Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 40997

Special Issue Editors

Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstraede 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: active front-end rectifiers; harmonic mitigation in adjustable-speed drives; electromagnetic interference in power electronics; high-power-density power electronic systems; pulsed power application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Head of EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department & MOBI Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: power electronics; electrical machines; electric and (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles; Digital Twin (DT); reliability & lifetime; charging infrastructure; power/energy management strategies; FC (Hydrogen) powertrains; battery management systems (BMS); V2X systems; optimization techniques and smart DC grid with renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today’s environmental policies and carbon emission reduction targets, stimulus funding for economy recovery and end-use energy efficiency, as well as objectives for higher reliability, and service quality in energy systems are a few of the reasons driving the integration of advanced control and communication technologies. Power electronics (PE) systems, with their control systems and communication capabilities, are expected to be the key elements in future power and energy systems, which will provide suitable interfaces and the bundling of different distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads into so-called active energy networks. As the coupling technology for DERs, the major advantages of PE will be the potential for improving efficiency and the introduction of new control possibilities for providing ancillary services to different energy systems. However, the interconnection of large amounts of unconventional and renewable energy-based sources may cause PE-based power and energy systems to operate in an undesirable and unpredictable fashion. Thus, there is a need for advanced PE techniques in order to ensure systems’ integrity and accelerate their deployment in future power and energy systems applications.

The main aim of this Special Issue is to seek high-quality submissions that address recent breakthroughs and highlight emerging applications of power electronics in power and energy systems.

Dr. Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam
Dr. Pooya Davari
Prof. Dr. Omar Hegazy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • PE-based power systems operation and control
  • Novel renewable energy converter/inverter systems
  • Renewable energy systems
  • Emerging WBG-based power electronics
  • PE-based power systems simulation and analysis
  • Virtual synchronous generator
  • AC/DC converters and inverters
  • HVDC, FACTS and power electronics
  • Electromagnetics and electrostatics
  • Reliability analysis
  • Control and optimization of PE circuit
  • Electrical machines and new drives concepts
  • Electric vehicles and transport
  • Interactions with charging systems and their charging management
  • PE in smart grids
  • Machine deep learning for predictive energy management
  • Condition monitoring and diagnostics in PE-based energy systems
  • Transient analysis and EMTP modeling
  • Energy storage systems
  • New topologies for high voltage inverter/converter
  • Demand side electrification and management of power electronics
  • Offline, real-time and hardware-in-the-loop simulations of PE-Interfaced Energy systems
  • PE topologies and front-ends for power and energy systems

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems
by Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, Pooya Davari and Omar Hegazy
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3110; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053110 - 28 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1012
Abstract
Modern environmental policies, carbon emission reduction targets, stimulus funding for economy recovery, end-use energy efficiency, objectives for higher reliability, and service quality in energy systems are a few of the factors driving forces behind the integration of advanced control and communication technologies into [...] Read more.
Modern environmental policies, carbon emission reduction targets, stimulus funding for economy recovery, end-use energy efficiency, objectives for higher reliability, and service quality in energy systems are a few of the factors driving forces behind the integration of advanced control and communication technologies into energy systems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)

Research

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21 pages, 5387 KiB  
Article
A New Maximum Power Point Tracking Framework for Photovoltaic Energy Systems Based on Remora Optimization Algorithm in Partial Shading Conditions
by Abdulaziz Alanazi, Mohana Alanazi, Saber Arabi and Shiplu Sarker
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3828; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083828 - 10 Apr 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
In this paper, a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) framework for photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented based on the remora optimization algorithm (ROA) subjected to standard and partial shading conditions. The studied system includes a PV array, a DC/DC converter, and a [...] Read more.
