Research

12 pages, 1328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Availability of Primary Closure for Resection of Oral Cavity Cancer

by Hyo-Joon Kim, Jun-Seok Choi, Ye-Joon Jo and Seong-Yong Moon

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 5919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105919 - 11 May 2023

Viewed by 1162

Resection of malignant lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area causes functional and morphological defects. In order to recover from these defects, reconstruction surgery is needed, such as a primary closure or a flap. There are advantages and disadvantages to the method of [...] Read more.

Resection of malignant lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area causes functional and morphological defects. In order to recover from these defects, reconstruction surgery is needed, such as a primary closure or a flap. There are advantages and disadvantages to the method of using the primary closure and the flap, and the choice of procedure is entirely up to the surgeon. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the availability of primary closure in patients. For 10 years, from January 2010 to May 2020, patients who recovered using flaps after removing malignant lesions from the oral cavity and those who closed the lesion using primary closure were investigated. The investigation was conducted by searching the database of the hospital. There were 85 patients who removed malignant lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area, and among them, 16 patients closed the soft tissue defects using primary closure. Operation time, histologic types, stages, wound status, and period of hospitalization according to the patient’s medical records were investigated retrospectively. Between the staging and the primary closure, statistically significant differences were observed between stage I and stage II patients in 13 patients using the primary closure. (p = 0.046). Statistically significant differences were identified between operation time and primary closure, with an average of 4.02 h (p = 0.015). The average period of hospitality for patients who underwent primary closure was 13.4 days, compared to 26.7 days for those who underwent flap surgery. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0003). As a result of three-way ANOVA analysis on operation time and hospital stay, only neck incision, reconstruction method (flap or primary suture), and intrastage reconstruction method had a statistically significant effect on operation time and period of hospitality. This study evaluated the use of primary closure in patients who underwent resection of malignant lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area. Although the majority of patients underwent reconstruction with flaps, our results showed that primary closure could be a viable option for certain patients with early-stage lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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11 pages, 3741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porcine Cortical Bone Lamina as a Predictable Technique for Guided Bone Regeneration: Histomorphometric and Radiographic Evaluation

by Michele Antonio Lopez, Pier Carmine Passarelli, Andrea Netti, Antonio D’Addona, Francesco Carinci, Piotr Wychowański and Francesco Cecchetti

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10285; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010285 - 13 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1805

Abstract

The stability of bone regenerated through Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) around implants is crucial for long-term success. In this case series, changes in marginal bone levels (MBL) around implants placed in a regenerated bone using heterologous cortical lamina technique were radiographically measured. In [...] Read more.

The stability of bone regenerated through Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) around implants is crucial for long-term success. In this case series, changes in marginal bone levels (MBL) around implants placed in a regenerated bone using heterologous cortical lamina technique were radiographically measured. In addition, bone samples were obtained and submitted to histological and histomorphometric analysis. Thirty implants were placed in regenerated bone sites 8 months after the regenerative surgery; in the same surgical stage, a hard tissue biopsy was taken using a trephine bur and submitted to histologic and histomorphometric analysis. Changes in the marginal bone level, mesial and distal to the implant shoulder, were measured between prosthetic loading and the last follow-up, 2 years later. No implants were lost, and all could be deemed successful at the last follow-up. Only a minimal mean variation in the position of the marginal bone level was observed, both at the mesial (0.11 ± 0.49 mm) and at the distal level (0.03 ± 0.19 mm). The bone lamina had been resorbed after 8 months, and new bone had developed in close connection to the biomaterial. The average percentage of newly formed bone was 28%, while only 10% of the samples were composed of residual biomaterial; bone marrow and connective tissue composed the remaining part of the samples. This regeneration technique allowed, thanks to the rigidity of the lamina, the regeneration of new bone, which is stable after the prosthetic load. Further studies are needed to compare this procedure with those adopting non-resorbable, titanium-supported membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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13 pages, 3670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Root Dilaceration and Dentigerous Cyst—A Cause–Effect Relationship?—“Case-Series Study”

by Aurelia Magdalena Enache, Dana Feștilă, Florin Boboc, Evelyn Beatrix Nagy, Mircea Ghergie and Mihai Dorobanțu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199854 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4551

Abstract

Root dilaceration (DL) has a significant impact on orthodontic treatment. However, its etiology is still debatable. One of the etiologic factors of DL is the dentigerous cyst (DC); therefore, the aim of our case-series clinical study was the association between DL and DCs. [...] Read more.

