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Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems
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Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 58272

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Michal Puškár

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Design and Transport Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
Interests: emissions; mechanical engineering; vehicle; marine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will be focused on the newest technologies developed for improved combustion as well as for emissions mitigation, namely on advanced combustion engine technologies based on application of alternative fuels and on innovative vehicle driving systems. The main purpose of this Special Issue is to offer a wide area for publishing scientific research results concerning:

- Research and development of piston combustion engines with application of bio-fuels;

- Innovative driving systems of vehicles based on alternative drives, especially hydrogen drives;

- Development of advanced systems determined for the reduction of the engine gaseous emissions;

- Simulation approaches to the above-mentioned issues in order to investigate and to optimize the engine combustion processes and operation of the alternative drives;

- Environmental aspects of the alternative drives compared to the combustion engine drives.

Assoc. Prof. Ing. Michal Puškár, PhD.
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • advanced combustion engine
  • alternative fuels
  • bio-fuels
  • vehicle driving systems
  • environmental aspects

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Published Papers (25 papers)

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12 pages, 4450 KiB  
Article
Effect of Pole Head Profile on Torque Performance of a Disc-Type Multipole Magnetorheological Brake
by Yaojung Shiao and Manichandra Bollepelly
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8327; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148327 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 642
Abstract
A magnetorheological brake (MRB) works on the shearing effect of MR fluid in the magnetic field to develop resistance between the stator and the rotor, which are relative moving surfaces. Researchers achieved high torque volume ratios in magnetorheological fluid braking systems by adding [...] Read more.
A magnetorheological brake (MRB) works on the shearing effect of MR fluid in the magnetic field to develop resistance between the stator and the rotor, which are relative moving surfaces. Researchers achieved high torque volume ratios in magnetorheological fluid braking systems by adding multiple layers and using multipole approaches. Even though several designs already exist, there is a need for innovative ideas and advanced structures of MRBs for practical engineering applications. The number of magnetic poles, pole geometry and placement have a significant effect on the performance of multipole MR brakes. This research focused on the effect of the pole head geometry in a multipole dual disc compact MR brake to understand the relationship between the geometry and its magnetic flux flow. The magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic coil’s orthogonal travel through pole heads, rotor and MR fluid layers results in friction to fulfill the action of braking that achieves maximum brake torque. This flow depends on the magnetic pole head area and corresponding core dimensions. This study considered polygon, square, hexagon, trapezoid and ellipse pole head profiles in place of the conventional circular pole and the best possible core dimensions were used for each geometry. To study the brake’s performance, COMSOL Multiphysics software (version 5.5) commonly used for 3D electromagnetic modeling was used to simulate and examine the magnetic flux intensity for various pole head configurations. Results indicate an improvement compared to previous works, considering the same dimensional limitations and the flux leakage between the adjacent poles being much less. The hexagonal and elliptical pole heads had better magnetic field area, magnetic intensity distribution and higher magnetic flux lines piercing through the MR fluid perpendicularly than the circular and square pole heads. An increment of 3.88% for braking torque performance was obtained, and the braking torque was significantly enhanced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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17 pages, 3160 KiB  
Article
Design of Test Equipment for Hydrostatic Transducers and Hydraulic Fluids
by Ľubomír Hujo, Juraj Jablonický, Zdenko Tkáč and Juraj Tulík
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7777; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157777 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
The article refers to the proposed test equipment used to monitor the service life of hydrostatic transducers and fluids under constant or dynamic operating pressure loading. The proposed laboratory test equipment enables simultaneous testing of hydrostatic transducers and energy carriers in two hydraulic [...] Read more.
The article refers to the proposed test equipment used to monitor the service life of hydrostatic transducers and fluids under constant or dynamic operating pressure loading. The proposed laboratory test equipment enables simultaneous testing of hydrostatic transducers and energy carriers in two hydraulic circuits and is designed to measure the flow characteristics and technical life of hydrostatic transducers with different energy carriers. The benefit of the proposed device is the possibility of simultaneous testing of the transducers as well as the performance of verification measurements of individual circuits, which was preceded by the development of a theoretical design. This includes the calculations necessary to determine the power of the drive, the cooling power as well as the definition of other parameters and elements of the hydraulic system. The design of the device was based on technical characteristics, load characteristics obtained by own measurements, and characteristics of individual hydraulic and electrohydraulic elements. On the basis of the prepared laboratory test equipment, it is possible to significantly shorten the time of operational tests and perform repeated tests under the same operational load with different types of energy carriers. The hydraulic circuit (primary or secondary) can be loaded through a proportional electrohydraulic pressure valve, which is able to simulate the load with the operational pressure curve obtained by measurement, as well as the cyclic stress, the frequency, amplitude, and rate of increase of which can be defined according to the selected methodology. A verification measurement of the flow characteristics of the used transducers was also carried out, which confirmed the correct function and design of the test laboratory equipment. The achieved results can be used in mechanical engineering for the accelerated life test of hydrostatic transducers, which are often used in mobile energy devices working in environmentally sensitive areas. The proposed laboratory test equipment will be used for testing ecological energy carriers, increasing the efficiency of energy conversion in agricultural facilities using biomass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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17 pages, 5626 KiB  
Article
Model Investigation of Natural Gas Engine Performance to Achieve Variable Heat/Electricity Ratios for a CCHP System by Varying Spark Ignition Timings
by Yanju Wei, Ruiheng Du, Yajie Zhang, Huzaifa Jamil, Zengqiang Zhu and Shenghua Liu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7544; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157544 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1150
Abstract
For electric reliability and to save energy, the distributed power generation combining cooling and heating supply called a CCHP system for architectures has many potential advantages and is widely adopted to provide electric power and to satisfy local heating and cooling loads by [...] Read more.
