TDN concentration for wetland outflow (0.18 mg L−1) was 63% lower relative to inflow (0.49 mg L−1). The hydraulic residence time of stormwater in the wetland was more than 10 times greater relative to the dry basin. There was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in dissolved oxygen and oxidation reduction potential and an increase in median DOC concentrations in wetland outflow relative to inflow. Most of the reduction in TDN within the wetland was attributed to loss of NO3− (80% reduction), possibly due to denitrification. Conversion of dry detention basins to wetlands may provide significant benefits with regards to reducing TDN transport associated with urban runoff. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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14 pages, 2208 KiB  
Article
Fecal Indicator Bacteria Transport from Watersheds with Differing Wastewater Technologies and Septic System Densities
by Guy Iverson, Christa Sanderford, Charles P. Humphrey, Jr., J. Randall Etheridge and Timothy Kelley
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6525; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186525 - 18 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2387
Abstract
Wastewater contains elevated concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). The type of wastewater treatment technology and septic system density may influence the FIB concentration and exports at the watershed scale. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of FIB [...] Read more.
Wastewater contains elevated concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). The type of wastewater treatment technology and septic system density may influence the FIB concentration and exports at the watershed scale. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of FIB concentrations and exports from watersheds served by conventional septic (CS) systems, sand filter (SF) septic systems, and a municipal sewer (SEW) system. Seven watersheds (3 CS, 3 SF, and 1 SEW) were monitored to quantify FIB concentration and export monthly from April 2015 to March 2016. The type of wastewater treatment did not yield significant differences in FIB concentration or exports when pooling watersheds using similar wastewater treatment. Watersheds with the highest septic densities (approximately 0.4 systems ha−1) contained greater FIB concentrations and exports than watersheds with the lowest (approximately 0.1–0.2 systems ha−1), but only FIB concentrations significantly differed. These findings suggest that when the septic system density exceeds 0.4 systems ha−1, water quality degradation from septic leachate may be observable at the watershed scale, especially in watersheds dominated by residential development. More research is recommended to determine if this density threshold is similar for other water pollutants and/or in watersheds with differing hydrogeological, land use, and wastewater characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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16 pages, 1889 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from a Denitrifying Woodchip Bioreactor Treatment System Receiving Silage Bunker Runoff
by Jillian C. Sarazen, Joshua W. Faulkner and Stephanie E. Hurley
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4789; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144789 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2454
Abstract
Leachate and storm-driven runoff from silage storage bunkers can degrade receiving water bodies if left untreated. This study evaluated a novel treatment system consisting of three treatment tanks with a moving-bed biofilm reactor and paired side-by-side denitrifying woodchip bioreactors for the ability to [...] Read more.
Leachate and storm-driven runoff from silage storage bunkers can degrade receiving water bodies if left untreated. This study evaluated a novel treatment system consisting of three treatment tanks with a moving-bed biofilm reactor and paired side-by-side denitrifying woodchip bioreactors for the ability to reduce influent nutrient mass loads. Flow-based samples were taken at four locations throughout the system, at the inflow to the first tank, outflow from the tanks prior to entering the woodchip bioreactors, and from the outflows of both bioreactors. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) species. Inflow concentrations were reduced from the bioreactor outflows by an average of 35% for total N (TN) and 16% for total P (TP) concentrations on a storm event basis. The treatment system cumulatively removed 76% of the TN mass load, 71% of the nitrite + nitrate-N (NO2−+NO3−-N) load, 26% of the TP mass load, and 19% of the soluble reactive P load, but was a source of ammonium-N, based on the monitoring of 16 storm events throughout 2019. While the system was effective, very low NO2−+NO3−-N concentrations in the silage bunker runoff entered the bioreactors, which may have inhibited denitrification performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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10 pages, 2087 KiB  
Article
Phytodepuration of Pyroligneous Liquor: A Case Study
by Simone Cantamessa, Graziella Berta, Guido Lingua and Elisa Gamalero
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072553 - 08 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841
Abstract
Wastewaters generated by the pyrolytic process require treatments to reduce the risks of contamination in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. Utilizing constructed wetlands is one of the possible approaches according to a Circular Economy System. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi [...] Read more.
Wastewaters generated by the pyrolytic process require treatments to reduce the risks of contamination in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. Utilizing constructed wetlands is one of the possible approaches according to a Circular Economy System. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth and enhance the bioremediation of wastewater. Two experiments were set up: in the first, a pilot mesocosm was designed to evaluate the effects of a consortium of AM fungi and a PGPB strain on Phragmites australis. After 60 days, the highest plant growth was obtained after inoculation with the combination of microorganisms. In the second experiment, a constructed wetland was built to remediate wastewaters from gasification plant. The plants were efficient in scavenging biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total fat and oils, hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes, surfactants, fluorides, sulfites, sulfates, nitrate, and phosphorus. These data suggest that inoculation of P. australis with AMF and PGPB strains significantly improve the depuration process of wastewaters from gasification plants via constructed wetlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Research on Water Treatment by Onsite Wastewater Management and Agricultural and Stormwater Control Measures at Varying Spatial Scales)
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