Root dilaceration (DL) has a significant impact on orthodontic treatment. However, its etiology is still debatable. One of the etiologic factors of DL is the dentigerous cyst (DC); therefore, the aim of our case-series clinical study was the association between DL and DCs. This retrospective study is comprised of five clinical cases of DL associated with the presence of DCs of developmental origin. In all of these cases, other dental anomalies (impaction, transposition, supernumerary teeth, and congenitally missing teeth) were found, and accordingly, the association between DL and DCs might be of genetic origin in a dental anomaly pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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14 pages, 5799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis as a Potential Novel Histological Tissue Fixative: A Preliminary Analysis

by Amr S. Bugshan, Hawra A. AlJanobi, Raghad A. AlMunif, Rand R. AlShubaili, Nawal M. AlHarbi, Sarah A. Khusheim, Muneer H. AlShuyukh and Asim M. Khan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9842; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199842 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

Background: Fixation of biopsy specimens is a critical step before processing and staining them for histological tissue examination. Formalin is considered the gold standard fixative solution for its attributes. However, it has concerning side effects, such as carcinogenic and potential irritational properties. Owing [...] Read more.

Background: Fixation of biopsy specimens is a critical step before processing and staining them for histological tissue examination. Formalin is considered the gold standard fixative solution for its attributes. However, it has concerning side effects, such as carcinogenic and potential irritational properties. Owing to its various harmful effects, a safer natural substitute should be explored. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of propolis to 10% formalin and determined its ability as a natural fixative solution. Materials and Methods: Sixty tissue specimens were collected from goats’ tongues and immediately placed in (1) 6.6% propolis, (2) 10% natural buffered formalin (positive control), (3) 6.6% propolis followed by 10% formalin, and (4) 0.9% saline (negative control). Tissue samples were fixed at different time points (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) at room temperature, followed by processing and staining. The quality of the microscopic parameters was blindly assessed by two oral and maxillofacial pathologists using a numerical scoring scale. Scores were statistically analyzed. Results: The fixation of tissue samples placed in 6.6% propolis was statistically significantly better than that of samples placed in 10% formalin and 0.9% saline at different time points. Conclusion: Propolis showed promising fixation properties and can be considered a natural alternative to 10% formalin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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11 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Ultrasound Analysis of Oral Mucosa: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

by Dario Di Stasio, Antonio Romano, Marco Montella, Maria Contaldo, Massimo Petruzzi, Iquebal Hasan, Rosario Serpico and Alberta Lucchese

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 6829; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146829 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

(1) Background: Ultrasonography is gaining popularity as a diagnostic tool in the study of the oral mucosa. The precision of ultrasound has made it possible to identify the various layers, based on their echogenicity. The aim of this study was to perform a [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Ultrasonography is gaining popularity as a diagnostic tool in the study of the oral mucosa. The precision of ultrasound has made it possible to identify the various layers, based on their echogenicity. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of healthy oral mucosa based on the analysis of greyscale, echo levels (dB), and attenuation values (dB/cm). (2) Methods: Thirty-three patients (17 females and 16 males; 58.42 ± 13.29 y.o) were recruited for this study. The images were acquired with the GE Logiq-e R7 with a linear probe at 18 MHz frequency (harmonic). For each tissue (epithelium, rete ridges, connective tissue, muscle, and bone), regions of interest were traced for the analysis of echo levels, grey levels, and attenuation values. One-way ANOVA and pairwise comparison were performed. (3) Results: Three-hundred and thirty images were analyzed. Analysis of echo levels and grey levels showed a significant difference between epithelium and rete ridges (p = 0.001), and between rete ridges and connective tissue (p = 0.001), but not between epithelium and connective tissue (p = 0.831) or connective and muscle layers (p = 0.383). The attenuation values appeared to be specific for each tissue layer (p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Quantitative analysis applied to ultrasound imaging of the oral mucosa allows the definition of specific tissue areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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12 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photodynamic Therapy Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (Ala) for the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Prospective Case Series

by Dorina Lauritano, Giulia Moreo, Annalisa Palmieri, Fedora Della Vella, Massimo Petruzzi, Daniele Botticelli and Francesco Carinci

