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Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II
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Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2023) | Viewed by 13484

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alexey Beskopylny

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Guest Editor
Department of the Transport Systems, Don State Technical University, 344002 Rostov Oblast, Russia
Interests: mechanical properties; finite element analysis; structural analysis; structural dynamics; finite element modeling; mechanical behavior of materials; mechanical testing construction; construction engineering mechanics of materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Anatoly Lavrentyev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Interests: semiconductor; energy; experimental physics; solid state physics; density functional theory; materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Evgenii Shcherban

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Geology, Bases and Foundations, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Interests: technology and organization of construction; technology and products from heavy and cellular concrete; quality control; technology and organization of testing of building materials and products; legislation and regulatory and technical documentation in construction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sergei Stel’makh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Interests: building constructions; buildings; structures; materials; products of heavy and aerated concrete; specifications and technical documentation in the construction and quality control in construction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reinforced concrete continues to be the most widely used material in the construction field. Modern trends in civil engineering pose new challenges in optimizing structures, introducing energy-efficient technologies, and creating comfortable conditions for a person's stay. This Special Issue is aimed at solving urgent problems in the field of innovative methods for the manufacture of reinforced concrete, the use of new materials and technologies, and application of modern calculation methods. Papers are invited which consider the urgent problems of the use of new materials, concrete manufacturing technologies, non-destructive testing methods, determination of physical properties, and new applications. Moreover, articles are welcomed which discuss related processes, modeling of the behavior of reinforced concrete structures under unsteady influences, and the use of artificial intelligence algorithms. Case studies describing real-world applications of new technologies are also very welcome.

This new Special Issue is a continuation of the previous Special Issue, “Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications”, which was closed on 15 March 2022 including 18 valuable peer-reviewed papers. The new Special Issue continues to encourage scholars to contribute their new research.

Prof. Dr. Alexey Beskopylny
Prof. Dr. Anatoly Lavrentyev
Dr. Evgenii Shcherban
Dr. Sergei Stel’makh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • reinforced concrete
  • energy-efficient technologies
  • structural modeling
  • reinforced concrete manufacturing
  • non-destructive testing
  • physical properties determination

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 163 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II”
by Alexey N. Beskopylny, Anatoly Lavrentyev, Evgenii M. Shcherban’ and Sergey A. Stel’makh
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11244; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011244 - 13 Oct 2023
Viewed by 478
Abstract
Concrete and reinforced concrete remain the most popular building materials for use in building structures in modern construction and production [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)

