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Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines
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Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 60978

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Javier Poza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragón, Spain
Interests: enhanced control machine drives; sensorless control; electric and thermal online estimators; advanced models for diagnosis; advanced testing; mode-based software development and validation; railway applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gaizka Almandoz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragón, Spain
Interests: electric machine design for specific applications; electric machine design and control for new drives based on SiC and GaN semiconductors; electric machine design for manufacturing and maintenance; elevators and industrial application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gaizka Ugalde

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragón, Spain
Interests: new topologies of machines; advanced modeling; electromagnetic materials; new numerical and analytical modeling techniques; optimization techniques; electric vehicles and aerospace applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric machines (motors and generators) are key elements for efficient and sustainable use of energy. The new market trends for the electrification of road vehicles as well as aircraft, the increase in energy efficiency, and the development of various sustainable energy sources require innovations in the design and control of electric machines. New magnetic materials, new drives with SiC and GaN semiconductors, and advanced multiphysics modeling and simulation techniques are some of the enabling technologies required to obtain high performance, higher reliability, and cost-effective solutions.

This Special Issue focuses on innovations in the context of “Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines”.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • New topologies of machines;
  • Electric machine design and control optimization for the new drives based on SiC and GaN semiconductors;
  • Electric machine optimization;
  • Advanced modeling (electromagnetic, thermal, NVH, mechanical, EMC, insulation, etc.);
  • Advanced models for diagnosis;
  • Electromagnetic materials, iron losses, additional losses;
  • System-level modeling, multidomain automatic analysis tools, co-simulations, etc.;
  • New numerical and analytical modeling techniques;
  • Optimization techniques;
  • Advanced testing (multiphysics performances, standard tests, life accelerated testing, etc.);
  • Electric machine design for control;
  • Electric machine design for specific applications (electric vehicles, aerospace, wind energy, railway, etc.);
  • Electric machine design for manufacturing (tolerances analysis, manufacturing processes, quality control, etc.);
  • Electric machine design for maintenance (reliability analysis, robust design, fault modeling, etc.);
  • Lifetime estimation, life cycle cost (LCC), life cycle assessment (LCA);
  • Enhanced control schemes for AC and DC machine drives;
  • New modulation schemes for AC and DC machine drives;
  • Sensorless control for machine drives;
  • Fault-tolerant control strategies for AC and DC machine drives;
  • New adaption techniques to estimate state variables and parameters;
  • Offline and online tuning for AC and DC machine drives;
  • Online temperature estimators and derating functions (thermal models, electric resistance estimators, hybrid schemas, advanced strategies for dynamic machine derating, etc.);
  • Control optimization according to HW constraints (low-cost sensors, computational load optimization, optimized switching frequency pattern, noise immunity, etc.);
  • Control optimization for a reduced torque ripple or NVH levels (active compensation, optimal parametrization, etc.);
  • Application-oriented drive controls (electric vehicles, aerospace, wind energy, railway, etc.);
  • Model-based software development and validation for machine drives (MiL, SiL, PiL, HiL, automated code generation, etc.);
  • V-model schemas for the development of electric machines and drives;
  • Virtual modeling and validation of electric machines and drives.
Dr. Javier Poza
Dr. Gaizka Almandoz
Dr. Gaizka Ugalde
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric machines
  • motor drives
  • multiphysics modeling
  • design for manufacturing and maintenance

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Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 10850 KiB  
Article
Time-Domain Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Complex Heavy-Duty Gearbox Considering Floating Effect
by Jiulin Wu, Yifan Zhou, Wei Jiang and Xuedong Chen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6876; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156876 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
Expert insights into the time-domain dynamic behavior of heavy-duty gearboxes form the foundations of design evaluation and improvement. However, in the existing lateral–torsional coupling (LTC) modeling method for gearboxes that is normally used for frequency-domain dynamic behavior, the meshing forces are modeled as [...] Read more.