In this paper, a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) framework for photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented based on the remora optimization algorithm (ROA) subjected to standard and partial shading conditions. The studied system includes a PV array, a DC/DC converter, and a load and MPPT control system. The control variable is the voltage, and the optimization variable is the converter duty cycle, which is optimally determined using the ROA that is inspired based on the parasitic behavior of remora for achieving the maximum power of the PV system. In this study, the ability of the ROA is compared with manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods for the MPPT solving of different shading patterns in view of extracted power, efficiency, and tracking rate. The results show that the ROA is a competitive method with higher efficiency in maximum power tracking and convergence accuracy than the MRFO and PSO for the MPPT solving of different patterns with higher exploration power. Moreover, an examination of the two partial shading patterns also showed that the power extracted using the ROA is higher than the MRFO and PSO while also reaching the global power value more quickly. The ROA achieved a tracking efficiency of 99.97% in a partial shading condition, with faster tracking in comparison with the MRFO and PSO methods. Therefore, the ROA is a high-speed tracking optimization method for enhancing the PV system’s efficiency in standard and especially in shading conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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9 pages, 3677 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of the Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell via a Photo-Sintering Technique
by Vu Minh Han Cao, Jaesung Bae, Joongpyo Shim, Byungyou Hong, Hongsub Jee and Jaehyeong Lee
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010038 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
Alternative photo-sintering techniques for thermal annealing processes are used to improve the morphology, layer properties, and enhance solar cell performance. The fast, nontoxic, low cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of Cu2ZnSnS4 have led to its consideration as an alternative potential [...] Read more.
Alternative photo-sintering techniques for thermal annealing processes are used to improve the morphology, layer properties, and enhance solar cell performance. The fast, nontoxic, low cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of Cu2ZnSnS4 have led to its consideration as an alternative potential absorber layer in copper indium gallium diselenide thin film solar cells. This work investigates the photo-sintering process for the absorber layer of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells. A Cu2ZnSnS4 layer was grown by hot-injection and screen-printing techniques, and the characteristics of the photo-sintered Cu2ZnSnS4 layer were evaluated by X-ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopes. Overall, the optimal composition was Cu-poor and Zn-rich, without a secondary phase, estimated optical band-gap energy of approximately 1.6 eV, and enhanced morphology and kesterite crystallization. Using an intensity pulse light technique to the CZTS layer, fabrication of the solar cell device demonstrated successfully, and the efficiency of 1.01% was achieved at 2.96 J/cm2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 5959 KiB  
Article
Comparative Technical-Economical Analysis of Transient Stability Improvements in a Power System
by Giuseppe Marco Tina, Giovanni Maione, Sebastiano Licciardello and Domenico Stefanelli
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11359; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311359 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2104
Abstract
Power systems are rapidly evolving to face the increasing penetration of renewable inverter-based generation units and to improve their reliability and safety. A power system is constantly exposed to sudden changes or disturbances that may affect its stability. In this paper, a comparative [...] Read more.
Power systems are rapidly evolving to face the increasing penetration of renewable inverter-based generation units and to improve their reliability and safety. A power system is constantly exposed to sudden changes or disturbances that may affect its stability. In this paper, a comparative analysis of solutions to improve transient stability, both rotor angle and frequency stability, is performed. These solutions are SVC, STATCOM, a fast excitation system, and an additional parallel transmission line. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of the location of the three-phase fault line and the most effective SVC or STATCOM installation bus. Based on these analyses, the worst-case fault is considered, and the critical fault clearing time is determined as an engineering parameter for comparing the different solutions. For the numerical analysis, the IEEE 9 bus system is considered, and the PowerWorld software tool is used. Rotor angle and frequency stability analyses were performed. Moreover, specifically for SVC and STATCOM, the effects of different values of short-circuit ratios were considered in the context of rotor angle stability analysis. As part of the frequency stability analysis, the use of the remuneration for load shedding service in Italy was considered to perform an economic analysis for SVC and STATCOM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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13 pages, 4822 KiB  
Article
Simulation-Based Shading Loss Analysis of a Shingled String for High-Density Photovoltaic Modules
by Jaesung Bae, Hongsub Jee, Yongseob Park and Jaehyeong Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11257; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311257 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1583
Abstract
Shingled photovoltaic (PV) modules with increased output have attracted growing interest compared to conventional PV modules. However, the area per unit solar cell of shingled PV modules is smaller because these modules are manufactured by dividing and bonding solar cells, which means that [...] Read more.
