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Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 9768

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhenyu Sun

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: tunnel engineering; surrounding rock stability; support design; subsea tunnel; analytical modelling

Dr. Yanjuan Hou

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: tunnel engineering; urban underground engineering; soil–structure interaction; security risk control

Dr. Mozhen Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: tunneling-induced deformation; soil–structure interaction; nonlinear contact; hydro-mechanical coupling; numerical simulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As three essential issues in tunnel and underground engineering, the stability of surrounding rock, the support-surrounding rock interaction, and the structural dynamic response have attracted widespread attention. Since the construction conditions of tunnel engineering are increasingly complex, new and innovative methods of support design, as well as new support structures in tunnel support systems, are developing every day. In addition, as the digital and information technologies applied in tunnel and underground engineering, intelligent constructions are being developed, representing the future trends in tunnel and underground engineering

In tunnel engineering, construction safety and economical efficiency are the most important requirements for the support design. Furthermore, the development and use of different types of mechanical equipments and monitoring devices play an important role in improving the advance rate and ensuring the tunnel safety. To rationalize the use of construction equipments, the development of new support design methods is crucial, which is also required in intelligent construction.

Therefore, this Special Issue intends to present new analytical modelling, numerical simulation, and experimental techniques in the support design, as well as new achievements in the intelligent construction of tunnel and underground engineering.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

The analysis of tunnel-surrounding rock stability;
The design and modelling of tunnel supports;
The experimental research of support structures;
Experimental tests through tunnel construction;
The optimization of tunnel support structures;
The long-term performance of tunnel support system;
The application of new support structures;
Field monitoring in tunnel and underground engineering;
The dynamic response of tunnel supports;
The application of Big Data and artificial intelligence in tunnel engineering.

Dr. Zhenyu Sun
Dr. Yanjuan Hou
Dr. Mozhen Zhou
Guest Editors

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Keywords

tunnel enginnering
support design
surrounding rock deformation
support-surrounding rock interaction
tunnel structure durability
intelligent construction

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 2908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on 3D Geological Modeling Method Based on Deep Neural Networks for Drilling Data

by Liang Liu, Tianbin Li and Chunchi Ma

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010423 - 03 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1012

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) models provide the most intuitive representation of geological conditions. Traditional modeling methods heavily depend on technicians’ expertise and lack ease of updating. In this study, we introduce a deep learning-based method for 3D geological implicit modeling, leveraging a substantial dataset of geological drilling data. By applying resampling and normalization techniques, we standardize drilling data and significantly expand the dataset, making it suitable for training deep neural networks. Utilizing the characteristics of the sample data, we design and establish the network structure, loss function, and parameter configurations, resulting in the training of a deep neural network with high accuracy and robust generalization capability. Ultimately, we utilize the dataset generated from the network’s predictions to render and construct the 3D geological model. The research in this paper demonstrates the significant promise of deep neural networks in addressing geological challenges. The deep learning-based implicit 3D modeling method surpasses traditional approaches in terms of generalization, convenience, and adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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18 pages, 6054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Catastrophe Information Characteristics of Strain-Structural Plane Slip Rockburst in Deep Tunnels

by Jiaqi Guo, Zihui Zhu, Hengyuan Zhang, Feiyue Sun and Benguo He

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12396; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212396 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 567

Abstract

Rigid structural planes encountered during construction have an obvious influence on rockburst intensity and occurrence mechanism. The high-intensity rockburst induced by the structural plane poses a great threat to the safety construction of the tunnel. A novel 3D discrete element numerical analysis method for rockburst is proposed with the help of the bonded block model and multi-parameter rockburst energy index. According to this method, the influence of multivariate information characteristics such as stress, energy, fracture, and rockburst proneness index on the surrounding rock during the strain-structural plane slip rockburst in deep tunnels is systematically investigated. The results are drawn as follows: The results show that from the analysis of multivariate information characteristics of strain-structural plane slip rockburst, the rock between the plane and tunnel is a typical rockburst risk area. The dip angle, length, and relative distance of the structural plane have a significant influence on the multivariate catastrophe information characteristics of the surrounding rock: As the dip angle increases, the fracture propagation range within the risk rock expands, but the rockburst intensity and the occurrence range gradually decrease; as the length increases, the fracture propagation range, rockburst intensity and occurrence range within the risk rock increase slightly; as the relative distance increases, the fracture propagation range and rockburst intensity gradually weaken, and the occurrence range of rockburst first increases and then decreases. Using the “11.28” strain-structural plane slip rockburst case as a basis, engineering validation research was conducted. The simulation results are found to be essentially consistent with the rockburst condition on the field, validating the rationality and applicability of the novel rockburst analysis method proposed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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15 pages, 4822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Undercrossing Shield Tunnels Excavation on Existing Rectangular Pipe-Jacking Tunnels

by Jun He, Zhiwen Yang and Xu Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12235; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212235 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 708

Abstract

Shield tunneling underneath existing rectangular pipe jacking can often lead to uneven settling. To solve the problem of excessive deformation of the existing underground pedestrian passages, excavated via the rectangular pipe-jacking method due to the adjacent shield tunnels construction beneath, a safety control plan has been proposed based on the shield tunnels constructed beneath a well-type underground pedestrian passage in Hohhot Subway. This plan involves the use of both numerical simulations and on-site monitoring to investigate the deformation patterns of the rectangular pipe jacking. The results suggest that the combined approach of interlayer soil grouting and steel support reinforcement is not only appropriate but also feasible for on-site implementation. It can be concluded that interlayer soil grouting for reinforcement was applied successfully to improve the strength of surrounding soils. Steel support reinforcement is advantageous for controlling the relative deformation between pipe segments. The maximum settlement induced by the shield tunneling for Passage A and Passage B was measured at 17.67 mm and 10.08 mm, respectively, with the final settlement distribution of the rectangular pipe jacking taking on a “W” shape. This study could provide a reference for the design and construction of shield tunnels that undercross existing rectangular pipe-jacking tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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24 pages, 6408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety Analysis of Secondary Lining of Yulinzi Tunnel Based on Field Monitoring

by Yimin Wu, Guangzheng Zhuang, Weiming Liang and Le Huang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8328; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148328 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 638

