Research

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23 pages, 5768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Accident Reduction Rate after Maritime Traffic Safety Assessment Using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique and Machine Learning Algorithm

by Wolseok Won, Minjeong Lim and Wonsik Kang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083283 - 13 Apr 2024

Viewed by 253

Abstract

This study was focused on deriving the MTSA-related accident reduction rate (ARR) required to calculate the safety benefits before and after expanding the scope of the system. By performing spatial analysis using geographic information system technology, MTSA-related accidents were identified on maritime routes [...] Read more.

This study was focused on deriving the MTSA-related accident reduction rate (ARR) required to calculate the safety benefits before and after expanding the scope of the system. By performing spatial analysis using geographic information system technology, MTSA-related accidents were identified on maritime routes near both assessed and unassessed project sites from 2010 to 2014. Subsequently, by applying the synthetic minority oversampling technique to balance the data, the algorithm learned from the random forest using the operational data of coastal passenger ship operations and accident data near unassessed locations where MTSA is not implemented. Then, the trained model was applied to predict accident occurrence in the absence of MTSA near the latest operational information of coastal passenger ship operations at the assessed project sites. The MTSA-related ARR was then calculated by applying the actual accident occurrences during operation near the assessed project sites where MTSA was implemented. The MTSA-marine ARR calculated at 17.41% can be applied to the calculation of safety benefit for MTSA. The results of this study can provide quantitative evidence for the application of higher-level systems considering the burden on regulatory targets when improving MTSA or similar systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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15 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Time Estimation for the Bathymetric Surveys Conducted with a Multi-Beam Echosounder System

by Artur Grządziel

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10139; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810139 - 08 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1333

Abstract

Exact and complete preparation of a hydrographic survey project allows for the avoidance or reduction of additional costs and unexpected delays and, at the same time, increases the efficiency of the survey. One of the essential requirements at the survey planning stage is [...] Read more.

Exact and complete preparation of a hydrographic survey project allows for the avoidance or reduction of additional costs and unexpected delays and, at the same time, increases the efficiency of the survey. One of the essential requirements at the survey planning stage is a calculation of time necessary for performing bathymetric measurements with a multi-beam echosounder. Based on these calculations, many decisions related to the costs and methodology are made. The article presents the method of time estimation for the hydrographic surveys and takes into account many variables that directly affect the final duration of the project. The paper demonstrates the influence of water depth, multi-beam echosounder swath angle, and other planning parameters related to the scheme of survey lines on the total time of stay at sea. The main findings are based on the author’s over twenty years of experience aboard the Polish Navy hydrographic ship Arctowski and include thorough analysis of specialist literature, publications, manuals, and international standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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16 pages, 4782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Fire Resistance of Polymer Composites with Natural Reinforcement as Safe Construction Materials for Small Vessels

by Katarzyna Bryll, Ewelina Kostecka, Mieczysław Scheibe, Renata Dobrzyńska, Tomasz Kostecki, Wojciech Ślączka and Iga Korczyńska

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 5832; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105832 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1152

Abstract

In small vessels, for example, yachts, polymer–glass composites are mainly used for their construction. However, the disposal and/or recycling of composite units is very difficult. It is advisable to solve the problem of disposing of post-consumer items as soon as possible. Therefore, alternative, [...] Read more.

In small vessels, for example, yachts, polymer–glass composites are mainly used for their construction. However, the disposal and/or recycling of composite units is very difficult. It is advisable to solve the problem of disposing of post-consumer items as soon as possible. Therefore, alternative, environmentally friendly, but also durable and safe construction materials are being sought. Such materials can be polymer–natural composites, which can be used as a potential material (alternative to polymer–glass composites) for the construction of small vessels. However, its performance properties should be investigated as new construction materials. The possibility of using polymer–hemp composites was assessed in terms of safety, i.e., the fire resistance of these materials. This paper compares selected characteristics that the reaction of composite materials has to fire with glass fiber and hemp fiber reinforcements. During the study, a natural composite reinforced with hemp fabric was investigated. Based on the laboratory test, it was found that this composite showed better susceptibility to energy recycling, with a relatively small deterioration in fire resistance compared to the composite reinforced with glass fiber. This material could therefore be a potential construction material for small vessels if we consider fire resistance in terms of the safety of the vessel’s operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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25 pages, 7503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Tank-Level Control Using Dahlin Algorithm Design and PID Control

by Tatijana Dlabač, Sanja Antić, Martin Ćalasan, Alenka Milovanović and Nikola Marvučić

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5414; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095414 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Liquid-level control in tanks is widely used in various industrial sectors. Due to problems arising from the case that the liquid level is above or below the recommended, the process of its control is of great significance. The proportional integral differential (PID) controller [...] Read more.