Shingled photovoltaic (PV) modules with increased output have attracted growing interest compared to conventional PV modules. However, the area per unit solar cell of shingled PV modules is smaller because these modules are manufactured by dividing and bonding solar cells, which means that shingled PV modules can easily have inferior shading characteristics. Therefore, analysis of the extent to which the shadow affects the output loss is essential, and the circuit needs to be designed accordingly. In this study, the loss resulting from the shading of the shingled string used to manufacture the shingled module was analyzed using simulation. A divided cell was modeled using a double-diode model, and a shingled string was formed by connecting the cell in series. The shading pattern was simulated according to the shading ratio of the vertical and horizontal patterns, and in the case of the shingled string, greater losses occurred in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction. In addition, it was modularized and compared with a conventional PV module and a shingled PV module. The results confirmed that the shingled PV module delivered higher shading output than the conventional PV module in less shade, and the result of the shading characteristic simulation of the shingled PV module was confirmed to be accurate within an error of 1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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20 pages, 6551 KiB  
Article
Generalized Structures for Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter Topology for Energy Storage System Application
by Mu Anas, Adil Sarwar, Anzar Ahmad, Afroz Alam, Shafiq Ahmad, Mohamed Sharaf, Mazen Zaindin and Muhammad Firdausi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031319 - 01 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1940
Abstract
The apparent advantages of Multilevel Inverter (MLI) topologies in handling medium and high power with less loss in switching and lower harmonic distortion in an output voltage waveform makes it better than the conventional inverter. However, the MLI topologies utilize a large number [...] Read more.
The apparent advantages of Multilevel Inverter (MLI) topologies in handling medium and high power with less loss in switching and lower harmonic distortion in an output voltage waveform makes it better than the conventional inverter. However, the MLI topologies utilize a large number of DC power supplies and power semiconductor devices. They also have a higher value of total standing voltage (TSV). Moreover, capacitor voltage balancing problems, self-voltage boosting inability, and complex control techniques require a relook and improvement in their structure. More recently, Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (SCMLI) topologies have been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of MLIs. In this paper, a generalized structure for a single-phase switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) with self-voltage boosting and self-voltage balancing capability is proposed. A detailed analysis of a general structure of SCMLI is presented. The comparative analysis of the structures is carried out with recently reported topologies to demonstrate superiority. An optimized low-frequency modulation controls the output voltage waveform. The simulation and experimental results are included in the paper for single-unit symmetric (9-level voltage) and asymmetric (17-level voltage) configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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15 pages, 8968 KiB  
Article
A Voltage Multiplier Circuit Based Quadratic Boost Converter for Energy Storage Application
by Javed Ahmad, Mohammad Zaid, Adil Sarwar, Chang-Hua Lin, Shafiq Ahmad, Mohamed Sharaf, Mazen Zaindin and Muhammad Firdausi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8254; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228254 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2824
Abstract
In this paper, a new transformerless high voltage gain dc-dc converter is proposed for low and medium power application. The proposed converter has high quadratic gain and utilizes only two inductors to achieve this gain. It has two switches that are operated simultaneously, [...] Read more.