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 3102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12063102 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2846

Abstract

Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of supportive periodontal therapy (i.e., scaling and root planning, SRP) alone versus ALADENT medical device used in association with SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in adult patients. Materials and Methods: [...] Read more.

Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of supportive periodontal therapy (i.e., scaling and root planning, SRP) alone versus ALADENT medical device used in association with SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in adult patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis (40 localized chronic periodontitis sites) aged between 35 and 55 were selected. None of these patients previously received any surgical or non-surgical periodontal therapy, and they presented radiographic evidence of moderate bone loss. Two non-adjacent sites in different quadrants were identified and observed in each patient, analyzing treatment effectiveness (split-mouth design). Clinical pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were evaluated at time 0 and after 6 months, while microbial analysis (MA) was conducted at baseline and after 15 days. Significant differences were calculated using SPSS program and paired simple statistic t-test. Results: Total bacteria loadings had a statistically significant reduction before and after treatment with SRP (left site) (total average decrease of 27%). The sites treated with SRP plus ALADENT (right) showed a significantly reduced total bacterial loading compared to the untreated sites (right) (total average decrease of 75%). Mean values of CAL/PD and percentages data of BOP, recorded after SRP + ALADENT therapy, showed a higher reduction (CAL = 2.42, PD = 2.87 mm, 90% of sites with no bleeding) than those obtained after SRP treatment (CAL = 4.08 mm, PD = 4.73 mm, 70% of sites with no bleeding). Conclusion: The treatment of moderate and severe chronic periodontitis should include, beside SRP, the use of ALADENT medical device, which has been proved to be a useful adjuvant therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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9 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Gland Disorders in Pediatric Patients: A 20 Years’ Experience

by Giorgio Lo Giudice, Paola Martina Marra, Chiara Colella, Angelo Itro, Gianpaolo Tartaro and Giuseppe Colella

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041999 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Salivary gland disorders are uncommon in children; they show a lower prevalence when compared to adults. The literature has a relative lack of information about the management and the different treatment protocols regarding these diseases. The aim of this research is to investigate [...] Read more.

Salivary gland disorders are uncommon in children; they show a lower prevalence when compared to adults. The literature has a relative lack of information about the management and the different treatment protocols regarding these diseases. The aim of this research is to investigate the prevalence of both benign and malignant salivary gland disorders, focusing on diagnostic and therapy. An audit of patients diagnosed with salivary gland disorders was conducted from 2000 to 2020. 99 patients’ records were selected and analyzed: 51 males’ and 48 females’, age 10 ± 4 SD. Obstructive pathologies were the most frequently diagnosed (49 patients) followed by oncologic (21 patients), inflammatory (20 patients), rheumatologic (4 patients), malformative (3 patients) and infective disorders (2 patients). The parotid was the most affected major gland in 47 cases with a prevalence of diagnosis of juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP) (40.4%), followed by the sublingual gland in 14 cases of ranula (100%) and the submandibular gland in 11 patients suffering from sialolithiasis (84.6%). Swelling was the most common symptom (75.7% of patients). Seven different neoplasms were documented. A greater prevalence of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma among the malignant group (38.1% of oncologic cases) was noted. In regards to benign tumors, pleomorphic adenoma was the most common diagnosis (47.6% of cases). The symptoms and outcomes showed statistical significance concerning gender. Although salivary gland diseases in children and adolescents are rare, it is essential to observe and monitor all of the symptoms to intervene if necessary, as painless swelling is a symptom common from both benign and malignant diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

Review

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17 pages, 772 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunological Aspects of EBV and Oral Mucosa Interactions in Oral Lichen Planus

by Ingrīda Čēma, Jagriti Kakar, Madara Dzudzilo and Modra Murovska

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6735; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116735 - 01 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1678