For electric reliability and to save energy, the distributed power generation combining cooling and heating supply called a CCHP system for architectures has many potential advantages and is widely adopted to provide electric power and to satisfy local heating and cooling loads by waste heat recovery with low carbon intensity. However, the current CCHP system usually has a fixed ratio of the power and heat due to the features of its power unit, which leads to difficulties in the load management. In this paper, based on the operation of an internal combustion engine fueled with natural gas, a novel method is proposed and studied to achieve a controllable rate of heat/power to meet different load requirements of the electricity and heat (cooling or heating loads). By varying the ignition timing of the spark ignition engine, the combustion process within the cylinder can be adjusted to occur at different crank angles so that the engine crank shaft output power (related to the generated electricity) and the heat from the exhaust gas are changed accordingly. To study the effects of ignition timing on engine power and exhaust heat energy, a two-zone model was established with a predictive combustion model. The changes in the combustion process, output power, exhaust gas temperature, and heat energy were mostly our concern. The results show that the heat/electricity ratio can be adjusted from normally 1.0 to 1.6, and they can be controlled independently under partial load operating conditions. To solve the potential thermal failure of the turbine, the extraordinarily high exhaust temperature will be adjusted by compressed air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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22 pages, 18064 KiB  
Article
New Ways to Measure Mechanical Losses by Motoring an ICE with Increased Cylinder Pressure
by Radek Procházka, Aleš Dittrich, Robert Voženílek and Stanislav Beroun
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042155 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2173
Abstract
The article shows the results of measuring the mechanical losses of a piston engine in two new ways and explains the necessary engine modification for these measurements. At the same time, it compares the results of measuring mechanical losses in the internal combustion [...] Read more.
The article shows the results of measuring the mechanical losses of a piston engine in two new ways and explains the necessary engine modification for these measurements. At the same time, it compares the results of measuring mechanical losses in the internal combustion engine (ICE) in the current (hitherto exploited) way and in new ways. The first method is not replacing the cylinder charge and regulating the cylinder pressure by feeding compressed air through self-acting valves into the cylinders of the motoring engine. The second method is a closed working cycle by means of an exhaust–intake connection, in which the load pressure in the cylinder is adjusted and maintained by a controlled-intake air supply. With the current method of measuring mechanical losses of a reciprocating internal combustion engine (ICE) by motoring, there are less than half the pressures in the cylinder compared to the pressures during real engine operation (i.e., in the combustion mode). Lower pressures in the cylinder reduce the force load on the piston group and the crank mechanism, and the detected mechanical losses in the engine are thus significantly reduced compared to the reality. In the laboratories of the propulsion units of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University in Liberec, research is underway on a new method of measuring mechanical losses of a reciprocating internal combustion engine by motoring with charge pressure profiles in engine cylinders comparable to cylinder pressures during standard engine operation. The paper shows the results of measuring the mechanical losses of a piston engine in two new ways and explains the necessary adjustment of the engine for these measurements. At the same time, it compares the results of measuring mechanical losses in a reciprocating engine in the current (hitherto used) way and new ways. The first method is not changing the cylinder charge and regulating the pressure in the cylinder by inserting compressed air through automatic valves into the cylinders of the motoring engine. The second method is a closed working circuit involving connecting the exhaust to the intake, in which the charge pressure in the cylinder is set and maintained by a controlled supply of compressed air to the intake manifold. The first method proved to be a more suitable way to investigate mechanical losses in ICE and determine the dependence of these losses on the pressure conditions in the engine cylinder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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22 pages, 7142 KiB  
Article
Medium-Energy Synthesis Gases from Waste as an Energy Source for an Internal Combustion Engine
by Andrej Chríbik, Marián Polóni, Ľuboš Magdolen and Matej Minárik
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010098 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
The aim of the presented article is to analyse the influence of synthesis gas composition on the power, economic, and internal parameters of an atmospheric two-cylinder spark-ignition internal combustion engine (displacement of 686 cm3) designed for a micro-cogeneration unit. Synthesis gases [...] Read more.