Liquid-level control in tanks is widely used in various industrial sectors. Due to problems arising from the case that the liquid level is above or below the recommended, the process of its control is of great significance. The proportional integral differential (PID) controller is one of the most widely used controllers in applications that require accuracy and optimal automatic control. In this paper, single and coupled ship fuel tank systems are discussed. In addition, mathematical models and their linearization using two different approaches are presented. The two control approaches are used to maintain the specified liquid level in tanks. The first is based on the design of standard PID controllers, with the application of the Ziegler–Nichols, Takahashi tuning, and Auto-tuning methods. The second approach, proposed by the authors, is based on the application of the Dahlin algorithm. The simple modification of the Dahlin controller, which can avoid the “ringing” of the control signal, is suggested in the paper. Moreover, the lower limit of the decrease in the desired time constant, which ensures the desired behavior of the system, is determined. The comparisons provided for different performance indexes show the advantages of the modified Dahlin algorithm approach compared to the standard PID controllers. Furthermore, the comparison with the literature-known approaches is realized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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21 pages, 4860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Ship Trajectory Prediction Model Based on Attention-BILSTM Optimized by the Whale Optimization Algorithm

by Hongyu Jia, Yaoyu Yang, Jintang An and Rui Fu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4907; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084907 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1361

Abstract

Nowadays, maritime transportation has become one of the most important ways of international trade. However, with the increase in ship transportation, the complex maritime environment has led to frequent traffic accidents, causing huge economic losses and safety hazards. For ships in maritime transportation, [...] Read more.

Nowadays, maritime transportation has become one of the most important ways of international trade. However, with the increase in ship transportation, the complex maritime environment has led to frequent traffic accidents, causing huge economic losses and safety hazards. For ships in maritime transportation, collision avoidance and route planning can be achieved by predicting the ship’s trajectory, which can give crews warning to avoid dangers. How to predict the ship’s trajectory more accurately is of great significance for risk avoidance. However, existing ship trajectory prediction models suffer from problems such as poor prediction accuracy, poor applicability, and difficult hyperparameter design. To address these issues, this paper adopts the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BILSTM) model as the base model, as it considers contextual information of time-series data more comprehensively. Meanwhile, to improve the accuracy and fitness of complex ship trajectories, this paper adds an attention mechanism to the BILSTM model to improve the weight of key information. In addition, to solve the problem of difficult hyperparameter design, this paper optimizes the hyperparameters of the Attention-BILSTM network by fusing the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). In this paper, the AIS data are filtered, and the trajectory is complemented by the cubic spline interpolation method. Using the pre-processed AIS data, this WOA-Attention-BILSTM model is compared and assessed with traditional models. The results show that compared with other models, the WOA-Attention-BILSTM prediction model has high prediction accuracy, high applicability, and high stability, which provides an effective and feasible method for ship collision avoidance, maritime surveillance, and intelligent shipping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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26 pages, 6848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Improvement of Safety Navigation Based on the Shipmaster’s Control of Ship Navigational Parameters When Sailing in Different Sea State Conditions

by José A. Orosa, José M. Pérez-Canosa, Francisco J. Pérez-Castelo and Vanesa Durán-Grados

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074486 - 01 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 978

Abstract

Shipmasters must make several quick decisions with respect to the ship’s speed and heading when new sea conditions approach. The implications for ship stability and risky situations are known but there are no guides on how they should be addressed in this limited [...] Read more.

