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Applied Sciences
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Progress in 3D Printing of Materials
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Progress in 3D Printing of Materials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 23459

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Manoj Gupta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
Interests: metal additive manufacturing; processing; characterization; lightweight materials; nanocomposites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

3D printing is rapidly emerging as a key manufacturing technique capable of serving a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from engineering to biomedical sectors. Its ability to form both simple and intricate shapes through computer-controlled graphics enables it to create a niche in the manufacturing sector. Many challenges have been solved, while many challenges remain, and much research is still required to develop 3D printing technology for all classes of materials including polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. In view of the growing importance and acceptance of 3D manufacturing worldwide, we are launching this Special Issue, aiming to seek original articles to further assist in the development of this promising technology from both scientific and technological perspectives. Targeted reviews including mini-reviews are also welcome, as they play a crucial role in educating students and young researchers.

Assoc. Prof. Manoj Gupta
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Processing
  • Characterization
  • Properties (physical, mechanical, thermal, chemical properties etc.)
  • Numerical simulation
  • Applications (automotive, aviation, consumer electronics, sports, bio-medical, etc.)

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5008 KiB  
Article
Repeatability and Reproducibility Assessment of a PolyJet Technology Using X-ray Computed Tomography
by Ana Pilipović, Gorana Baršić, Marko Katić and Maja Rujnić Havstad
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7040; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207040 - 10 Oct 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2584
Abstract
From the very start of their use until today, processes in Additive Manufacturing (AM) have found a way to grow from prototype production to individual and small-series production. Improvements in machinery, materials and other challenges in AM development have improved product quality, its [...] Read more.
From the very start of their use until today, processes in Additive Manufacturing (AM) have found a way to grow from prototype production to individual and small-series production. Improvements in machinery, materials and other challenges in AM development have improved product quality, its mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. Research in the field of dimensional accuracy must be focused on achieving better tolerances. From the beginning of AM, there has been a big issue in assuring dimensional repeatability and reproducibility of a part being printed over the course of several days. In order to examine that, a test plate was designed and built repeatedly with PolyJet technology over the course of several weeks. Measurements of dimensional accuracy and shape deviations of several typical features were carried out using X-ray Computed Tomography. Measurement results were analysed and presented in order to indicate the repeatability and reproducibility of PolyJet AM technology. Results show that PolyJet technology consistently produces parts within ±100 μm, at a 95% confidence interval, under reproducibility conditions of over a 1-month period. Accuracy for measurands (distance) in the x and y axis was significantly better than it was for the z axis which was from 56 to 197 µm, i.e., in the x and y axis, it was from −8 to 76 µm. Shape errors (i.e., cylindricity) were larger than positional or dimensional errors; this can be attributed to relatively large surface roughness and small feature sizes on the test plate that was used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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22 pages, 4908 KiB  
Article
Monotonic and Fatigue Properties of Steel Material Manufactured by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
by Michael Wächter, Marcel Leicher, Moritz Hupka, Chris Leistner, Lukas Masendorf, Kai Treutler, Swenja Kamper, Alfons Esderts, Volker Wesling and Stefan Hartmann
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5238; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155238 - 29 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3941
Abstract
In this study, the monotonic and cyclic material properties of steel material of medium static strength produced additively in the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process were investigated. This investigated material is expected to be particularly applicable to the field of mechanical engineering, [...] Read more.
In this study, the monotonic and cyclic material properties of steel material of medium static strength produced additively in the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process were investigated. This investigated material is expected to be particularly applicable to the field of mechanical engineering, for which practical applications of the WAAM process are still pending and for which hardly any characteristic values can be found in the literature so far. The focus of the investigation was, on the one hand, to determine how the material characteristics are influenced by the load direction in relation to the layered structure and, on the other hand, how they are affected by different interlayer temperatures. For this purpose, monotonic tensile tests were carried out at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures, and the cyclic material properties were determined. In addition, the hardness of the material and the residual stresses induced during production were measured and compared. In addition to the provision of characteristic properties for the investigated material, it was aimed to determine the extent to which the interlayer temperature influences the strength characteristics, since this can have a considerable influence on the production times and, thus, the economic efficiency of the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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12 pages, 5060 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Fused Deposition Modeling Process of Graphene/Nano-Fe3O4 Composite Absorber and its Absorbing Properties of Electromagnetic Microwave
by Haihua Wu, Lei Xing, Yu Cai, Li Liu, Enyi He, Bo Li and Xiaoyong Tian
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041508 - 22 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2356
Abstract
Graphene/polylactic acid; nano-Fe3O4/polylactic acid; and graphene/nano-Fe3O4/polylactic acid composite absorbers are independently produced by fused deposition modeling technology. The effects of the content of graphene and nano-Fe3O4 on absorbing properties are investigated. After [...] Read more.