The aim of the presented article is to analyse the influence of synthesis gas composition on the power, economic, and internal parameters of an atmospheric two-cylinder spark-ignition internal combustion engine (displacement of 686 cm3) designed for a micro-cogeneration unit. Synthesis gases produced mainly from waste contain combustible components as their basic material (methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), as well as inert gases (carbon dioxide and nitrogen). A total of twelve synthesis gases were analysed that fall into the category of medium-energy gases with lower heating value in the range from 8 to 12 MJ/kg. All of the resulting parameters from the operation of the combustion engine powered by synthesis gases were compared with the reference fuel methane. The results show a decrease in the performance parameters for all operating loads and an increase in hourly fuel consumption. Specifically, for the operating speed of the micro-cogeneration unit (1500 L/min), the decrease in power parameters was in the range of 7.1–23.5%; however, the increase in hourly fuel consumption was higher by 270% to 420%. The decrease in effective efficiency ranged from 0.4 to 4.6%, which in percentage terms represented a decrease from 1.3% to 14.5%. The process of fuel combustion was most strongly influenced by the proportion of hydrogen and inert gases in the mixture. It can be concluded that setting up the synthesis gas production in the waste gasification process in order to achieve optimum performance and economic parameters of the combustion engine for a micro cogeneration unit has an influential role and is of crucial importance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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15 pages, 5236 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of the Fatigue Lifespan of Anchor Bolts with Consideration of Loading History
by Miroslav Pástor, Pavol Lengvarský, Martin Hagara, Alžbeta Sapietová and Patrik Šarga
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11399; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311399 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1989
Abstract
Preloaded bolted connections are one of the most used approaches for anchoring steel structures and equipment. Preload is induced by a mechanical tightening of the nut with the required torque. In the case of anchor bolts embedded in a concrete base, the prescribed [...] Read more.
Preloaded bolted connections are one of the most used approaches for anchoring steel structures and equipment. Preload is induced by a mechanical tightening of the nut with the required torque. In the case of anchor bolts embedded in a concrete base, the prescribed tightening procedure has to be followed for safe and reliable operation. The present paper addresses the problem of anchoring a new casting pedestal using the original anchor bolts. The aim was to verify the original anchoring system’s reliable and safe operation, taking into account the current condition of the bolts. The analysed anchoring bolts are subjected to cyclic (disappearing) stress during the rotation of the casting pedestal. If the interplays between the anchor bolt and the concrete foundation were damaged, production would shut down, resulting in high economic losses. For this reason, the authors used a modified nut with a lightened first thread when investigating the actual state of the anchoring and setting the required preload. The shape and dimensions of the nut were determined based on the results of numerical modelling. The experimental measurements consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the values of axial forces in the anchor bolts at the required preload were set using the designed dynamometers. The second phase was focused on the operational measurements. The methodology of measuring the axial forces and the interpretation of the results obtained, including a comprehensive view of the anchoring safety, provides relevant evidence of the functionality and effectiveness of the proposed solution. Based on the results of the operational measurement and the prescribed handling of the casting pedestal, the lifespan of the anchoring was determined to be 3650 days under the loading cycles to date. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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14 pages, 2669 KiB  
Article
Verification Measurement of Laboratory Test Equipment for Evaluation of Technical Properties of Automotive Oil Filters
by Ľubomír Hujo, Juraj Jablonický, Juraj Tulík, Ján Kosiba, Jerzy Kaszkowiak and Matej Michalides
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8435; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188435 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
By simulating the operating conditions, it is possible to verify and evaluate the technical properties of motor vehicle oil filters and the functionality of the designed equipment. Contaminated engine oil from operation was used with MANN W950/26 oil filter and a CNH Industrial [...] Read more.
By simulating the operating conditions, it is possible to verify and evaluate the technical properties of motor vehicle oil filters and the functionality of the designed equipment. Contaminated engine oil from operation was used with MANN W950/26 oil filter and a CNH Industrial 2992242 oil filter in the test circuit. Before use, the level of engine oil contamination in the test circuit was determined by evaluating the physicochemical properties. The laboratory test equipment also allows monitoring the technical life of oil filters, with variously contaminated engine oil, with the possibility of extending engine oil change service intervals depending on changes in the physicochemical properties of engine oil and filter efficiency. These laboratory tests can be performed in parallel in two hydraulic circuits, which can significantly reduce the testing time of the filter capabilities of oil filters, without the risk of engine damage, provided that the tests were performed under operating conditions. The results of the evaluation of the filtration capacity of oil filters can be used in the design of new filter materials, but also with a suitably determined methodology of oil filter replacement and engine oil change interval, it is possible to extend replacement intervals, which has a significant benefit not only from an economic but also ecological point of view. The result of the measurements is the confirmation of the functionality of the device with the possibility of simulating the operating conditions, at different degrees of oil contamination, at different operating temperatures and using different oil filters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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12 pages, 2434 KiB  
Article
An Economical and Precise Cooling Model and Its Application in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine
by Zhifeng Xie, Ao Wang and Zhuoran Liu
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6749; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156749 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1739
Abstract
The cooling system is an important subsystem of an internal combustion engine, which plays a vital role in the engine’s dynamical characteristic, the fuel economy, and emission output performance at each speed and load. This paper proposes an economical and precise model for [...] Read more.