Research

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16 pages, 2278 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive Testing in Concrete Maturity Modeling and Master Curve Development
by Setare Saremi and Dimitrios Goulias
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7770; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137770 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 865
Abstract
Assessing concrete quality as construction goes on provides early warnings of potential flaws and leads to timely corrections in mix proportioning and placement techniques. Compressive strength and maturity modeling are among the most common parameters used by the concrete industry. Past studies indicated [...] Read more.
Assessing concrete quality as construction goes on provides early warnings of potential flaws and leads to timely corrections in mix proportioning and placement techniques. Compressive strength and maturity modeling are among the most common parameters used by the concrete industry. Past studies indicated that non-destructive methods, NDTs, relate well to maturity and concrete strength predictions. In this study, the hydration temperature–time history of concrete was explored in defining “master curves” for concrete maturity for the first time. Well-accepted NDTs, such as ultrasonic pulse velocity and resonant frequency, were used in this effort. The study findings indicated that the novel approach of “master curves” for the maturity of concrete can be defined and follow a generalized logarithmic form. The best fit models relating NDT response and the maturity temperature–time product provided a high coefficient of determination (i.e., in almost all cases above 0.9 and p < 0.05), thus resulting in a very good fit. The shift factors for each mixture’s maturity function in relation to the master curve were related to concrete properties. The shifted maturity functions from the concrete mixtures included in the study had a perfect transition to the master curve (i.e., all the shifted data overlap the master curve trend line with an R2 = 1). The NDTs’ ability to capture the hydration temperature-time history was assessed with impeded sensors into the concrete mixtures. This approach has provided strength prediction models with a high accuracy (i.e., good agreement between observed and predicted strength values with R2 = 0.93). The proposed NDT-based maturity modeling through “master curve” development provides significant benefits in relation to traditional maturity modeling since it offers the opportunity to: (i) predict strength without having to repeat maturity testing each time a producer adjusts mixture proportioning to fine tune mix design; (ii) save testing time and cost due to reduced maturity evaluation from the use of master curves; and (iii) be able to quickly predict without further testing what the strength gain will be due to variations in mixture proportioning. The ability to monitor concrete maturity, and thus strength, with NDTs in reinforced concrete is of particular interest since using cores is problematic due to the presence of reinforcement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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16 pages, 4308 KiB  
Article
Discovery and Classification of Defects on Facing Brick Specimens Using a Convolutional Neural Network
by Alexey N. Beskopylny, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, Irina Razveeva, Alexey Kozhakin, Diana El’shaeva, Nikita Beskopylny and Gleb Onore
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5413; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095413 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1548
Abstract
In recent years, visual automatic non-destructive testing using machine vision algorithms has been widely used in industry. This approach for detecting, classifying, and segmenting defects in building materials and structures can be effectively implemented using convolutional neural networks. Using intelligent systems in the [...] Read more.
In recent years, visual automatic non-destructive testing using machine vision algorithms has been widely used in industry. This approach for detecting, classifying, and segmenting defects in building materials and structures can be effectively implemented using convolutional neural networks. Using intelligent systems in the initial stages of manufacturing can eliminate defective building materials, prevent the spread of defective products, and detect the cause of specific damage. In this article, the solution to the problem of building elements flaw detection using the computer vision method was considered. Using the YOLOv5s convolutional neural network for the detection and classification of various defects of the structure, the appearance of finished products of facing bricks that take place at the production stage is shown during technological processing, packaging, transportation, or storage. The algorithm allows for the detection of foreign inclusions, broken corners, cracks, and color unevenness, including the presence of rust spots. To train the detector, our own empirical database of images of facing brick samples was obtained. The set of training data for the neural network algorithm for discovering defects and classifying images was expanded by using our own augmentation algorithm. The results show that the developed YOLOv5s model has a high accuracy in solving the problems of defect detection: mAP0.50 = 87% and mAP0.50:0.95 = 72%. It should be noted that the use of synthetic data obtained by augmentation makes it possible to achieve a good generalizing ability from the algorithm, it has the potential to expand visual variability and practical applicability in various shooting conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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18 pages, 6386 KiB  
Article
A Siphon Drainage Method for Consolidation of Soft Soil Foundation
by Jun Wang, Qingsong Shen, Shuai Yuan, Xiaohong Wang, Junwei Shu, Jun Zheng and Hongyue Sun
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063633 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The drainage consolidation method can reduce porosity to consolidate soft soils. In this study, a novel siphon drainage method is used as the drainage consolidation method to lower the groundwater level. Compared to other drainage methods, the siphon drainage method is power-free, environmental-friendly, [...] Read more.
The drainage consolidation method can reduce porosity to consolidate soft soils. In this study, a novel siphon drainage method is used as the drainage consolidation method to lower the groundwater level. Compared to other drainage methods, the siphon drainage method is power-free, environmental-friendly, and highly efficient. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the feasibility of the siphon drainage method on soft soil treatment. In addition, the effects of soil permeability and drainage hole spacing on its application efficiency have been studied. The results show that: (a) The siphon drainage method can accelerate the consolidation by lowering the groundwater level; (b) The larger the soil permeability is, the faster the pore water pressure decreases; (c) Adopting 1 m hole-spacing in the siphon drainage is much more efficient than methods which have a 2 m hole-spacing. In addition, the siphon drainage method is proven the effective in soft soil foundation treatment by a field test in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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15 pages, 7791 KiB  
Article
Features of the Internal Force Factors Distribution in Reinforced Concrete Piles of Complex Cross Section under the Influence of a Transverse Load
by Albert Prokopov, Alexander Akopyan, Anton Chepurnenko, Elizaveta Rusakova and Vladimir Akopyan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042673 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164
Abstract
Bar reinforced concrete structures, which include piles, in real working conditions perceive a whole range of internal force factors. Axial tension-compression forces, bending moments and shear forces are the most commonly perceived internal force factors. Of particular interest is the effect on the [...] Read more.