Expert insights into the time-domain dynamic behavior of heavy-duty gearboxes form the foundations of design evaluation and improvement. However, in the existing lateral–torsional coupling (LTC) modeling method for gearboxes that is normally used for frequency-domain dynamic behavior, the meshing forces are modeled as spring dampers with fixed acting points on the meshing gears to simulate only the transient LTC effect, and thus the steady state characteristic in the time domain cannot be obtained due to the unrealistic distortion of positions and orientations as the gear angles increase. In this paper, a novel and generally applicable LTC modeling method for heavy-duty gearboxes, mainly planetary gear sets with floating components, is proposed by using space-fixed spring dampers with floating acting points on the meshing gears to study the time-domain dynamic response and to support the dynamic design of heavy-duty gearboxes. Based on the proposed method, a LTC model of a 2 megawatt (MW) wind turbine gearbox with floating components considering the time-varying meshing stiffness, bearing stiffness, torsional stiffness, and floating effect was established. The simulated results of representative components were in accordance with experimental results on a test rig, and dynamic behavior was calculated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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20 pages, 6215 KiB  
Article
New Stable Non-Vector Control Structure for Induction Motor Drive
by Pavol Fedor, Daniela Perdukova, Peter Bober and Marek Fedor
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6518; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146518 - 15 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1439
Abstract
The article focuses on a design and experimental verification of continuous nonlinear systems control based on a new control structure based on a linear reference model. An application of Lyapunov’s second method ensures its asymptotic stability conditions. The basic idea in the development [...] Read more.
The article focuses on a design and experimental verification of continuous nonlinear systems control based on a new control structure based on a linear reference model. An application of Lyapunov’s second method ensures its asymptotic stability conditions. The basic idea in the development of the control structure consists of utilizing additional information from a newly introduced state variable. The structure is applied for angular speed control of an induction motor (IM) drive representing a higher-order nonlinear system. The developed control algorithm helps to achieve the zero steady-state control deviation of the IM drive angular speed. Simulations and experiments performed in various operating states of the IM drive confirm the advantages of the new control structure. Except for set dynamics, the method ensures that the system is stable, invariant to disturbances, and is robust against variations of the parameters. When comparing the obtained control structure of the IM control with the classical vector control, the proposed control structure is simpler. In addition, the proposed control structure is linear, robust against variation in important parameters and invariant against external disturbances. The main advantage over conventional control techniques consists of the fact that the controller design does not require any exact knowledge of the system parameters and, moreover, it does not suffer from system stability problems. The method will find a wide applicability not only in the field of AC controlled drives with IM but also generally in control of industry applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 7476 KiB  
Article
Development of a Thermal Analysis Tool for Linear Machines
by Imanol Eguren, Gaizka Almandoz, Aritz Egea, Leire Elorza and Ander Urdangarin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5818; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135818 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The thermal design is one of the most important stages in the design process of electrical machines. Thanks to software packages, like Motor-CAD, rotating machine designers can predict the thermal operation of the machines with high precision. However, a Motor-CAD equivalent for linear [...] Read more.
The thermal design is one of the most important stages in the design process of electrical machines. Thanks to software packages, like Motor-CAD, rotating machine designers can predict the thermal operation of the machines with high precision. However, a Motor-CAD equivalent for linear machines does not exist. Thus, linear machine designers must develop specific thermal analysis tools when designing the machines. In this article, a generic thermal analysis tool for different kinds of linear machines is presented. The model has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Hence, it should be easy to implement for most engineers. The article describes the configuration of the different elements of the tool. The calibration parameters and procedure, and typical values of the calibration variables, are also given in the document. Finally, in order to demonstrate the generic nature of the tool, the model is experimentally validated via DC thermal tests to a linear induction machine and a linear switched-flux permanent magnet machine. The results show that, despite being simple and easy to implement, the model can predict the thermal operation of different machines with high precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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15 pages, 2678 KiB  
Article
A Novel Exact Analytical Solution Based on Kloss Equation towards Accurate Speed-Time Characteristics Modeling of Induction Machines during No-Load Direct Startups
by Martin Ćalasan, Mohammed Alqarni, Marko Rosić, Nikola Koljčević, Basem Alamri and Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115102 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2197
Abstract
The acceleration time of induction machines (IMs) is essential for proper protection-relay settings of the machine to prevent voltage sags in local power areas. In this paper, mathematical modeling of IMs’ speed-time characteristics during no-load direct startup has been presented. Unlike the approaches [...] Read more.