The cooling system is an important subsystem of an internal combustion engine, which plays a vital role in the engine’s dynamical characteristic, the fuel economy, and emission output performance at each speed and load. This paper proposes an economical and precise model for an electric cooling system, including the modeling of engine heat rejection, water jacket temperature, and other parts of the cooling system. This model ensures that the engine operates precisely at the designated temperature and the total power consumption of the cooling system takes the minimum value at some power proportion of fan and pump. Speed maps for the cooling fan and pump at different speeds and loads of engine are predicted, which can be stored in the electronic control unit (ECU). This model was validated on a single-cylinder diesel engine, called the DK32. Furthermore, it was used to tune the temperature of the water jacket precisely. The results show that in the common use case, the electric cooling system can save the power of 255 W in contrast with the mechanical cooling system, which is about 1.9% of the engine’s power output. In addition, the validation results of the DK32 engine meet the non-road mobile machinery China-IV emission standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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16 pages, 4207 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Influence of CO2 Concentration on a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Biogas
by Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Alfredas Rimkus and Dalibor Barta
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146379 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
Biogas is one of the alternative solutions that could reduce the usage of fossil fuels and production of greenhouse gas emissions, as biogas is considered as an alternative fuel with a short carbon cycle. During biogas production, organic matter is decomposed during an [...] Read more.
Biogas is one of the alternative solutions that could reduce the usage of fossil fuels and production of greenhouse gas emissions, as biogas is considered as an alternative fuel with a short carbon cycle. During biogas production, organic matter is decomposed during an anaerobic digestion process. Biogas mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, of which the ratio varies depending on the raw material and parameters of the production process. Therefore, engine parameters should be adjusted in relationship with biogas composition. In this research, a spark ignition engine was tested for mixtures of biogas with 0 vol%, 20 vol%, 40 vol% and 50 vol% of CO2. In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used; the first one is a constant spark timing (26 crank angle degrees (CAD) before top dead center (BTDC)) and the second one is an advanced spark timing (optimal for biogas mixture). Results show that increasing the CO2 concentration and using constant spark timing increases the mass burned fraction combustion duration by 90%, reduces the in-cylinder pressure and leads to a reduction in the brake thermal efficiency and nitrogen oxides emissions at all measurement points. However, the choice of optimal spark timing increases the brake thermal efficiency as well as hydrocarbon and CO2 emission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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12 pages, 13768 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Biodiesel Influence on Unregulated Gaseous Emissions of Diesel Motor Vehicles
by Michal Puškár, Jozef Živčák, Štefan Král, Melichar Kopas and Matúš Lavčák
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4646; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104646 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1397
Abstract
This scientific study is focused on the analysis of an influence of the experimental diesel fuel mixtures containing various portions of the biocomponent on the unregulated gaseous emissions generated by a diesel motor vehicle, which is equipped with the diesel engine utilizing the [...] Read more.
This scientific study is focused on the analysis of an influence of the experimental diesel fuel mixtures containing various portions of the biocomponent on the unregulated gaseous emissions generated by a diesel motor vehicle, which is equipped with the diesel engine utilizing the direct fuel injection system “common rail”. The main reason for the choice of this engine type was its wide usage in the current vehicles. The experimental diesel fuel mixtures were created as a mixture of the standard low-sulfur diesel fuel with the biodiesel, using various mixing ratios. The experiments were realized by means of a special 13-regime engine test cycle, which was intentionally developed for the diesel combustion engines. All the individual experiments were performed on the base of the given test cycle with 13 different operational modes. The obtained results offer a complex view on the generation of the unregulated emissions with regard to the operational conditions and taking into consideration operational loading of the given experimental engine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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23 pages, 4033 KiB  
Article
Economic Analysis of Potential Secondary Use of Batteries from Electric Vehicles
by Jozef Živčák, Jaroslava Kádárová, Michaela Kočišová, Laura Lachvajderová and Michal Puškár
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093834 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
This article focuses on the practical use of used batteries from electric vehicles also known as 2nd life batteries. The first part emphasizes lithium batteries, which describes the overall life cycle of the battery, its number of charging cycles and secondary use. This [...] Read more.