Abstract

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory process activated by an unknown antigen, making basal keratinocytes vulnerable to a cytotoxic cell mediated immune response. The aim of this review is to summarize information on the role and pathways of [...] Read more.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory process activated by an unknown antigen, making basal keratinocytes vulnerable to a cytotoxic cell mediated immune response. The aim of this review is to summarize information on the role and pathways of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and immune cells in inducing OLP as an autoimmune lesion. The pathogenesis of OLP is analyzed from immunological aspects of interactions between EBV and oral mucosa. The results of the available studies allow us to assume that EBV can act both as an exogenous and an endogenous antigen in the pathogenesis of OLP. We emphasized the role of antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as dendritic cells (Langerhans cells, LC), in detecting and capturing antigens and modulating the adaptive immune response. Although EBV shows tropism for B cells and epithelial cells, under certain conditions it can infect monocytes, LCs, NK, and T lymphocytes. It means that under some circumstances of the chronic inflammatory process, EBV particles can react as endogenous agents. During the development of the autoimmune process, a decisive role is played by the loss of immune tolerance. Factors like the activity of cytokines, chemokines, and autoantibodies secreted by EBV-positive plasma cells, autoantigens formed due to virus protein mimicry of human proteins, new self-peptides released from damaged tissues, self-reactive B and T cells, dysregulation of LC function, the anti-apoptotic effect of EBV early lytic antigens, and an imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells facilitate the development of an autoimmune process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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20 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gaucher Disease in Internal Medicine and Dentistry

by Michele Basilicata, Giulia Marrone, Manuela Di Lauro, Eleonora Sargentini, Vincenza Paolino, Redan Hassan, Giuseppe D’Amato, Patrizio Bollero and Annalisa Noce

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 4062; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13064062 - 22 Mar 2023

Viewed by 4188

Abstract

Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage pathological condition, characterized by a genetic autosomal recessive transmission. The GD cause is the mutation of GBA1 gene, located on the chromosome 1 (1q21), that induces the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase with consequent abnormal [...] Read more.

Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage pathological condition, characterized by a genetic autosomal recessive transmission. The GD cause is the mutation of GBA1 gene, located on the chromosome 1 (1q21), that induces the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase with consequent abnormal storage of its substrate (glucosylceramide), in macrophages. The GD incidence in the general population varies from 1:40,000 to 1:60,000 live births, but it is higher in the Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity (1:800 live births). In the literature, five different types of GD are described: type 1, the most common clinical variant in Europe and USA (90%), affects the viscera; type 2, characterized by visceral damage and severe neurological disorders; type 3, in which the neurological manifestations are variable; cardiovascular type; and, finally, perinatal lethal type. The most affected tissues and organs are the hematopoietic system, liver, bone tissue, nervous system, lungs, cardiovascular system and kidneys. Another aspect of GD is represented by oral and dental manifestations. These can be asymptomatic or cause the spontaneous bleeding, the post oral surgery infections and the bone involvement of both arches through the Gaucher cells infiltration into the maxilla and mandibular regions. The pharmacological treatment of choice is the enzyme replacement therapy, but the new pharmacological frontiers are represented by oral substrate reduction therapy, chaperone therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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18 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessReview

Machine-Learning Applications in Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review

by Xaviera A. López-Cortés, Felipe Matamala, Bernardo Venegas and César Rivera

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5715; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115715 - 04 Jun 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5311

Abstract

Over the years, several machine-learning applications have been suggested to assist in various clinical scenarios relevant to oral cancer. We offer a systematic review to identify, assess, and summarize the evidence for reported uses in the areas of oral cancer detection and prevention, [...] Read more.