The acceleration time of induction machines (IMs) is essential for proper protection-relay settings of the machine to prevent voltage sags in local power areas. In this paper, mathematical modeling of IMs’ speed-time characteristics during no-load direct startup has been presented. Unlike the approaches presented in the literature, the proposed approach includes the bearing losses, in which two expressions of the speed-time characteristics of IMs during no-load direct startup are derived. The first expression was derived based on the Kloss equation used for representing the torque, and the second expression was derived based on the torque expression determined from the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the machine. The derived expressions’ accuracy was validated using laboratory measurement and computer simulation approaches. The results obtained show a good agreement between the measured and simulated speed-time characteristics of two IMs. Finally, the proposed formulations can provide a simple analytical base to enable accurate IM modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 5067 KiB  
Article
Optimum Slot and Pole Design for Vibration Reduction in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
by Mikel Mendizabal, Alex McCloskey, Javier Poza, Sergio Zarate, Jaione Iriondo and Leire Irazu
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4849; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114849 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3228
Abstract
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are increasingly being used and are required to satisfy noise and vibration specifications. Thus, it is necessary to develop design guidelines for electric motors that consider vibration response as a key output of the design. This work shows [...] Read more.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are increasingly being used and are required to satisfy noise and vibration specifications. Thus, it is necessary to develop design guidelines for electric motors that consider vibration response as a key output of the design. This work shows the influence of the main design parameters regarding PMSMs: the number of slots and the number of poles. First, the influence of the number of slots in the natural frequencies is analysed by Finite Element calculations, which are experimentally verified. Then, the analytical calculation of the vibration response is explained. This is applied for several combinations of the number of slots and the number of poles, and the results are compared. Considering the analytical development, a procedure to choose the most adequate combination of the number of slots and poles is proposed. The analytical predictions are validated according to experimental measurements in two machines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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14 pages, 19224 KiB  
Article
Sensorless Posture Detection of Reluctance Spherical Motor Based on Mutual Inductance Voltage
by Jiazi Xu, Qunjing Wang, Guoli Li, Rui Zhou, Yan Wen, Lufeng Ju and Sili Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3515; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083515 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1899
Abstract
In this paper, a sensorless rotor posture detection method based on the mutual inductance voltage of the stator coil is proposed to simplify the position detection element of a reluctance spherical motor. Firstly, the numerical relationship between the stator/rotor pole misalignment angle and [...] Read more.
In this paper, a sensorless rotor posture detection method based on the mutual inductance voltage of the stator coil is proposed to simplify the position detection element of a reluctance spherical motor. Firstly, the numerical relationship between the stator/rotor pole misalignment angle and the mutual inductance voltage of the stator coil is analyzed, which is used as the basis for judging the spatial position of the rotor. Secondly, an experimental platform is designed to verify the consistency between the calculated value and the experimental value of the mutual inductance voltage and to determine the appropriate excitation signal. Thirdly, based on the real-time voltages generated by the stator coil mutual inductance, an intelligent algorithm is used to invert the 3-DoF (degree-of-freedom) position angle of the spherical rotor combined with the motor structure constraints. The experimental results show that the detection method has a good on-line detection effect, and the population standard deviation is within 1.8° Therefore, the developed technique can be used for replacing the position detection method with sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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21 pages, 1567 KiB  
Article
A Complete and Fast Analysis Procedure for Three-Phase Induction Motors Using Finite Element, Considering Skewing and Iron Losses
by Matteo Carbonieri and Nicola Bianchi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052428 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3609
Abstract
This paper deals with a complete finite-element analysis procedure for squirrel cage induction motors, including the presence of skewing and the iron losses evaluation. The machine is analyzed performing only magneto-static finite element analyses. Saturation phenomena are carefully considered in any operating condition, [...] Read more.