This article focuses on the practical use of used batteries from electric vehicles also known as 2nd life batteries. The first part emphasizes lithium batteries, which describes the overall life cycle of the battery, its number of charging cycles and secondary use. This part of the article also focuses on implemented projects of 2nd life batteries from electric vehicles and there is an analysis of the market potential for 2nd life batteries mentioned at the end of the chapter. The second part of this study offers a practical proposition of two possible strategies for using 2nd life batteries. The main source of income in both cases is the provision of regulatory energy. Using the formulas and the function of the calculation model created in the MS Excel software, the appropriate price of the battery for car manufacturers will be calculated and from other possible scenarios of individual strategies will be expressed. The first strategy works with large central battery storage and the second strategy uses small, decentralized battery storage with a fast-charging station. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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15 pages, 12448 KiB  
Article
Influence of Material-Dependent Damping on Brake Squeal in a Specific Disc Brake System
by Juraj Úradníček, Miloš Musil, L’uboš Gašparovič and Michal Bachratý
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062625 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
The connection of two phenomena, nonconservative friction forces and dissipation-induced instability, can lead to many interesting engineering problems. We study the general material-dependent damping influence on the dynamic instability of disc brake systems leading to brake squeal. The effect of general damping is [...] Read more.
The connection of two phenomena, nonconservative friction forces and dissipation-induced instability, can lead to many interesting engineering problems. We study the general material-dependent damping influence on the dynamic instability of disc brake systems leading to brake squeal. The effect of general damping is demonstrated on minimal and complex models of a disc brake. Experimental analyses through the frequency response function (FRF) show different damping of the brake system coalescent modes, indicating possible dissipation-induced instability. A complex system including material-dependent damping is defined in commercial finite element (FE) software. A FE model validated by experimental data on the brake-disc test bench is used to compute the influence of a pad and disc damping variations on the system stability using complexe igenvalue analysis (CEVA). Numerical analyses show a significant sensitivity of the experimentally verified unstable mode of the system to the ratio of the damping between the disc and the friction material components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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31 pages, 7480 KiB  
Article
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) Diesel Prototype: Reducing Internal Engine Friction by about 40% under Idle Conditions
by Dimitrios Dardalis, Amiyo Basu, Matt J. Hall and Ronald D. Mattthews
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020779 - 15 Jan 2021
Viewed by 2954
Abstract
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) concept is a design concept for internal combustion engines, where the cylinder liner rotates at a surface speed of 2–4 m/s in order to assist piston ring lubrication. Specifically, we have evidence from prior art and from our [...] Read more.
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) concept is a design concept for internal combustion engines, where the cylinder liner rotates at a surface speed of 2–4 m/s in order to assist piston ring lubrication. Specifically, we have evidence from prior art and from our own research that the above rotation has the potential to eliminate the metal-to-metal contact/boundary friction that exists close to the piston reversal areas. This frictional source becomes a significant energy loss, especially in the compression/expansion part of the cycle, when the gas pressure that loads the piston rings and skirts is high. This paper describes the Diesel RLE prototype constructed from a Cummins 4BT and the preliminary observations from initial low load testing. The critical technical challenge, namely the rotating liner face seal, appears to be operating with negligible gas leakage and within the hydrodynamic lubrication regime for the loads tested (peak cylinder pressures of the order of 100 bar) and up to about 10 bar BMEP (brake mean effective pressure). Preliminary testing has proven that the metal-to-metal contact in the piston assembly mostly vanished, and a friction reduction at idle conditions of about 40% as extrapolated to a complete engine has taken place. It is expected that as the speed increases, the friction reduction percentage will diminish, but as the load increases, the friction reduction will increase. The fuel economy benefit over the US Heavy-Duty driving cycle will likely be of the order of 10% compared to a standard engine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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16 pages, 4616 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of an SI Engine Fueled by Biogas
by Saugirdas Pukalskas, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Alfredas Rimkus, Grzegorz Przybyła, Paweł Droździel and Dalibor Barta
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020742 - 14 Jan 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2930
Abstract
The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil [...] Read more.
The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines, but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research, a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mixtures of biogas and hydrogen (volumetric hydrogen concentration of 0, 14, 24, 33, and 43%). In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used: the first for an optimal mixture and the second for CNG. The results show that hydrogen increases combustion quality and reduces incomplete combustion products. Because of BG’s lower burning speed, the advanced ST increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.3% when the engine was running on biogas. Adding 14 vol% of hydrogen (H2) increases the burning speed of the mixture and enhances BTE by 2.6% at spark timing optimal for CNG (CNG ST) and 0.6% at the optimal mixture ST (mixture ST). Analyses of the rate of heat release (ROHR), temperature, and pressure increase in the cylinder were carried out using utility BURN in AVL BOOST software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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12 pages, 1974 KiB  
Article
Design of Laboratory Test Equipment for Automotive Oil Filters to Evaluate the Technical Life of Engine Oil
by Hujo Ľubomír, Jablonický Juraj, Markovič Jaromír, Tulík Juraj, Simikić Mirko, Zastempowski Marcin and Janoušková Romana
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020483 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2587
Abstract
The main aim of the article is to present the design of laboratory test equipment, which is appropriate for monitoring the efficiency of oil filters and the system for evaluating the technical life of engine oils in terms of possible extension of service [...] Read more.
