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Applied Sciences
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Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites
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Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 11052

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Silvia Agnelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
Interests: rubber and elastomers; fracture mechanics; structure-property relationships; elastomer nanocomposites
Prof. Maurizio Galimberti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
Interests: elastomers; nanofillers; graphene related materials; biosourced chemicals; functionalization reactions; polymer nanocomposites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the opening of a new Special Issue in the Applied Sciences Journal on “Hybrid filler systems in elastomer based composites.”

The use of hybrid fillers is one of the most promising strategies being explored in recent literature, with the aim to continuously improve the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties of elastomeric systems, as well as to impart multi- and functional- properties. Hybrid fillers are two or more different fillers deliberately added together to the same matrix.

The objectives of combining multiple fillers in the same system are manifold, for example: to develop synergistic effects while preserving the superior properties of each single filler, to improve filler dispersion, to lower the percolation threshold, to introduce innovative and sustainable filler systems, from natural sources and industrial waste, to favor circular economy and to reduce costs associated to the use of nanofillers or expensive fillers.

This Special Issue of Applied Sciences is intended for a wide and multidisciplinary audience.  It is our pleasure to invite you to submit manuscripts to this Special Issue covering the latest research in the area. Frontier-of-science contributions in synthesis, preparation, characterization, structure–property relationships, modelling, applications and uses of elastomer composites reinforced with hybrid filler systems are welcomed.

We are convinced that this Special Issue can provide the community with new ideas and perspectives, supporting the wider and wiser use of hybrid fillers for modern engineering applications.

Dr. Silvia Agnelli
Prof. Maurizio Galimberti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Elastomer reinforcement
  • Hybrid filler systems
  • Nanofillers
  • Bio fillers
  • Lightweight materials
  • Circular economy
  • Multi-scale reinforcement

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2873 KiB  
Article
Hybrid In Situ Reinforcement of EPDM Rubber Compounds Based on Phenolic Novolac Resin and Ionic Coagent
by Lara Strohmeier, Winoj Balasooriya, Bernd Schrittesser, Martin van Duin and Sandra Schlögl
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052432 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
For the design of stretchable and flexible high-performing materials, the reinforcement of elastomeric grades plays a crucial role. State-of-the-art fillers such as carbon black benefit from a high reinforcement but often negatively affect the processing and mixing properties of rubber compounds. To overcome [...] Read more.
For the design of stretchable and flexible high-performing materials, the reinforcement of elastomeric grades plays a crucial role. State-of-the-art fillers such as carbon black benefit from a high reinforcement but often negatively affect the processing and mixing properties of rubber compounds. To overcome this drawback, the synergistic properties of hybrid in situ filler systems are studied for EPDM compounds comprising a phenol novolac resin and ionic coagents such as zinc (meth)acrylates (ZD(M)A. With the help of a combined novolac/ZD(M)A system, the compounds could be tailored in a unique way towards higher toughness and enhanced cross-link density. Further, the fracture surface of the EPDM–novolac compounds was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, revealing a significant change of the morphology from rough and disordered to smooth and homogenous for samples with coagents. In addition, the results clearly showed that the introduction of ionic coagents is able to compensate shares of carbon black filler in the EPDM compound. The toughening of samples with zinc (meth)acrylates is attributed to the synergistic formation of an interpenetrating polymer-filler network by simultaneous covalent and ionic cross-linking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites)
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17 pages, 2642 KiB  
Article
Silica-Based Composites with Enhanced Rheological Properties Thanks to a Nanosized Graphite Functionalized with Serinol Pyrrole
by Gea Prioglio, Silvia Agnelli, Stefano Pandini and Maurizio Galimberti
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11410; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311410 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1456
Abstract
Silica-based rubber composites have tremendous importance, as they allow the reduction in hysteresis in demanding dynamic-mechanical applications such as tire compounds and hence have a lower environmental impact. However, they also present drawbacks such as poor rheological behavior. In this work, an innovative [...] Read more.
Silica-based rubber composites have tremendous importance, as they allow the reduction in hysteresis in demanding dynamic-mechanical applications such as tire compounds and hence have a lower environmental impact. However, they also present drawbacks such as poor rheological behavior. In this work, an innovative silica-based hybrid filler system was developed, obtaining a rubber composite with an improved set of properties. A nanosized high surface area graphite (HSAG) was functionalized with 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)propane-1,3-diol, serinol pyrrole (SP), through a simple process characterized by a high carbon efficiency. The HSAG-SP adduct, with about nine parts of SP per hundred parts of carbon filler, was used to form a hybrid filler system with silica. An elastomeric composite, with poly(styrene-co-butadiene) from anionic polymerization and poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) from Hevea brasiliensis was prepared with 50 parts of silica, which was replaced in a minor amount (15%) by either pristine HSAG or HSAG-SP. The best set of composite properties was obtained with HSAG-SP: the same dynamic rigidity and hysteresis and tensile properties of the silica-based material and appreciably better rheological properties, particularly in terms of flowability. This work paves the way for a new generation of silica-based composites, with improved properties, based on a hybrid filler system with a nanosized edge functionalized graphite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites)
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11 pages, 2185 KiB  
Article
Nanodiamond—Carbon Black Hybrid Filler System for Demanding Applications of Natural Rubber—Butadiene Rubber Composite
by Minna Poikelispää, Alexandra Shakun and Essi Sarlin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10085; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110085 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1734
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of carbon black (CB) by nanodiamonds (NDs) on the vulcanization, mechanical and dynamic properties of a natural rubber—butadiene rubber compound, a typical elastomer compound found in several applications (the [...] Read more.
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of carbon black (CB) by nanodiamonds (NDs) on the vulcanization, mechanical and dynamic properties of a natural rubber—butadiene rubber compound, a typical elastomer compound found in several applications (the tire and mining industry, for example). A studied hybrid filler system resulted in a 28% increase in tensile strength and 29% increase in 300% modulus at low ND loadings even though the total weight fraction of the filler system was kept constant at 25 parts per hundred rubber. The hybrid filler system improved dispersion of both fillers as was proven by scanning electron microscopy and the Payne effect study. In addition, the replacement of 2.5 and 5 phr CB by NDs resulted in 62% improvement in wear resistance. The DMA study showed that a certain ND-CB filler combination has a positive effect on tire properties such as wet grip and rolling resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites)
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23 pages, 10903 KiB  
Article
Incorporation of Oligomeric Hydrocarbon Resins for Improving the Properties of Aircraft Tire Retreads
by Indriasari, Jacques Noordermeer and Wilma Dierkes
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219834 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1782
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of oligomeric hydrocarbon resins in order to benefit from their effect on improving the performance of aircraft tire retreads. The aim was to enhance the tackiness for the retreading process and their final performance in terms of [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the use of oligomeric hydrocarbon resins in order to benefit from their effect on improving the performance of aircraft tire retreads. The aim was to enhance the tackiness for the retreading process and their final performance in terms of superior stress–strain properties and low heat generation in order to decrease treadwear; thus, increasing the tire’s service life, and in terms of traction or skid resistance to improve safety during landing of an aircraft. Two types of resins are investigated: a terpene phenol and an aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin, added to compounds with different filler systems: Carbon Black (CB), hybrid Carbon Black/Silica (CB/SI), and pure Silica (SI). The rubber compounds and vulcanizates are compared to their controls for each filler system. The use of resins improves processing independent of the filler system, with a slight improvement of tensile strength, Modulus at 300% (M300%) and Elongation at Break (EAB). The incorporation of resins improves the tackiness for the compounds with all filler systems, which is beneficial for the retreading process. A significant improvement in Ice Traction (ICT) and Wet Skid Resistance (WSR) with a trade-off in Heat Build-Up (HBU) is observed in CB- and CB/SI-reinforced compounds when resins are added. Terpene phenol and aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin show comparable ICT, while the aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin gives a better WSR performance than the terpene phenol in all compounds. However, a slight improvement in HBU with the use of both resins is only observed in the SI-filled system. The present exploratory study into the addition of resins demonstrates the potential to significantly improve the overall performance of aircraft tire retreads, justifying more in-depth investigations into this possibility in real tires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites)
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Review