This paper deals with a complete finite-element analysis procedure for squirrel cage induction motors, including the presence of skewing and the iron losses evaluation. The machine is analyzed performing only magneto-static finite element analyses. Saturation phenomena are carefully considered in any operating condition, avoiding long time-stepping analyses. The synergy between analytical and finite element model leads to a rapid and precise estimation of the rotor induced current, saving computational time. Furthermore, the procedure proposed in this paper allows the motor performance to be directly derived, without the preliminary knowledge of the machine equivalent circuit. In order to complete the analysis, skewing effect is included, using the 2-D multi-slice technique, based on static simulations. Experimental tests are carried out and reported in order to verify analysis results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Parameters Identification of the Fractional-Order Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Models Using Chaotic Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer
by Dalia Yousri, Magdy B. Eteiba, Ahmed F. Zobaa and Dalia Allam
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031325 - 02 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2146
Abstract
In this paper, novel variants for the Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer (EPSO) are proposed where ten chaos maps are merged to enhance the EPSO’s performance by adaptively tuning its main parameters. The proposed Chaotic Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer variants (C.EPSO) are examined with [...] Read more.
In this paper, novel variants for the Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer (EPSO) are proposed where ten chaos maps are merged to enhance the EPSO’s performance by adaptively tuning its main parameters. The proposed Chaotic Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer variants (C.EPSO) are examined with complex nonlinear systems concerning equal order and variable-order fractional models of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The proposed variants’ results are compared to that of its original version to recommend the most suitable variant for this non-linear optimization problem. A comparison between the introduced variants and the previously published algorithms proves the developed technique’s efficiency for further validation. The results emerge that the Chaotic Ensemble Particle Swarm variants with the Gauss/mouse map is the most proper variant for estimating the parameters of equal order and variable-order fractional PMSM models, as it achieves better accuracy, higher consistency, and faster convergence speed, it may lead to controlling the motor’s unwanted chaotic performance and protect it from ravage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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25 pages, 9841 KiB  
Article
Industrial Design of Electric Machines Supported with Knowledge-Based Engineering Systems
by Christian A. Rivera, Javier Poza, Gaizka Ugalde and Gaizka Almandoz
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010294 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4155
Abstract
The demand for electric machines has increased in the last decade, mainly due to applications that try to make a full transition from fuel to electricity. These applications encounter the need for tailor-made electric machines that must meet demanding requirements. Therefore, it is [...] Read more.
The demand for electric machines has increased in the last decade, mainly due to applications that try to make a full transition from fuel to electricity. These applications encounter the need for tailor-made electric machines that must meet demanding requirements. Therefore, it is necessary for small-medium companies to adopt new technologies offering customized products fulfilling the customers’ requirements according to their investment capacity, simplify their development process, and reduce computational time to achieve a feasible design in shorter periods. Furthermore, they must find ways to retain know-how that is typically kept within each designer to retrieve it or transfer it to new designers. This paper presents a framework with an implementation example of a knowledge-based engineering (KBE) system to design industrial electric machines to support this issue. The devised KBE system groups the main functionalities that provide the best outcome for an electric machine designer as development-process traceability, knowledge accessibility, automation of tasks, and intelligent support. The results show that if the company effectively applies these functionalities, they can leverage the attributes of KBE systems to shorten time-to-market. They can also ensure not losing all knowledge, information, and data through the whole development process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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23 pages, 4617 KiB  
Article
Modelling and Validation of a Grid-Connected DFIG by Exploiting the Frequency-Domain Harmonic Analysis
by Emmanuel Hernández-Mayoral, Reynaldo Iracheta-Cortez, Vincent Lecheppe and Oscar Alfredo Jaramillo Salgado
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9014; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249014 - 17 Dec 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) represent the most common configuration employed in wind turbines. These systems involve injecting harmonic currents toward an electrical grid from a back-to-back power converter, potentially creating voltage distortions. To assess this [...] Read more.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) represent the most common configuration employed in wind turbines. These systems involve injecting harmonic currents toward an electrical grid from a back-to-back power converter, potentially creating voltage distortions. To assess this phenomenon, a case study of a 3 kW DFIG-based wind turbine connected to the electrical grid is presented for analysis in the harmonic domain. Initially, a DFIG-based load flow analysis for determining the operating conditions is tackled at the fundamental frequency. Then, the modelling of a DFIG under steady-state operating conditions at harmonic frequencies is analyzed discussing its characteristics in the harmonic domain. The high-frequency harmonics in the output voltage of a pulse width modulation-driven inverter feeding the rotor windings of a DFIG and its connection to a three-winding transformer are also analyzed. This investigation produced a complete model of the DFIG connected to the electrical grid. The results demonstrated that although a considerable harmonic contribution up to the 25th order exists, it remains harmless since it is below 5%, according to the Std. IEEE 519. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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27 pages, 4293 KiB  
Article
Rotational Speed Control Using ANN-Based MPPT for OWC Based on Surface Elevation Measurements
by Fares M’zoughi, Izaskun Garrido, Aitor J. Garrido and Manuel De La Sen
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8975; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248975 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1981
Abstract
This paper presents an ANN-based rotational speed control to avoid the stalling behavior in Oscillating Water Columns composed of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator driven by a Wells turbine. This control strategy uses rotational speed reference provided by an ANN-based Maximum Power Point [...] Read more.