Over the years, several machine-learning applications have been suggested to assist in various clinical scenarios relevant to oral cancer. We offer a systematic review to identify, assess, and summarize the evidence for reported uses in the areas of oral cancer detection and prevention, prognosis, pre-cancer, treatment, and quality of life. The main algorithms applied in the context of oral cancer applications corresponded to SVM, ANN, and LR, comprising 87.71% of the total published articles in the field. Genomic, histopathological, image, medical/clinical, spectral, and speech data were used most often to predict the four areas of application found in this review. In conclusion, our study has shown that machine-learning applications are useful for prognosis, diagnosis, and prevention of potentially malignant oral lesions (pre-cancer) and therapy. Nevertheless, we strongly recommended the application of these methods in daily clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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Other

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9 pages, 9020 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma in Pregnancy: A Case Report

by Francisco Javier Alcaraz Baturoni, José Sergio Zepeda Nuño, Brenda Fernanda Nolasco González, Moisés Ramos Solano, Melissa Martínez Nieto and Sarah Monserrat Lomelí Martínez

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12688; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312688 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is an asymptomatic, non-neoplastic, and proliferative lesion of unknown etiology. Possible pre-disposing factors, such as hormonal changes during pregnancy, have been suggested. However, the association between PGCG and pregnancy is controversial. There are few reported clinical cases of [...] Read more.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is an asymptomatic, non-neoplastic, and proliferative lesion of unknown etiology. Possible pre-disposing factors, such as hormonal changes during pregnancy, have been suggested. However, the association between PGCG and pregnancy is controversial. There are few reported clinical cases of pregnancy-associated PGCG in the literature, and they occurred only in the lower jaw. The present report is on a 35-year-old female patient at 36 weeks of gestation who presented with a PGCG in the central and lateral incisors of the upper jaw. Management consisted of complete surgical excision of the lesion along with a margin of healthy tissue under local anesthesia, followed by curettage of the adjacent fibers of the affected bony wall. The patient experienced adequate healing without complications. The diagnosis of PGCG was based on clinical characteristics, imaging examinations, and histopathological confirmation. The patient underwent postoperative follow-up evaluations at 3, 6, and 12 months, and there were no signs of recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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10 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Photodynamic Therapy Effects on Oral Dysplastic Keratinocyte Cell Cultures: A Systematic Review

by Dario Di Stasio, Antonio Romano, Fausto Fiori, Remo Antonio Assanti, Eleonora Ruocco, Maria Grazia Bottone and Alberta Lucchese

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9075; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169075 - 09 Aug 2023

Viewed by 783

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a therapeutic intervention applied in various pre-malignant and malignant disorders’ treatments. The interaction between a photosensitizer (PS), ideal wavelength radiation, and tissue molecular oxygen activates a series of photochemical reactions liable to produce reactive oxygen species. These highly reactive [...] Read more.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a therapeutic intervention applied in various pre-malignant and malignant disorders’ treatments. The interaction between a photosensitizer (PS), ideal wavelength radiation, and tissue molecular oxygen activates a series of photochemical reactions liable to produce reactive oxygen species. These highly reactive species allow for the decrease cell proliferation and yield cancerous and pre-cancerous cell death. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic review to investigate the effects of in vitro PDT for oral potential malignant disorders (OPDM) cell lines. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA protocol, and the PROSPERO registration number was CRD42022362349. An electronic search was performed on the following search engines: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) has been applied as the method by which to outline our study eligibility criteria. The QUIN tool was employed to interpret the risk of bias of the included studies. Initially, seventy-five records were retrieved through databases, and after the selection steps, seven items finally met our inclusion criteria. The preliminary search resulted in 75 studies, out of which 22 were found to be duplicates. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the remaining 53 studies, 45 were rejected as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Further evaluation of the full texts led to the exclusion of only one article, since the full text was not available. As a result, seven studies were ultimately identified and included in the analysis. The main findings confirm the role of in vitro photodynamic therapy using several photosensitizers as a potential treatment for oral potentially malignant disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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12 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review

by Rossella Santoro, Antonio Romano, Maria Cristina Morcaldi, Fausto Fiori and Federica Di Spirito

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4377; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074377 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

The human oral cavity comprises an extensive range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa, each having a particular role and interacting with each other and with the host in sickness or health. Changes in the microbiome composition can be crucial in [...] Read more.