Shipmasters must make several quick decisions with respect to the ship’s speed and heading when new sea conditions approach. The implications for ship stability and risky situations are known but there are no guides on how they should be addressed in this limited period of time. In the present paper, and from three points of view, the ship’s rolling motion in the long-term domain is analysed. Firstly, the ship’s behaviour after the influence of a single and external force was studied. Secondly, the influence of successive regular beam seas, with resistance and at zero-speed conditions, was analysed. Finally, the influence of wave direction on a ship sailing at non-zero speed was investigated. Results showed that once five minutes elapse, the rolling angle tends to be null regardless of the ship’s loading condition and that after a certain period of time, a coupling of the ship’s rolling frequency with the waves’ period and angle amplitude occurs. This circumstance was noted after three minutes for all of the ship loading conditions. Finally, novel guides for shipmasters in the form of 3D maps and polar diagrams were proposed to improve the ship’s behaviour-altering navigational parameters (heading and ship’s speed) when sailing in changing weather conditions. Therefore, for the three approaches, the relevant results and novel mathematical relations of linear factors were obtained which can be considered useful and applicable by the ship operators of most fishing and merchant fleets (regardless of their sizes) when they are operating under normal loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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23 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Interchangeably the Extended Kalman Filter and Geodetic Robust Adjustment Methods to Increase the Accuracy of Surface Vehicle Positioning in the Coastal Zone

by Krzysztof Naus and Piotr Szymak

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042110 - 06 Feb 2023

Viewed by 901

Abstract

This paper presents a study to evaluate the comparative positioning accuracy of Surface Vehicle (SV) using Dead Reckoning (DR), Geodetic Least-Squares Adjustment (GLSA), Geodetic Robust Adjustment (GRA), and External Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. This involved simulating the results of navigational measurements subject to [...] Read more.

This paper presents a study to evaluate the comparative positioning accuracy of Surface Vehicle (SV) using Dead Reckoning (DR), Geodetic Least-Squares Adjustment (GLSA), Geodetic Robust Adjustment (GRA), and External Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. This involved simulating the results of navigational measurements subject to errors (including gross errors) used to position the SV swimming along a given trajectory in the vicinity of three beacons. We showed an apparent increase in the SV positioning accuracy, from approximately 9 m of Root Mean Square (RMS) obtained by DR and GLSA methods, to approximately 2 m (RMS), achieved using GRA and EKF methods. We also showed that, by interchanging GRA and EKF methods, it is still possible to increase the positioning accuracy of the SV up to 1.14 m (RMS). However, such an interchange should occur after the experimentally determined limit of the mean error of the position coordinates estimated by the GRA method has been exceeded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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17 pages, 3669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Assessment of the Medium Frequency R-Mode Baltic Testbed at Sea near Rostock

by Filippo Giacomo Rizzi, Lars Grundhöfer, Stefan Gewies and Tobias Ehlers

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031872 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1129

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are the primary source of position, navigation and timing (PNT) information in the maritime domain. Nevertheless, there is a pressing need for alternative absolute position information to serve as a backup when GNSS is not trustworthy or usable. [...] Read more.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are the primary source of position, navigation and timing (PNT) information in the maritime domain. Nevertheless, there is a pressing need for alternative absolute position information to serve as a backup when GNSS is not trustworthy or usable. One possible alternative navigation system is the terrestrial Ranging Mode, also known as the R-Mode. It reuses medium frequency (MF) radio beacons and base stations of the very high frequency data exchange system (VDES) for the transmission of synchronised signals in the service areas of those stations. A large-scale R-Mode testbed is available in the southern Baltic Sea with eight MF radio beacons transmitting R-Mode signals. These signals suffer the self-interference generated by the reflection of the radio wave from the ionosphere at night. The reflected signal, known as the sky wave in the literature, is a form of multipath, which decreases the accuracy of the system. In our work, we present the analysis of measurements obtained with the research vessel Deneb. The horizontal accuracy achieved in the optimal condition was 15.1 m (95%), whereas under the sky wave, the accuracy decreased to 55.3 m. The results are a starting point for the further development of the MF R-Mode system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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12 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Tests of the Passing Distance of Ships on a Two-Way Fairway

by Stanisław Gucma, Jarosław Artyszuk, Rafał Gralak and Marcin Przywarty

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020920 - 09 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

One of the components necessary to determine the width of a safe maneuvering area on two-way fairways is a safe passing distance. Existing methods do not consider modern model studies of interactions between passing vessels, additionally, they ignore the influence of the vessel’s [...] Read more.