This paper presents an ANN-based rotational speed control to avoid the stalling behavior in Oscillating Water Columns composed of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator driven by a Wells turbine. This control strategy uses rotational speed reference provided by an ANN-based Maximum Power Point Tracking. The ANN-based MPPT predicts the optimal rotational speed reference from wave amplitude and period. The neural network has been trained and uses wave surface elevation measurements gathered by an acoustic Doppler current profiler. The implemented ANN-based rotational speed control has been tested with two different wave conditions and results prove the effectiveness of avoiding the stall effect which improved the power generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 9606 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Novel Low-Cost Linear Vibration Motor for an Electronic Cigarette
by Zhi-Xiong Jiang, Ki-Hong Park and Sang-Moon Hwang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8915; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248915 - 14 Dec 2020
Viewed by 4179
Abstract
The spring structure design and magnetic circuit optimization were considered to design a novel linear vibration motor with advantages of lower cost and similar motor performance compared to a coin-type vibration motor. A vibration motor is inserted in an electronic cigarette to provide [...] Read more.
The spring structure design and magnetic circuit optimization were considered to design a novel linear vibration motor with advantages of lower cost and similar motor performance compared to a coin-type vibration motor. A vibration motor is inserted in an electronic cigarette to provide haptic feedback to remind the user that the electronic cigarette is ready to operate. For the new generation of electronic cigarettes, new vibration motors require smaller size, lower cost, and acceptable motor performance. A three-dimensional finite element method has been used to find the coil’s magnetic flux density and von Mises stress distribution in the spring. Moreover, the electromagnetic-mechanical coupling method has been employed to find the motor acceleration on a dummy jig. The acceleration of the vibration motor was obtained to verify the analysis results by experiment. The experiment results verified the analysis results of the linear vibration motor. Compared to a coin-type vibration motor, the novel linear vibration motor has 9.09% and 80.77% reductions in total thickness and manufacturing cost, and a 40.0% improvement in acceleration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 5581 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Novel Microspeaker with Enhanced Low-Frequency SPL and Size Reduction
by Ki-Hong Park, Zhi-Xiong Jiang and Sang-Moon Hwang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8902; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248902 - 13 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2804
Abstract
In the era of multimedia devices, smartphones have become the primary device for consuming multimedia content. As technological developments have facilitated a more immersive multimedia experience, enlarged displays and the use of several sensors have limited the allowable size of microspeakers. Although sound [...] Read more.