In this paper, a new transformerless high voltage gain dc-dc converter is proposed for low and medium power application. The proposed converter has high quadratic gain and utilizes only two inductors to achieve this gain. It has two switches that are operated simultaneously, making control of the converter easy. The proposed converter’s output voltage gain is higher than the conventional quadratic boost converter and other recently proposed high gain quadratic converters. A voltage multiplier circuit (VMC) is integrated with the proposed converter, which significantly increases the converter’s output voltage. Apart from a high output voltage, the proposed converter has low voltage stress across switches and capacitors, which is a major advantage of the proposed topology. A hardware prototype of 200 W of the proposed converter is developed in the laboratory to validate the converter’s performance. The efficiency of the converter is obtained through PLECS software by incorporating the switching and conduction losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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17 pages, 1479 KiB  
Article
Optimal Robust LQI Controller Design for Z-Source Inverters
by Amirhossein Ahmadi, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam and Mousa Marzband
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7260; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207260 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2424
Abstract
This paper investigates the linear quadratic integral (LQI)-based control of Z-source inverters in the presence of uncertainties such as parameter perturbation, unmodeled dynamics, and load disturbances. These uncertainties, which are naturally available in any power system, have a profound impact on the performance [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the linear quadratic integral (LQI)-based control of Z-source inverters in the presence of uncertainties such as parameter perturbation, unmodeled dynamics, and load disturbances. These uncertainties, which are naturally available in any power system, have a profound impact on the performance of power inverters and may lead to a performance degradation or even an instability of the system. A novel robust LQI-based design procedure is presented to preserve the performance of the inverter against uncertainties while a proper level of disturbance rejection is satisfied. The stability robustness of the system is also studied on the basis of the maximum sensitivity specification. Moreover, the bat algorithm is adopted to optimize the weighting matrices. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller in terms of performance and robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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18 pages, 4953 KiB  
Article
An Active-Clamp Forward Inverter Featuring Soft Switching and Electrical Isolation
by Chien-Hsuan Chang, Chun-An Cheng, Hung-Liang Cheng and Yen-Ting Wu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4220; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124220 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3178
Abstract
Traditional photovoltaic (PV) grid-connection inverters with sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) control suffer the problem of buck-typed conversion. Additional line-frequency transformers or boost converters are required to step-up output voltage, leading to low system efficiency and high circuit complexity. Therefore, many flyback inverters with [...] Read more.
Traditional photovoltaic (PV) grid-connection inverters with sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) control suffer the problem of buck-typed conversion. Additional line-frequency transformers or boost converters are required to step-up output voltage, leading to low system efficiency and high circuit complexity. Therefore, many flyback inverters with electrical isolation have been proposed by adopting a flyback converter to generate a rectified sine wave, and then connecting with a bridge unfolder to control polarity. However, all energy of a flyback inverter must be temporarily stored in the magnetizing inductor of transformer so that the efficiency and the out power are limited. This paper presents a high-efficiency active-clamp forward inverter with the features of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and electrical isolation. The proposed inverter circuit is formed by adopting a forward converter to generate a rectified sine wave, and combining with the active-clamp circuit to reset the residual magnetic flux of the transformer. Due to the boost capability of the transformer, this inverter is suitable for the PV grid-connection power systems with wide input-voltage variation. The operation principles at steady-state are analyzed, and the mathematical equations for circuit design are conducted. Finally, a laboratory prototype is built as an illustration example according to proper analysis and design. Based on the experimental results, the feasibility and satisfactory performance of the proposed inverter circuit are verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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29 pages, 9835 KiB  
Article
An Enhanced Adaptive Perturb and Observe Technique for Efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking Under Partial Shading Conditions
by Altwallbah Neda Mahmod Mohammad, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Norhafiz Azis, Suhaidi Shafie and Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3912; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113912 - 05 Jun 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3240
Abstract
In this paper, we propose enhanced adaptive step size Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with properly organized comparison sequences which lead to achieving the actual maximum power point (MPP) effectively in the presence of partial shading conditions, taking into [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose enhanced adaptive step size Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with properly organized comparison sequences which lead to achieving the actual maximum power point (MPP) effectively in the presence of partial shading conditions, taking into account the optimization of all aspects of high-performance MPPT to be novel, simpler, fast, and accurate, with the best efficiency reaching up to almost 100%. In this study, the proposed algorithm, along with a boost converter, was designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the performance of the suggested technique. Four different levels of partial shading conditions were considered for system examination: weak, moderate, and two different levels of strong shading. Each case was applied separately first and then combined in a sequence arrangement to provide robust and comprehensive testing which can provide a guaranteed assessment of the proposed algorithm. The performance of the suggested technique is discussed and compared with that of conventional P&O and conventional incremental conductance (IC) MPPT techniques. The failure of the conventional techniques to work efficiently in the presence of partial shading conditions was observed from the simulation results. Meanwhile, the success of the proposed technique and its high performance were clearly confirmed under partial shading conditions with no increase in complexity or convergence time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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17 pages, 6030 KiB  
Article
Regulation Principles of Power Flow Gradients to Multiple Characteristic Independent Variables in UPFC Embedded Power System
by Jinlian Liu, Jian Yang, Zheng Xu, Zheren Zhang and Pengcheng Song
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051720 - 03 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2117
Abstract
The power flows in the unified power flow controller (UPFC) embedded system is mainly regulated by the two variables containing the magnitude and the phase angle of the output series inserted voltage (OSIV) of UPFC. Different value combinations of the two variables can [...] Read more.