Bar reinforced concrete structures, which include piles, in real working conditions perceive a whole range of internal force factors. Axial tension-compression forces, bending moments and shear forces are the most commonly perceived internal force factors. Of particular interest is the effect on the cross section of the shear force. If a complex curly shape is replaced by elementary form, then the calculation is not difficult. However, when calculating the composite cross section, there is no unambiguous solution. In accordance with the adopted regulatory documentation, it is necessary to accept only a main part, while discarding the surrounding areas. It is important to study the configuration of the shape of a complex section for the perception of a shear force. The purpose of the work was to refine the account of the entire complex section using numerical simulation by the finite element method, analytical calculations and small-scale experiments. Determination of further practical application of the obtained results on real structures was also the goal of the study. The parameters of the distribution of shear force between the main rib and flanges were obtained by numerical analysis and small-scale experiments. Numerical models of rectangular and tee cross sections beams have been developed. Analytical dependences were studied and full-scale tests of reinforced concrete beams of various sections were carried out. It has been established that when taking into account the work of the entire cross-section, the bearing capacity of concrete for the action of a shear force is 20% greater than when calculating only the main section without taking into account the shelves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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12 pages, 3054 KiB  
Article
Elastic–Plastic Stage of Transverse Deformations in the Compressed Zone of Real Reinforced Concrete Beams
by Iakov Iskhakov, Yuri Ribakov, Klaus Holschemacher and Stefan Kaeseberg
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042306 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 879
Abstract
The relationship between transverse and longitudinal deformations (Poisson ratio) in the compressed zone of bending reinforced concrete elements is still not properly considered in designs. This factor is important as it is related to the formation of transverse cracks in the compressed zone [...] Read more.
The relationship between transverse and longitudinal deformations (Poisson ratio) in the compressed zone of bending reinforced concrete elements is still not properly considered in designs. This factor is important as it is related to the formation of transverse cracks in the compressed zone of the elements. The main aim of the present research was an experimental investigation of the Poisson ratio in the compressed zone of real single- and two-layer reinforced concrete beams as well as a comparison with the theoretical model proposed in this study. The elastic and elastic–plastic stages were analyzed using experimental data for real beams with a span of 8 m. It was shown that the term “Poisson coefficient” had a limited validity for elastic longitudinal deformations up to 0.5‰. After reaching this limit, the suitable term was “Poisson ratio”. The obtained results allowed a more accurate prediction of transverse deformations and the corresponding cracks, defining a new limit state for bending reinforced concrete elements. Therefore, the authors recommend that the obtained results are considered in order to increase the design accuracy of reinforced concrete bending elements. The outcomes of this study and the proposed theoretical concept should be included in modern design provisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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19 pages, 8037 KiB  
Article
Influence of Variotropy on the Change in Concrete Strength under the Impact of Wet–Dry Cycles
by Alexey N. Beskopylny, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, Andrei Chernil’nik, Diana El’shaeva and Anastasia Pogrebnyak
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031745 - 29 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
One of the most dangerous types of cyclic effects, especially inherent in several regions in the world, is the alternating impact of wetting and drying on concrete and reinforced concrete structures. In the current scientific literature and practice, there is not enough fundamental [...] Read more.
One of the most dangerous types of cyclic effects, especially inherent in several regions in the world, is the alternating impact of wetting and drying on concrete and reinforced concrete structures. In the current scientific literature and practice, there is not enough fundamental and applied information about the resistance to wetting and drying of variotropic concretes obtained by centrifugal compaction methods. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of various technological, compositional, and other factors on the final resistance of variotropic concrete to alternating cycles of moistening and drying. For this, special methods for testing concrete samples were used in the work. It has been established that after strength gain as a result of hydration, there is a tendency for strength loss due to concrete wear. An acidic medium has the most negative effect on the strength characteristics of concretes made using various technologies, compared with neutral and alkaline media. The loss of strength of concrete when moistened in an acidic medium was greater than in alkaline and especially neutral media. The vibrocentrifuged concrete turned out to be the most resistant to the impact of an aggressive environment and the cycles of moistening and drying, compared to the centrifuged and vibrated concrete. The drop in strength was up to 7% less compared to centrifuged concrete and up to 17% less than vibrated concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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32 pages, 14768 KiB  
Article
Behavior of Confined Headed Bar Connection for Precast Reinforced Concrete Member Assembly
by Zihao Liang, Chao Gong, Weiqiao Liang, Sumei Zhang and Xiaozhong Li
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020827 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1489
Abstract
The mechanical performance of precast RC structures relies on the connections, especially the connections of steel bars, between precast RC members. Grouted sleeve splices and grouted spiral-confined overlap connections are widely used in engineering practice in China. Both of these two connection splices [...] Read more.
The mechanical performance of precast RC structures relies on the connections, especially the connections of steel bars, between precast RC members. Grouted sleeve splices and grouted spiral-confined overlap connections are widely used in engineering practice in China. Both of these two connection splices require on-site grouting. The process is concealed and invisible, leading to difficult on-site inspection. The unseen defects cause a challenge for detection and repair, which may impair the reliability of precast RC members’ behavior. This paper presents an RC member assembly connection with visible on-site construction quality-monitoring. The proposed confined headed-bar connection (CHBC) consists of two overlapping headed bars and confinement stirrup. With CHBC, the potential construction defects are diminished, and subsequently the construction quality as well as the reliability is upgraded. Experimental investigation on 18 CHBC specimens was carried out; the main parameters considered were overlap length and bar-head size. The failure modes, bearing capacity, stirrup strain development and bond versus slip response are studied. Working mechanism of CHBC is investigated in terms of bond behavior force and concrete compression force at head experimentally and numerically; distributive relationship of these two forces is revealed. The results show that for Φ12 reinforcement, a 90 mm overlap length under test parameters is adequate to reach headed bar ultimate strength in CHBC. Finally, a CHBC-bearing capacity prediction method is suggested based on the superposition method and strut-and-tie model theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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Review