The main aim of the article is to present the design of laboratory test equipment, which is appropriate for monitoring the efficiency of oil filters and the system for evaluating the technical life of engine oils in terms of possible extension of service intervals. The functionality of the designed laboratory test equipment for the filtration of motor oils was verified by a practical experiment with a verification measurement and assessment of the suitability of the hydraulic circuit elements and the designed sensing equipment. The laboratory equipment enables the testing of oil filters with different filtration capacity during simultaneous testing in two separate hydraulic circuits with differently contaminated engine oil, while it enables laboratory measurements to be performed while simulating operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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14 pages, 1318 KiB  
Article
Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
by Jozef Živčák, Jaroslava Kádárová, Michal Puškár, Michaela Kočišová and Laura Lachvajderová
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8945; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248945 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
Society and the government perceive alternative propulsions as a way out of a world of high emissions. For several years now, European countries have been trying to enforce various strategic plans in which they give maximum support to electromobility. Subsidies and emission limits [...] Read more.
Society and the government perceive alternative propulsions as a way out of a world of high emissions. For several years now, European countries have been trying to enforce various strategic plans in which they give maximum support to electromobility. Subsidies and emission limits for car manufacturers or strategic plans for the development of electromobility in each European country are only a small part of the enormous support for the development of this new alternative drive. However, questions arise in the energy and ecology sectors: Is Slovakia ready to increase the number of electric vehicles? Will Slovakia have enough energy sources? Are electric cars really as clean as they are presented? The article focuses on these issues and, through detailed analysis, based on individual annual reports of each sector, refutes or confirms the fact that electromobility is a promising alternative and a replacement for internal combustion engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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12 pages, 4430 KiB  
Article
Meshing Stiffness—A Parameter Affecting the Emission of Gearboxes
by Silvia Maláková, Michal Puškár, Peter Frankovský, Samuel Sivák, Maroš Palko and Miroslav Palko
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8678; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238678 - 04 Dec 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
Emission is one of the key problems in the automotive industry, which engineers try to eliminate by lowering emissions to the minimum. Transmission emission plays an important part here. The basic characteristics of gears include their shape, load capacity, and emissions. The most [...] Read more.
Emission is one of the key problems in the automotive industry, which engineers try to eliminate by lowering emissions to the minimum. Transmission emission plays an important part here. The basic characteristics of gears include their shape, load capacity, and emissions. The most significant source of noise and vibration in the gearbox is the step change in the meshing stiffness of the gearing, which depends on the path of meshing at the entry and exit of the meshed teeth. Ensuring a permanent multi-pair mesh is a way to mitigate these step changes as much as possible. This leads to the design and implementation of gears in an integer contact ratio. In addition to this, the article deals with the impact of individual parameters on the stiffness of the gearing, which is a source of noise and vibration. The meshing stiffness of the gearing was determined on the deformation basis of the gearing, as solved by the Finite Element Method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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19 pages, 5024 KiB  
Article
Pollutant Emissions and Combustion Efficiency Assessment of Engines Using Biodiesel
by Juan Carlos Paredes Rojas, Christopher Rene Torres San Miguel, Rubén Vázquez Medina, José Alfredo Leal Naranjo, Fernando Elí Ortiz Hernàndez and Ramón Costa Castelló
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8646; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238646 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2846
Abstract
This paper evaluates the biodiesel produced by a biodiesel plant located in the Mexican Centre for Cleaner Production (CMP + L by its acronym in Spanish) of the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. Pollutant emissions from two types of engines were studied: a [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the biodiesel produced by a biodiesel plant located in the Mexican Centre for Cleaner Production (CMP + L by its acronym in Spanish) of the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. Pollutant emissions from two types of engines were studied: a low power monocylinder engine and a 30-kW electric generator diesel engine. The tests were performed with the following blends: B5, B10, B15, B20, B30, B40, and B50. Parameters such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, and combustion efficiency were analyzed, as well as sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and combustion temperatures. It was demonstrated that NOx increases as the percentage of biodiesel increases, while CO decreases slightly using the monocylinder engine. In the case of the electric generator diesel engine, the B5 mixture had the highest trend for NOx and the lowest trend for CO. Likewise, combustion efficiency was found to be severely affected by the biodiesel blends, i.e., from B5 to B20. An analytical study and experimental thermography tests of the combustion process with biodiesel blends were carried out, and the technical problems of operation when incorporating biodiesel blends are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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15 pages, 12819 KiB  
Article
Application of Advanced Measuring Methods for Identification of Stresses and Deformations of Automotive Structures
by Miroslav Pástor, Jozef Živčák, Michal Puškár, Pavol Lengvarský and Ivana Klačková
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7510; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217510 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 1618
Abstract
In the automotive industry, 3D laser scanning is the most frequently used method to check the geometry of the shape and dimensions of a body in individual stages of production, where the scanned model is compared in a computer model. This procedure identifies [...] Read more.