The power flows in the unified power flow controller (UPFC) embedded system is mainly regulated by the two variables containing the magnitude and the phase angle of the output series inserted voltage (OSIV) of UPFC. Different value combinations of the two variables can form multiple regulation modes of OSIV, and the regulation principles and efficiencies for power flows are distinct by different regulation modes. This paper dedicates to research the regulation principles of active and reactive power flow gradients (PFG) to multiple characteristic independent variables (CIVs) at several selected critical points (SCP) of the system in different operation conditions. The CIVs contains the magnitude of OSIV, the phase angle of OSIV, and the phase difference of the system. First, multiple power flow regulation modes of OSIV are designed, the mathematical models of the PFG to each CIV at each SCP are established, and the theoretical principles for the PFG to each CIV at each SCP are analyzed and compared. Next, four typical operation conditions of the system and four regulation scenarios are assumed and case studies for the PFG to each CIV at different SCP are carried out. The test results at each SCP are analyzed both in the two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional spaces. The regulation principles and efficiencies of PFG to each CIV at different SCP are compared with each other and summarized, which can offer useful references for practical engineering and applications of UPFC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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26 pages, 5813 KiB  
Article
Performance Tuning for Power Electronic Interfaces Under VSG Control
by Weichao Zhang, Xiangwu Yan and Hanyan Huang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030953 - 02 Feb 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
Renewable generation, such as solar PV and wind power, is commonly integrated into the power grid through inertialess power electronic interfaces (PEIs). Due to the increasing penetration of renewable generation, the frequency stability of the current power system deteriorates. In order to sustain [...] Read more.
Renewable generation, such as solar PV and wind power, is commonly integrated into the power grid through inertialess power electronic interfaces (PEIs). Due to the increasing penetration of renewable generation, the frequency stability of the current power system deteriorates. In order to sustain the desired level of the overall inertia, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) algorithm has been proposed. The concept of VSG is to enable the PEIs to emulate the external properties of traditional synchronous generators (SGs), such as inertia and primary frequency responses. By exploitation of the well-established knowledge system of conventional SG-based power grids, the VSG can also be implemented with the capabilities of primary, secondary, and tertiary frequency control in multiple temporal stages. This paper focuses on parameter tuning for VSG-PEIs by performance indices. The emulation strategies are completed with the capability of secondary and tertiary frequency regulation. The transfer functions of the dynamic systems of PEIs are simplified and referred to the control theory. The composite influences of different parameters on performance indices are analyzed. The methods of the parameter tuning are proposed according to the temporal sequences of the control stages. By typical performance standards, the proposed method is verified through simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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14 pages, 5951 KiB  
Article
Flexibility of Wireless Power Transfer Charging Station Using Dynamic Matching and Power Supply with Energy Dosing
by Nikolay Madzharov and Nikolay Hinov
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4767; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224767 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2034
Abstract
The scientific and applied problems discussed in this paper are related to the development of a wireless charging station using an inductive power transfer (IPT) module power supply with energy dosing and dynamic matching. A computer simulation and an experimental study allowed the [...] Read more.