One of the components necessary to determine the width of a safe maneuvering area on two-way fairways is a safe passing distance. Existing methods do not consider modern model studies of interactions between passing vessels, additionally, they ignore the influence of the vessel’s position accuracy and navigators’ qualifications. This paper presents a method to determine the passing distance, which is free of the drawbacks of the methods used so far. The proposed method is based on simulation research carried out using an FMBS-type (Full Mission Bridge) simulator. The tests were carried out for three loaded vessels (bulk carrier, tanker, and sea ferry), on four sections of the fairway with different parameters and aids-to-navigation available. The results obtained allowed the modification of the authors’ previous, but still widely used, deterministic–probabilistic MTE (Marine Traffic Engineering) method for determining the width of a safe maneuvering area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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16 pages, 4708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of the K-Sim Polaris Simulator in the Process of Automatic Assessment of Navigator Competence in the Aspect of Anticollision Activities

by Wiesław Juszkiewicz and Anna Żukowska

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020915 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Very high safety standards set for modern sea shipping are a big challenge both for the navigators themselves and training centers. Practical training, which gives the possibility to practice any typical and unusual sea situations, unexpected events and failures, rescue operations, or maneuvering [...] Read more.

Very high safety standards set for modern sea shipping are a big challenge both for the navigators themselves and training centers. Practical training, which gives the possibility to practice any typical and unusual sea situations, unexpected events and failures, rescue operations, or maneuvering in restricted areas, is very important. Full mission bridge simulators are widely used in this field. The aim of this conducted research was to verify the usefulness of a multitask navigation bridge simulator in the process of automatic evaluation of anticollision actions executed by a navigator. To achieve that, the available literature was analyzed, several simulations were carried out, and expert studies were performed. The simulations were carried out in the K-Sim Polaris simulator with the participation of students, deck officers, and captains. Expert research was carried out with a group of navigators with different professional experiences. This allowed for verification of the used evaluation criteria and their mutual relations. The results analysis concludes that properly programmed scenarios of testing navigator competence led to an objectivized assessment, which is its important element. However, the key is both the proper programming of the testing scenario as well as the correct selection of the criteria for the assessment itself. Therefore, during test scenario creation, it is necessary to use both the knowledge of experts and a multistage modification of the applied evaluation parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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12 pages, 6218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Impact of Road Traffic Generated by Port Areas on the Urban Transport Network—Case Study of the Port of Gdynia

by Monika Ziemska-Osuch and Sambor Guze

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010200 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1571

Abstract

The paper’s main aim is to present the impact on the city’s road traffic generated by the Port of Gdynia’s operations and propose the optimal solution for transport network development around the port. Firstly, the authors demonstrate a case study determining the impact [...] Read more.

The paper’s main aim is to present the impact on the city’s road traffic generated by the Port of Gdynia’s operations and propose the optimal solution for transport network development around the port. Firstly, the authors demonstrate a case study determining the impact of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) generated by port facilities on local traffic. To this end, the average travel time of cars in the network on selected measurement sections is conditioned on the varying number of HGVs generated by the port. Next, based on the data obtained from the traffic monitoring system, PTV Vissim software is used as a modelling tool to analyse and assess the impact on local traffic. Finally, considering the analysis’ results, the vulnerability of the transport network is discussed. The optimal solution for the transport network around the port’s area is proposed. The paper is an extended version of the materials presented at the XIX Maritime Traffic Engineering Conference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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16 pages, 4698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Adjustment of GNSS Railway Measurements with Parameter-Binding Conditions in a Stationary Scenario

by Pawel S. Dabrowski, Cezary Specht, Mariusz Specht, Paweł Burdziakowski and Oktawia Lewicka

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412851 - 14 Dec 2022

Viewed by 884

Abstract

The study aims to assess the applicability of the ordinary least squares method, robust estimation, and conditions-binded adjustment in processing the six synchronous coordinate pairs of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. The research is part of the research project InnoSatTrack, focused on [...] Read more.