In the automotive industry, 3D laser scanning is the most frequently used method to check the geometry of the shape and dimensions of a body in individual stages of production, where the scanned model is compared in a computer model. This procedure identifies excessive deformations around the roof antenna of an SUV. The manufacturer assumed that these deformations occurred during the antenna assembly process. An analysis of possible causes of deformation occurrence was performed based on the comparison of results obtained by numerical and experimental modelling. Experimental measurements using tensometry performed on a painted and unpainted roof structure showed the effect of paint reinforcement on deformations around the antenna. Based on the analysis of results obtained directly under operational load, it was found that the installation of the antenna was carried out on the already deformed roof plate and the installation process itself was not the primary cause of the identified excessive deformations. The presented results of deformation and stress analysis document deeper connections between the measured displacements of 3D scanning and the technological process of component production itself. The use of the achieved results should especially help designers, calculators, technologists as well as production quality controllers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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15 pages, 8577 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Identification of Turbocharger Impeller Mistuning—A New Tool for Low Emission Engine Development
by Václav Píštěk, Pavel Kučera, Oleksij Fomin, Alyona Lovska and Aleš Prokop
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6394; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186394 - 14 Sep 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2476
Abstract
At present, exhaust gas turbochargers not only form the basis for the economical operation of petrol, diesel or gas engines of all power categories, but also have an irreplaceable role on reducing their emissions. In order to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines, [...] Read more.
At present, exhaust gas turbochargers not only form the basis for the economical operation of petrol, diesel or gas engines of all power categories, but also have an irreplaceable role on reducing their emissions. In order to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines, various systems are being developed, all of which have a turbocharger as an important component. Demands on turbocharger system durability and reliability keep growing, which requires the application of increasingly advanced computational and experimental methods at the development beginning of these systems. The design of turbochargers starts with a mathematical description of their rotationally cyclic impellers. However, mistuning, i.e., a slight individual blade property deviation from the intended design parameters, leads to a disturbance of the rotational cyclic symmetry. This article deals with the effects of manufacturing-related deviations on the structural dynamic behaviour of real turbine rotors. As opposed to methods exploiting expensive scanning vibrometers for experimental modal analysis or time-consuming accurate measurement of the geometry of individual blades using 3D optical scanners. A suitable microphone and a finite element rotor wheel model are the basis of this new method. After comparing the described acoustic approach with the laser vibrometer procedure, the results seemed to be practically identical. In comparison with the laser technique the unquestionable added value of this new method is the fact that it brings a significant reduction in the financial requirements for laboratory equipment. Another important benefit is that the measuring process of bladed wheel mistuning is significantly less time-consuming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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22 pages, 17494 KiB  
Article
Characteristic Analysis and Co-Validation of Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission Based on the Wheel Loader
by Lirong Wan, Hanzheng Dai, Qingliang Zeng, Zhiyuan Sun and Mingqian Tian
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5900; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175900 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2768
Abstract
Energy-saving and emission reduction has become the theme of the world. The wheel loader has a harsh working environment, complicated working conditions, and drastic changes in load, and the performance of the engine cannot be fully utilized. Therefore, the variable speed transmission of [...] Read more.
Energy-saving and emission reduction has become the theme of the world. The wheel loader has a harsh working environment, complicated working conditions, and drastic changes in load, and the performance of the engine cannot be fully utilized. Therefore, the variable speed transmission of vehicles plays a vital role in improving the efficiency and performance of the vehicle. This paper establishes the general characteristic equations for the input coupling type of hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) based on the wheel loader and determines reasonable structural forms for connection of working conditions. It establishes the general efficiency equation for the reasonable structural form for efficiency analysis and presents a method of co-validation of the simulation and test for making the results of efficiency more accurate. Through this method, the transmission performance is more accurately analyzed, which provides an important guiding role and validation for the early design of HMCVT. Eventually, it gets reasonably optimized products and reduces the design cost and cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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15 pages, 3081 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Evaluation Method of Autonomous Emergency Vehicle Braking for Pedestrians Test Using Monocular Cameras
by Bong-Ju Kim and Seon-Bong Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134683 - 07 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2989
Abstract
Traffic accidents continue to increase in Korea as traffic increases, and the resulting loss of life is also on the rise. According to data surveyed by the South Korean National Police Agency, 45,921 pedestrian traffic accidents were reported in 2019, resulting in 1487 [...] Read more.