The human oral cavity comprises an extensive range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa, each having a particular role and interacting with each other and with the host in sickness or health. Changes in the microbiome composition can be crucial in balancing health and disease, locally and systemically. Various microbial species in commensal relationships form the oral microbiota, and when this commensalism undergoes variations the immune system can be pushed towards the activation of inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Through a systematic review of the literature, we set out to investigate the role that the oral microbiota can play in the development and evolution of pemphigus vulgaris and mucous membrane pemphigoid. We performed our systematic review by searching “microbiome OR microbiota” AND “pemphigus OR pemphigoid” on Medline, ISI Web of science and Embase, and we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective comparison studies, retrospective cohort studies, case–control studies, and case series. These autoimmune diseases need a genetic basis to develop, but as multifactorial pathologies they are influenced by environmental factors and the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota can be a trigger. If the human microbiome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and manifestation of oral autoimmune diseases, the next step could be new and promising therapeutic approaches such as probiotics or prebiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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12 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Photodynamic Therapy in Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alessia Pardo, Andrea Butera, Angela Giordano, Simone Gallo, Maurizio Pascadopoli, Andrea Scribante and Massimo Albanese

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021086 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

Aim: to evaluate the adjunctive effects of photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on nonsurgical mechanical treatment in patients with periodontitis. Materials and methods: The search strategy was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to answer research questions regarding the effectiveness of aPDT in association with [...] Read more.

Aim: to evaluate the adjunctive effects of photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on nonsurgical mechanical treatment in patients with periodontitis. Materials and methods: The search strategy was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to answer research questions regarding the effectiveness of aPDT in association with non-surgical periodontal therapy. The mean values and standard deviations were collected by data extraction. A descriptive comparison between aPDT in association with periodontal treatment and periodontal treatment alone was performed, and meta-analyses of PPD were also performed. Both randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were included. Results: Out of 2059 records, 14 articles on adjunctive photodynamic therapy were included because they met the eligibility criteria. A comparison between the aPDT data and the control group showed improved PPD for photodynamic therapy (SMD −0.76, p = 0.003; I² = 88%). Statistical analysis was then applied to the three PPD subgroups. The first group included studies that used indocyanine green in association with a wavelength of 810 nm (SMD −1.79, p < 0.00001, I² = 88%). The second group included studies that used phenothiazine chloride at a wavelength of 660 nm (SMD −0.03, p = 0.84, I² = 0%). The last group included studies that used methylene blue photosensitizers treated with a wavelength 628–670 nm were included (SMD −0.13, p = 0.38; I² = 0%). Conclusions: despite the limited number of RCTs and the great heterogeneity between them, it can be concluded that aPDT in association with nonsurgical periodontal treatment improved the clinical parameters at 3 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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6 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Lingual Lichenoid Lesion Due to Dental Amalgam Fillings: Case Report and Clinical Considerations

by Massimo Petruzzi, Fedora della Vella, Guglielmo Campus, Dario Di Stasio and Dorina Lauritano

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412895 - 15 Dec 2022

Viewed by 3194

Abstract

Oral white lesions are quite common clinical conditions in clinical dental practice. They can be an expression of different diseases, so it is crucial to achieve a correct diagnosis to start an adequate treatment. However, differential diagnosis is not always easy because the [...] Read more.

Oral white lesions are quite common clinical conditions in clinical dental practice. They can be an expression of different diseases, so it is crucial to achieve a correct diagnosis to start an adequate treatment. However, differential diagnosis is not always easy because the clinical appearance of oral white lesions is often similar and non-pathognomonic. We report on a 42-year-old Caucasian woman who complained of a chronic white patch on the left border of her tongue. A provisional diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia was made, but the patient was HIV-negative and not immunocompromised. A patch test was performed to exclude an allergic reaction, which resulted negative. Two large amalgam fillings were removed, and the lesion regressed after two weeks, suggesting a diagnosis of oral lichenoid lesions. Amalgam-associated oral lichenoid lesions could be mistaken for hairy leukoplakia when located on the lateral border of the tongue. Patch tests for dental metal series are only sometimes helpful for a diagnosis of oral lichenoid lesions. Patients should follow a careful follow-up to monitor any neoplastic derailment of the lichenoid lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)

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