In the era of multimedia devices, smartphones have become the primary device for consuming multimedia content. As technological developments have facilitated a more immersive multimedia experience, enlarged displays and the use of several sensors have limited the allowable size of microspeakers. Although sound plays an important role when consuming multimedia content, the limited space for microspeakers in modern devices leads to poor acoustic performance, especially at low frequencies. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel microspeaker structure that enhances the low-frequency sound pressure level (SPL), while also featuring reduced exterior dimensions. The structure was designed and analyzed using 3D finite element analysis. Through coupling analysis, the simulation results were verified on the basis of the experimental results. The novel microspeaker has one outer magnet surrounding the entire coil, unlike in prototype microspeakers, which have two outer magnets. The gap between the top plates and coil is reduced, and a new type of coil is introduced for the purpose of increasing electromagnetic force. The samples were manufactured, and their SPLs were tested in an anechoic chamber. The experimental results prove that the proposed microspeaker offers an improved SPL at low frequencies compared with prototype microspeakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 8422 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Speed Tuning of a PMSM with Presence of Fissure Using Dragonfly Algorithm
by Omar Aguilar-Mejía, Abraham Manilla-García, Ivan Rivas-Cambero and Hertwin Minor-Popocatl
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8823; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248823 - 10 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1698
Abstract
This paper presents a robust trajectory tracking control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with consideration a fault, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances by effectively integrating robust optimal linear quadratic control. One kind of fault is considered in the machine, particularly the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a robust trajectory tracking control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with consideration a fault, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances by effectively integrating robust optimal linear quadratic control. One kind of fault is considered in the machine, particularly the presence of fissure rotor. The dynamic model of the PMSM with the presence of fissure presents highly non-linear behaviors, which means that tuning is quite complicated, which the tuning was chosen through swarm intelligence optimization (Dragonfly Algorithm). A sensitivity analysis is carried out, in order to limit the search range to minimize the evaluation time. This methodology was used to diminish these defects during motor operation. Simulation results show that the optimal linear quadratic control method has a robust fault-tolerant performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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11 pages, 9115 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Comparative Study of Rotor Vibrations of Permanent Magnet Machines with Two Different Fractional Pole/Slot Combinations
by Tae-Kyoung Bang, Kyung-Hun Shin, Jeong-In Lee, Hoon-Ki Lee, Han-Wook Cho and Jang-Young Choi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8792; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248792 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2405
Abstract
This study deals with the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristic analysis of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for electrical machines, such as electrically driven tools that are used in industries. An improved NVH design is needed for application to industrial tools. In [...] Read more.
This study deals with the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristic analysis of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for electrical machines, such as electrically driven tools that are used in industries. An improved NVH design is needed for application to industrial tools. In general, the electromagnetic NVH characteristics of PMSMs are classified into electromagnetic excitation sources, such as total harmonic distortion of EMF, torque pulsation, magnetic pull force, and unbalanced magnetic force (UMF). This study compares the vibration and noise generated by fractional pole/slot combinations. In PMSMs with fractional pole/slot combinations, UMF is an important NVH source. PMSMs generate UMF because of armature reaction fields based on the pole/slot combinations and harmonics of magnetic flux density. UMF was derived using the finite element method, and the rotor vibration analysis was performed using electromagnetic mechanical coupling analysis. The analysis results and the effect of electromagnetic excitation characteristics on the rotor vibration of the PMSMs were compared and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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9 pages, 5155 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic Characteristic Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Considering Current Waveform According to Static Rotor Eccentricity
by Hoon Ki Lee, Tae Kyoung Bang, Jong Hyeon Woo, Hyo Seob Shin and Jang Young Choi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8453; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238453 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2598
Abstract
In this study, we performed an electromagnetic characteristic analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous machine considering the current waveform based on static rotor eccentricity. First, the characteristics of the back electromotive force were analyzed through the no-load analysis of the analysis model according [...] Read more.
In this study, we performed an electromagnetic characteristic analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous machine considering the current waveform based on static rotor eccentricity. First, the characteristics of the back electromotive force were analyzed through the no-load analysis of the analysis model according to static rotor eccentricity. Next, a dynamic analysis was performed through mathematical modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and PWM method. The input current during operation was derived through the dynamic analysis, and the core loss analysis was performed using derived input current. The core loss analysis was performed using the case where the fundamental wave current was applied and the input current derived through the dynamic analysis, and the results were compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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14 pages, 2055 KiB  
Article
Novel Thermal Management Strategy for Improved Inverter Reliability in Electric Vehicles
by Elena Trancho, Edorta Ibarra, Pablo Prieto, Antoni Arias, Adrian Lis and Ajay Poonjal Pai
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8024; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228024 - 12 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
Requirements for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems—i.e., power density, switching frequency and cost—are becoming more stringent, while high reliability also needs to be ensured to maximize a vehicle’s life-cycle. Thus, the incorporation of a thermal management strategy is convenient, as most power inverter [...] Read more.