Graphene/polylactic acid; nano-Fe3O4/polylactic acid; and graphene/nano-Fe3O4/polylactic acid composite absorbers are independently produced by fused deposition modeling technology. The effects of the content of graphene and nano-Fe3O4 on absorbing properties are investigated. After measuring the electromagnetic parameters using the waveguide method, the absorbing property is characterized according to the transmission line theory. The distribution of graphene and nano-Fe3O4 in the matrix is observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results show that the graphene and nanometer ferroferric oxide multicomponent absorbing agent helps to form a synergistic absorbing effect. In the frequency range 8.2–18.0 GHz; the absorber has the greatest absorbing property when the content of graphene and nanosize Fe3O4 are 5 wt% and 20 wt%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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10 pages, 2518 KiB  
Article
A Design and Fabrication Method for Wood-Inspired Composites by Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography and 3D Printing
by Yubo Tao, Zelong Li and Peng Li
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041400 - 19 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
Developments in 3D printing and CT scanning technologies have facilitated the imitation of natural wood structures. However, creating composites from the elementary features of anisotropic wood structures remains a new frontier. This paper aims to investigate the potential of constructing and 3D printing [...] Read more.
Developments in 3D printing and CT scanning technologies have facilitated the imitation of natural wood structures. However, creating composites from the elementary features of anisotropic wood structures remains a new frontier. This paper aims to investigate the potential of constructing and 3D printing mechanically customizable composites by combining anisotropic elementary models reconstructed from the micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-CT) scanning of wood. In this study, an arbitrary region of interest selected from the μ-CT scanning of a sample of Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) was reconstructed into isosurfaces that constituted the 3D model of an elementary model. Elementary models were combined to form the wood-inspired composites in various arrangements. The surface and interior structures of the elementary model were found to be customizable through adjusting the image Threshold and Surface Quality Factors during 3D volume reconstruction. Compressional simulations and experiments performed on the elementary model (digital and 3D printed) revealed that its compressive behavior was wood-like and anisotropic. Numerical analysis established a preliminary link between the arrangements of elementary models and the compressive stiffness of respective composites, showing that it is possible to control the compressive behaviors of the composites through the design of specific elementary model arrangements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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13 pages, 5309 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Natural Flake Graphite/Ceramic Composite Parts with Low Thermal Conductivity and High Strength by Selective Laser Sintering
by Haihua Wu, Kui Chen, Yafeng Li, Chaoqun Ren, Yu Sun and Caihua Huang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041314 - 14 Feb 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2451
Abstract
The 3D graphite/ceramic composite prototyping parts directly prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS) were porous, which led to poor strength and low thermal conductivity. In order to obtain low thermal conductivity and high strength, its thermal conductivity and compressive strength were adjusted by [...] Read more.
The 3D graphite/ceramic composite prototyping parts directly prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS) were porous, which led to poor strength and low thermal conductivity. In order to obtain low thermal conductivity and high strength, its thermal conductivity and compressive strength were adjusted by changing the mixture powder composition and adding post-processing. The result showed that the addition of silicon powder in the mixture powder could significantly improve the compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The addition of expanded graphite was beneficial to the formation of the closed pores in the matrix, which slightly reduced the compressive strength but significantly reduced the thermal conductivity. The 3D graphite/ceramic composite part showed an order of magnitude improvement in compressive strength (from 1.25 to 13.87 MPa) but relatively small change in thermal conductivity (from 1.40 to 2.12 W·m−1K−1) and density (from 0.53 to 1.13 g·cm−3) by post-processing. Reasonable mixture powder composition and post-processing were determined and realized the possibility of fabricating a 3D graphite/ceramic composite part with low thermal conductivity but high compressive strength. Furthermore, it could be used for the repeated casting of steel castings, and through the comparative analysis of casting defects, the prepared graphite/ceramic composite part was expected to replace water glass sand mold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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9 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
Integration of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Titanium Implant in Human Tissues: Case Study
by Jong Woong Park, Chae Ahn Song, Hyun Guy Kang, June Hyuk Kim, Kwun Mook Lim and Han-Soo Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020553 - 11 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8560
Abstract
A titanium alloy implant of appropriate pore size can potentially enhance osseointegration and soft tissue integration. However, the human clinical application of such implants has not been reported. Here, we present a case of limb salvage surgery for a bone tumor using customized [...] Read more.
A titanium alloy implant of appropriate pore size can potentially enhance osseointegration and soft tissue integration. However, the human clinical application of such implants has not been reported. Here, we present a case of limb salvage surgery for a bone tumor using customized three-dimensional (3D)-printed Ti6Al4V radius and ulna implants. The patient presented with local recurrence at the proximal junction of the ulna and underwent a re-wide excision. Single forearm bone surgery was performed using another 3D-printed implant after resection of the recurrent tumor with an ulnar implant. Host osseointegration and soft tissue integration of the retrieved implant were quantified through histological evaluation. The total tissue integration rates of the implant at the proximal and distal bone junctions were 45.96% and 15.03%, respectively. The mesh structure enhanced bone integration by up to 10.81% in the proximal and by up to 8.91% in the distal bone junction. Furthermore, the soft tissue adhesion rates of the implant shaft were 59.50% and 50.26% in the axial and longitudinal cuts, respectively. No area was left unoccupied throughout the shaft of the implant. Overall, these results indicate that the 3D-printed Ti6Al4V titanium alloy implant with a rough surface has considerable tissue integration ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Materials)
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