The study aims to assess the applicability of the ordinary least squares method, robust estimation, and conditions-binded adjustment in processing the six synchronous coordinate pairs of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. The research is part of the research project InnoSatTrack, focused on the enhancement of the determination of geometrical parameters of railway tracks using GNSS, inertial, and other sensors. A fixed frame of installation of six receivers is used in the data processing. Due to the limited availability of railway routes for measurements, the stationary campaign was conducted to gather data for the adjustment procedures tests. Six GNSS receivers in the frame-restricted configuration were set up using the tachymetric method for recording 96,729 synchronous static observations. Post-processed coordinates of the receivers were adjusted according to the geometrical conditions of the survey frame. Analysis showed higher applicability of the conditions-binded method than other estimation methods by obtaining superior results in both the precision and the maintenance of the design conditions factors than in the OLS and robust estimators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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12 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conditional Dependencies and Position Fixing

by Włodzimierz Filipowicz

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12324; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312324 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 944

Abstract

Experimental crude datasets are usually processed with statistical methods to obtain rough evaluations of nautical measurements. Taking the observations and rectifying the knowledge on them are not correlated. In modern computer applications, raw datasets are usually exploited in the initial learning phase. At [...] Read more.

Experimental crude datasets are usually processed with statistical methods to obtain rough evaluations of nautical measurements. Taking the observations and rectifying the knowledge on them are not correlated. In modern computer applications, raw datasets are usually exploited in the initial learning phase. At this stage, the available data are explored to extract the necessary parameters required within the scheme of computations. The aim of this study was to undertake the crude data processing problem to extract the conditional dependencies that appear as the most important factors when handling the distorted data. First, I upgraded the traditional structures, which are histograms. The stepwise diagrams feature their uncertain evaluation. I upgraded the hierarchy among the evidence within the data pool and defined the given ranking adequate membership functions. The principles of fuzzy systems justified the use of the bin-to-bin additive approach to obtain the locally injective density functions, which can be perceived of as conditional dependency diagrams that enable the construction of simple belief assignments. The structural combination includes the solution to the position fixing problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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13 pages, 2904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Frequency of Marine Accidents by Navigators’ Watch Duty Time in South Korea Using LSTM

by Jungyeon Choi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11724; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211724 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1175

Abstract

Despite the development of advanced technology, marine accidents have not decreased. To prevent marine accidents, it is necessary to predict accidents in advance. With the recent development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI technologies such as deep learning have been applied to create and [...] Read more.

Despite the development of advanced technology, marine accidents have not decreased. To prevent marine accidents, it is necessary to predict accidents in advance. With the recent development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI technologies such as deep learning have been applied to create and analyze predictive models in various fields. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for predicting the frequency of marine accidents using a long-short term memory (LSTM) network. In this study, a prediction model was developed using marine accidents from 1981 to 2019, and the proposed model was evaluated by predicting the accidents in 2020. As a result, we found that marine accidents mainly occurred during the third officer’s duty time, representing that the accidents are highly related to the navigator’s experience. In addition, the proposed LSTM model performed reliably to predict the frequency of marine accidents with a small mean absolute percentage error (best MAPE: 0.059) that outperformed a traditional statistical method (i.e, ARIMA). This study could help us build LSTM structures for marine accident prediction and could be used as primary data to prevent the accidents by predicting the number of marine accidents by the navigator’s watch duty time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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Review

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26 pages, 4287 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges for the Education and Training of Seafarers in the Context of Autonomous Shipping: Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review

by Toni Meštrović, Ivica Pavić, Mislav Maljković and Andrej Androjna

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083173 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 447

Abstract

The maritime industry is undergoing a profound transformation with the integration of autonomous technologies, which brings new challenges and opportunities for the education and training of seafarers. This article aims to examine the evolving landscape of autonomous ships and its impact on maritime [...] Read more.

The maritime industry is undergoing a profound transformation with the integration of autonomous technologies, which brings new challenges and opportunities for the education and training of seafarers. This article aims to examine the evolving landscape of autonomous ships and its impact on maritime education, with a focus on the changing roles and responsibilities of seafarers. The levels of autonomy defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provide a framework for understanding the evolution towards fully autonomous ships and highlight the changing roles and responsibilities of seafarers. Using a systematic review based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), this study examines maritime education for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). Using Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar, a comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant studies focusing on seafarer training and the impact of automation in the maritime sector. The analysis included bibliometric assessments, historical reviews and a categorization of research topics. This systematic review contributes to a deeper understanding of the current state and trends in maritime education for autonomous shipping. The findings inform educators and industry stakeholders about the critical aspects of education and training needed to address the challenges and realize the potential benefits of autonomous technologies in the maritime sector. The inclusion of bibliometric analysis enriches the study by providing a comprehensive overview of the researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Maritime Engineering and Transportation Problems 2022)

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