The scientific and applied problems discussed in this paper are related to the development of a wireless charging station using an inductive power transfer (IPT) module power supply with energy dosing and dynamic matching. A computer simulation and an experimental study allowed the authors to define the ranges of the parameter variation of the equivalent load and to design the best matching so that maximum energy transfer is efficiency achieved. The proposed principle of energy control provides highly reliable and a flexible charging station even with a simplified system of automatic control and fault protection. A prototype charging station is developed and built to supply an inductive power transfer system that delivers 30–35 kW power over an air gap between transmitting and receiving parts measuring 50–200 mm and with a horizontal misalignment of ±200 mm. The results showed that the system can transfer the specified electrical power with about 82–92% efficiency and that the IPT module and its dynamic matching during charging exhibited a high degree of stability under a misaligned (x-y-z) condition and battery state of charge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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14 pages, 1853 KiB  
Article
Performance Assessment of Grid Forming Converters Using Different Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) Algorithms
by Mohammed Alhasheem, Frede Blaabjerg and Pooya Davari
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(17), 3513; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173513 - 26 Aug 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2934
Abstract
Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) methods in different power electronic applications are gaining considerable attention due to their simplicity and fast dynamics. This paper introduces an assessment of the two-level three-phase voltage source converter (2L-VSC) utilizing different MPC schemes with and [...] Read more.
Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) methods in different power electronic applications are gaining considerable attention due to their simplicity and fast dynamics. This paper introduces an assessment of the two-level three-phase voltage source converter (2L-VSC) utilizing different MPC schemes with and without a modulation stage. In order to perform such a comparative evaluation, 2L-VSC efficiency and total harmonics distortion of the voltage (THDv) have been investigated, when considering a linear load. The results demonstrate the performance of different MPC algorithms through an experimental verification on a Danfoss converter, and a set of analyses have been studied using the PLECS and MATLAB/SIMULINK together. It can be concluded that a comparable performance is achieved by using conventional MPC (CMPC), improved MPC (IMPC), periodic MPC (PMPC), and MPC scheme with modulator (M 2 PC) controllers. The assessment is critical to classify the strategies as mentioned earlier according to their efficiency. Furthermore, it gives a thorough point of view on which algorithm is suitable for the grid-forming applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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Review

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36 pages, 4711 KiB  
Review
A Review of Modular Multilevel Converters for Stationary Applications
by Yang Wang, Ahmet Aksoz, Thomas Geury, Salih Baris Ozturk, Omer Cihan Kivanc and Omar Hegazy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7719; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217719 - 31 Oct 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6731
Abstract
A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an advanced voltage source converter applicable to a wide range of medium and high-voltage applications. It has competitive advantages such as quality output performance, high modularity, simple scalability, and low voltage and current rating demand for the [...] Read more.
A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an advanced voltage source converter applicable to a wide range of medium and high-voltage applications. It has competitive advantages such as quality output performance, high modularity, simple scalability, and low voltage and current rating demand for the power switches. Remarkable studies have been carried out regarding its topology, control, and operation. The main purpose of this review is to present the current state of the art of the MMC technology and to offer a better understanding of its operation and control for stationary applications. In this study, the MMC configuration is presented regarding its conventional and advanced submodule (SM) and overall topologies. The mathematical modeling, output voltage, and current control under different grid conditions, submodule balancing control, circulating current control, and modulation methods are discussed to provide the state of the MMC technology. The challenges linked to the MMC are associated with submodule balancing control, circulating current control, control complexity, and transient performance. Advanced nonlinear and predictable control strategies are expected to improve the MMC control and performance in comparison with conventional control methods. Finally, the power losses associated with the advanced wide bandgap (WBG) power devices (such as SiC, GaN) are explored by using different modulation schemes and switching frequencies. The results indicate that although the phase-shifted carrier-based pulse width modulation (PSC-PWM) has higher power losses, it outputs a better quality voltage with lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in comparison with phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) and sampled average modulation pulse width modulation (SAM-PWM). In addition, WBG switches such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices have lower power losses and higher efficiency, especially at high switching frequency in the MMC applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Applications in Power and Energy Systems)
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