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9 pages, 1447 KiB  
Review
Sepiolite-Based Anisotropic Nanoparticles: A New Player in the Rubber Reinforcement Technology for Tire Application
by Luciano Tadiello, Silvia Guerra and Luca Giannini
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2714; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052714 - 05 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2471
Abstract
Elastomer reinforcement with nanofillers has been a main rubber technology topic since the discovery of rubber vulcanization. Starting from carbon black, many researchers studied the correlations between the reinforcement of rubber and the colloidal properties of the reinforcing filler. The advent of silica [...] Read more.
Elastomer reinforcement with nanofillers has been a main rubber technology topic since the discovery of rubber vulcanization. Starting from carbon black, many researchers studied the correlations between the reinforcement of rubber and the colloidal properties of the reinforcing filler. The advent of silica allowed the experimentation of a playground of chemistries at the filler-rubber interface. In the increasing complexity of nowadays car manufacturer requests, reinforcing fillers play a pivotal role in determining the set of properties, which make a specific compound suitable for its applications. This effort of continuous improvement of rubber compound properties is pushing the tire industry towards novel solutions, and the silica/CB filler reinforcing technology will likely soon accept at least a third reinforcing filler as a major constituent of rubber compounds. While all major tire manufacturers build continuous knowledge on candidates such as carbon allotropes and 2-D nanoclays, Pirelli is paving the way for Sepiolite-derived nanofillers. Being Sepiolite naturally sourced, safe, and chemically playful, this unique 1-D phyllosilicate bears the promise of changing the game of elastomer nano-reinforcement, with the optional characteristic of giving mechanical anisotropy to the rubber compound. In this review, the historical progress on rubber reinforcement with sepiolite will be summarized, with an example of application in a commercially available Pirelli product, progenitor of the Smart-Net Silica® technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Filler Systems in Elastomer-Based Composites)
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