Requirements for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems—i.e., power density, switching frequency and cost—are becoming more stringent, while high reliability also needs to be ensured to maximize a vehicle’s life-cycle. Thus, the incorporation of a thermal management strategy is convenient, as most power inverter failure mechanisms are related to excessive semiconductor junction temperatures. This paper proposes a novel thermal management strategy which smartly varies the switching frequency to keep the semiconductors’ junction temperatures low enough and consequently extend the EV life-cycle. Thanks to the proposal, the drivetrain can operate safely at maximum attainable performance limits. The proposal is validated through simulation in an advanced digital platform, considering a 75-kW in-wheel Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) drive fed by an automotive Silicon Carbide (SiC) power converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 2850 KiB  
Article
A Linear Brushless Direct Current Motor Design Approach for Seismic Shake Tables
by Ozgur Ustun, Omer Cihan Kivanc and Mert Safa Mokukcu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7618; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217618 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3422
Abstract
The progress in material and manufacturing technologies enables the emergence of new research areas in electromagnetic actuator applications. Permanent magnet (PM) linear motors are preferred to achieve precise position control and to meet the need for high dynamic forces in the seismic shake [...] Read more.
The progress in material and manufacturing technologies enables the emergence of new research areas in electromagnetic actuator applications. Permanent magnet (PM) linear motors are preferred to achieve precise position control and to meet the need for high dynamic forces in the seismic shake tables that are used in analyzing reactions of structure models. The design approaches on the linear motors used in the seismic shake tables may vary depending on the desired force, stroke and acceleration values. Especially, the maximum width, the maximum depth, the maximum linear motor length in longitudinal direction and the maximum travelling distance parameters are the primary design criteria in seismic shake table drive systems. In this paper, a design approach for a linear PM brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with high force/volume, force/weight and force/input power ratios is developed. The design was analyzed using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) approaches through the ANSYS Maxwell software. The mathematically designed linear BLDC motor was manufactured and subjected to displacement, acceleration and force tests that are used in seismic analyses. The results of the experimental tests validate the convenience of the proposed design approach and the selected parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 3215 KiB  
Article
Fault Investigation of Circulation Pumps to Detect Impeller Clogging
by Vincent Becker, Thilo Schwamm, Sven Urschel and Jose Alfonso Antonino-Daviu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7550; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217550 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
Pumps have a wide range of applications. Methods for fault detection of motors are increasingly being used for pumps. In the context of this paper, a test bench is built to investigate circulation pumps for faults. As a use case, the fault of [...] Read more.
Pumps have a wide range of applications. Methods for fault detection of motors are increasingly being used for pumps. In the context of this paper, a test bench is built to investigate circulation pumps for faults. As a use case, the fault of impeller clogging was first measured and then examined with the help of motor current signature analysis. It can be seen that there are four frequencies at which there is an increase in amplitude in case of a fault. The sidebands around the supply frequency are in particular focus. The clogging of three and four of a total of seven channels leads to the highest amplitudes at the fault frequencies. The efficiency is reduced by 9 to 15% in case of faulty operation. These results indicate that the implementation of fault detection algorithms on the pump electronics represents added value for the pump operator. Furthermore, the results can be transferred to other applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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26 pages, 10457 KiB  
Article
A 3-D Simulation of a Single-Sided Linear Induction Motor with Transverse and Longitudinal Magnetic Flux
by Juan Antonio Domínguez Hernández, Natividad Duro Carralero and Elena Gaudioso Vázquez
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 7004; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10197004 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
This paper presents a novel and improved configuration of a single-sided linear induction motor. The geometry of the motor has been modified to be able to operate with a mixed magnetic flux configuration and with a new configuration of paths for the eddy [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel and improved configuration of a single-sided linear induction motor. The geometry of the motor has been modified to be able to operate with a mixed magnetic flux configuration and with a new configuration of paths for the eddy currents induced inside the aluminum plate. To this end, two slots of dielectric have been introduced into the aluminum layer of the moving part with a dimension of 1 mm, an iron yoke into the primary part, and lastly, the width of the transversal slots has been optimized. Specifically, in the enhanced motor, there are two magnetic fluxes inside the motor that circulate across two different planes: a longitudinal magnetic flux which goes along the direction of the movement and a transversal magnetic flux which is closed through a perpendicular plane with respect to that direction. With this new configuration, the motor achieves a great increment of the thrust force without increasing the electrical supply. In addition, the proposed model creates a new spatial configuration of the eddy currents and an improvement of the main magnetic circuit. These novelties are relevant because they represent a great improvement in the efficiency of the linear induction motor for low velocities at a very low cost. All simulations have been made with the finite elements method—3D, both in standstill conditions and in motion in order to obtain the characteristic curves of the main forces developed by the linear induction motor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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9 pages, 2724 KiB  
Communication
Brushless Field Excitation Scheme for Wound Field Synchronous Machines
by Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, Ghulam Jawad Sirewal, Faheem Akhtar Chachar and Jong-Suk Ro
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5866; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175866 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3428
Abstract
A new harmonic field excitation technique for the brushless operation of wound field synchronous machines (WFSMs) is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme involves conventional three-phase and single-phase inverters operating at different frequencies and supply input current to the armature winding simultaneously. [...] Read more.