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22 pages, 3357 KiB  
Review
Making a Case for Hybrid GFRP-Steel Reinforcement System in Concrete Beams: An Overview
by Rajeev Devaraj, Ayodele Olofinjana and Christophe Gerber
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031463 - 22 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Ageing concrete infrastructures are known to be facing deterioration, especially regarding the corrosion of their reinforcing steel. As a solution, glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) bars are now considered a reinforcement alternative to conventional steel, and design codes now exist for designing GFRP-RC structures. [...] Read more.
Ageing concrete infrastructures are known to be facing deterioration, especially regarding the corrosion of their reinforcing steel. As a solution, glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) bars are now considered a reinforcement alternative to conventional steel, and design codes now exist for designing GFRP-RC structures. However, there is a need to improve on addressing the limited plastic yield in GFRPs. Consequently, it is suggested that a hybrid steel–GFRP RC system can enhance the mechanical performance of flexure beams up to the required standard and, at the same time, address the durability concerns of steel-only RC beams. This overview presents the studies conducted to enhance the performance of hybrid GFRP–steel RC beams by reviewing the analytical models proposed to improve the various aspects of reinforcement design. The models consider mechanical effects such as ductility, crack width, flexure and shear, and the physical effects such as thermal stability when exposed to the temperature. Though the evidence reviewed supports the viability of the hybrid GFRP–steel reinforcing system to address ductility, much is still required in the area of research, as highlighted in the future outlook. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications Volume II)
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