Traffic accidents continue to increase in Korea as traffic increases, and the resulting loss of life is also on the rise. According to data surveyed by the South Korean National Police Agency, 45,921 pedestrian traffic accidents were reported in 2019, resulting in 1487 deaths and 46,400 injuries. Due to the increased interest in traffic accident safety, the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) concept is rapidly developing and playing a significant role in coping with activities that are not recognized by the driver. Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), a representative ADAS system, is a system that is useful for preventing and mitigating accidents by braking vehicles in emergencies. For the study of AEBs’ safety evaluation methods for pedestrians, a distance measurement method using a monocular camera with excellent accessibility, and measurement equipment required to validate data on the movement of vehicles, and a dummy to replace pedestrians are used. Based on the evaluation scenario considering the proposed Korea road environment, the relative distance obtained from equipment like DGPS and the relative distance using a monocular camera is compared and analyzed to verify safety. Comparative analysis shows that the minimum deviation is 2.3 cm, the third test result of 30 km/h of Car-to-Pedestrian Nearside Child (CPNC), and the maximum deviation is 25 cm, the first test result of 25 km/h of Car-to-Pedestrian Nearside Adult (CPNA). The main factor in error generation is that the lane recognition in the camera image is not accurate, and the perception of small children is slow, which is why emergency braking is considered to have been slow. It is deemed that a safety assessment in weather conditions of adverse conditions will be required in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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13 pages, 6102 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Risks of Hydrogen Leakage from Hydrogen-Powered Cars and Their Possible Impact on Automotive Market Share Increase
by Juraj Sinay, Tomáš Brestovič, Jaromír Markovič, Juraj Glatz, Michal Gorzás and Marta Vargová
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4292; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124292 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3642
Abstract
For the safe operation of a hydrogen-powered car, one of the strategic requirements is to design the drive chain so that it is burdened with the least possible risk. At the same time, in order to be able to use it in normal [...] Read more.
For the safe operation of a hydrogen-powered car, one of the strategic requirements is to design the drive chain so that it is burdened with the least possible risk. At the same time, in order to be able to use it in normal operation, it is necessary to create a risk management system throughout the life of the car so that risks are minimized to the level of their acceptability not only by customers but also by a comprehensive infrastructure during its technical life. Experience has shown that one of the decisive risks in the operation of a hydrogen-powered car is the leakage of hydrogen from the car’s fuel system. The article analyzes the pressure effects on obstacles in the explosion of 1 m3 of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air. The analysis of the instantaneous pressures as a function of time describes the possible consequences for the human body and the surrounding objects with regard to the distance from the center of the explosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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12 pages, 1957 KiB  
Article
Selection of an Appropriate Pre-Injection Pattern in a Marine Diesel Engine Through a Multiple-Criteria Decision Making Approach
by María Isabel Lamas Galdo, Laura Castro-Santos and Carlos G. Rodríguez Vidal
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2482; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072482 - 04 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
In the present work, a numerical model was developed to analyze a commercial diesel engine. The adequacy of this model was validated using experimental results. This model was employed to study several pre-injection strategies. Particularly, the pre-injection rate, duration and starting instant were [...] Read more.
In the present work, a numerical model was developed to analyze a commercial diesel engine. The adequacy of this model was validated using experimental results. This model was employed to study several pre-injection strategies. Particularly, the pre-injection rate, duration and starting instant were analyzed in the ranges 5% to 25%, 1° to 5° and −22° to −18°, respectively. The effect on consumption and emissions of NOx, CO, and HC wereas evaluated. Since some of these configurations have opposite effects on consumption and/or emissions, it is necessary to develop a formal tool to characterize the most appropriate injection pattern. To this end, a multiple-criteria decision making approach was employed. It was found that the injection duration must remain as low as possible due to significant reductions in NOx. The most appropriate injection pattern resulted 1° pre-injection duration, 20% pre-injection rate, and −19° pre-injection starting instant. This configuration leads to increments of 6.7% in consumption, 3.47% in CO, and 3.83% in HC but reduces NOx by 34.67% in comparison with the case without pre-injection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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22 pages, 31680 KiB  
Project Report
Development and Application of Advanced Technological Solutions within Construction of Experimental Vehicle
by Jozef Živčák, Michal Puškár, Tomáš Brestovič, Anna Nagyová, Miroslav Palko, Maroš Palko, Viktória Krajňáková, Juliána Ivanková and Norbert Šmajda
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5348; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155348 - 03 Aug 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
Changing market requirements, pressure to minimize production costs, competition, but also legislative restrictions have an impact on a number of areas, not excluding the automotive industry. Currently, development trends are moving towards the application of advanced technological solutions and materials, with the aim [...] Read more.
Changing market requirements, pressure to minimize production costs, competition, but also legislative restrictions have an impact on a number of areas, not excluding the automotive industry. Currently, development trends are moving towards the application of advanced technological solutions and materials, with the aim to reduce vehicle‘s weight, increase their strength and safety, and at the same time reduce the emission of vehicles. The Shell Eco Marathon competition is an excellent platform for the implementation of these activities. The main goal of the competition is to support the creative invention of research teams and bring innovative ideas and technical solutions. The scientific article focuses on a detailed analysis of development steps in the construction of experimental vehicles. The results of the research were presented at a competition in London 2019 with successful achievement. This work is a contribution to the design and aerodynamic optimization of the body and at the same time brings new ideas and structural elements to improve the production power unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems)
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