A new harmonic field excitation technique for the brushless operation of wound field synchronous machines (WFSMs) is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme involves conventional three-phase and single-phase inverters operating at different frequencies and supply input current to the armature winding simultaneously. This results in a composite output current of the inverters, which contains fundamental as well as the third harmonic current components. The fundamental is utilized to develop the stator field, on the other hand, the third harmonic is used for developing the pulsating magnetomotive force (MMF) in the airgap. This MMF produces a harmonic current in the harmonic winding of the rotor which is later rectified to inject field current to the rotor field winding. The theoretical analysis of the proposed technique is supported using 2-D finite element analysis (FEA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 9789 KiB  
Article
Fundamental Frequency Suppression for the Detection of Broken Bar in Induction Motors at Low Slip and Frequency
by Daivd A. Elvira-Ortiz, Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo, Angel L. Zorita-Lamadrid, Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Rene de J. Romero-Troncoso
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4160; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124160 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
Broken rotor bar (BRB) is one of the most common failures in induction motors (IMs) these days; however, its identification is complicated since the frequencies associated with the fault condition appear near the fundamental frequency component (FFC). This situation gets worse when the [...] Read more.
Broken rotor bar (BRB) is one of the most common failures in induction motors (IMs) these days; however, its identification is complicated since the frequencies associated with the fault condition appear near the fundamental frequency component (FFC). This situation gets worse when the IM slip or the operation frequency is low. In these circumstances, the common techniques for condition monitoring may experience troubles in the identification of a faulty condition. By suppressing the FFC, the fault detection is enhanced, allowing the identification of BRB even at low slip conditions. The main contribution of this work consists of the development of a preprocessing technique that estimates the FFC from an optimization point of view. This way, it is possible to remove a single frequency component instead of removing a complete frequency band from the current signals of an IM. Experimentation is performed on an IM operating at two different frequencies and at three different load levels. The proposed methodology is compared with two different approaches and the results show that the use of the proposed methodology allows to enhance the performance delivered by the common methodologies for the detection of BRB in steady state. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 1465 KiB  
Article
Optimization Procedure for Computing Sampling Time for Induction Machine Parameter Estimation
by Tin Benšić, Toni Varga, Marinko Barukčić and Vedrana Jerković Štil
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093222 - 06 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1909
Abstract
This paper presents a method for selecting the sampling time for induction machine parameter estimation from the machine line start measurements. the metaheuristic optimization method is used to find the optimal Prony exponential series approxiamtion of the line start transient current. From the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a method for selecting the sampling time for induction machine parameter estimation from the machine line start measurements. the metaheuristic optimization method is used to find the optimal Prony exponential series approxiamtion of the line start transient current. From the optimal approximation, poles of the linearized induction machine model are computed and used to determine the optimal sampling time. the results show that sampling frequencies needed for parameter estimation are much lower than 1–15 kHz commonly used today. This reduces the necessary amount of collected data and the computing power needed for the estimation. the optimal sampling time is computed for the simulated and for the measured data. Referenced parameter estimation technique is tested for the measured transient showing benefits of using the optimal sampling time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Design and Control of Electric Machines)
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