Abstract

In order to assess the safety of the secondary lining in water-rich Loess Tunnel, this study relies on the Yulinzi Tunnel project to continuously monitor the stress of the steel reinforcement in the secondary lining and analyze the temporal variation of the steel strain. Based on this data, the temporal variation and distribution characteristics of the internal forces of the structure were obtained through section force calculation. The safety factor of the secondary lining structure was evaluated by calculating the safety factor of the structure. It was found that the variation of the safety factor with time conforms to the exponential function, and the fitting results of different measurement points were good. This could be used to predict the future safety factor of the tunnel and evaluate its long-term safety, which has practical guidance significance for actual engineering projects. In addition, the long-term stress and structural deformation characteristics of the tunnel were obtained through numerical simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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22 pages, 5645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upper-Bound Limit Analysis of Ultimate Pullout Capacity of Expanded Anchor Cable

by Xingyuan Cheng, Bo Wang, Longxiang Ma, Chenxi Xue and Yunxiang Yu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042357 - 12 Feb 2023

Viewed by 858

Abstract

Expanded anchor cables have been widely used in the rapid development of underground engineering. However, there are still some deficiencies in the computation of the ultimate bearing capacity of expanded anchor cables. Based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis, the upper-bound solution of the ultimate bearing capacity of an expanded anchor cable was derived. For this calculation, the instability mechanism of the soil at the front surface of the anchorage segment of the expanded anchor cable was assumed to satisfy the logarithmic spiral failure model, its 3D velocity discontinuity surface was generated using the spatial discretization technique, and the optimal solution was determined through the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The breakage mechanism of the anchorage side surface was assumed to appear at the interface between the anchorage body and the soil, and its velocity field satisfied the requirements of the associated flow rule. The accuracy of the proposed analytical solution was well-verified through a comparison with three-dimensional numerical simulations, and its superiority was also well-demonstrated in comparison to the existing theoretical calculation method. Subsequently, the influence of the key parameters of the anchor cable on the ultimate lateral resistance, end resistance, and total pullout capacity was discussed. The results showed that: the anchorage segment diameter, anchorage segment length, and buried depth of the expanded anchor cable had a great influence on the ultimate lateral resistance, ultimate end resistance, and total ultimate pullout capacity; however, the anchorage segment length had little influence on the ultimate end resistance, and the inclination angle of the anchor cable had relatively little influence on the resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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18 pages, 7017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptability Evaluation of Rotary Jet Grouting Pile Composite Foundation for Shallow Buried Collapsible Loess Tunnel

by Zhiqiang Li, Jinpeng Zhao, Kunkun Hu, Youyun Li and Lulu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031570 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

The deformation control effect of loess tunnel composite foundation plays an important role in optimization design and reinforcement effect evaluation. Systematically evaluate the adaptability of the composite foundation of jet grouting pile in shallow collapsible loess tunnel. Taking the shallow buried section of Fujiyao Tunnel with a buried depth of 20 m as an example, using MIDAS finite element numerical simulation software, the foundation deformation control during construction and settlement control after construction are systematically studied, the differential deformation control is analyzed, and the reinforcement effect of the tunnel bottom is evaluated. The results show that the uplift displacement can be controlled by changing the pile length and increasing the replacement ratio. The combination of long and short piles can significantly reduce the uneven settlement and plastic zone of the foundation. The uneven settlement of 9 mm can be used as the evaluation index of the composite foundation reinforcement effect in a shallow buried section of the loess tunnel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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18 pages, 6334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Freezing Front Model of Alpine Tunnel under Wind Field

by Zhiqiang Li, Jinpeng Zhao, Lulu Liu and Zhe Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020824 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906

Abstract

In order to study the freezing front characteristics of alpine tunnels under the condition of wind flow field and relying on the Osaka Mountain tunnel in Qinghai Province, the physical model test of an alpine tunnel was built. By using the Surfer software combined with the laboratory test data, the radial and longitudinal temperature variation trends of the tunnel were obtained, and the overall temperature vector graph of the tunnel was simulated; the radial and longitudinal evolutionary laws of a freezing front in an alpine tunnel under airflow conditions were systematically analyzed, and the radial and longitudinal governing equations of a freezing front in the tunnel model under airflow conditions were proposed. The results show that: With the decrease of the test air temperature, the thermonuclear area in the surrounding rock gradually shrinks, the frozen area of surrounding rock at the bottom of the arch gradually increases, and the frozen area of surrounding rock at the top of the arch gradually expands to the interior of the mountain. The influence degree of ventilation on the longitudinal and radial temperature distribution of the tunnel is obvious, and the greater the wind speed, the greater the influence degree. In particular, the fluctuation range of the longitudinal temperature distribution of the tunnel is more extensive under the influence of ventilation. The freezing front distance in the inverted arch area is the largest, and the expansion distance of the freezing front in the wall foot area is obviously higher than that in the vault; the variation of the longitudinal freezing front at different positions of the tunnel shows parabolic attenuation and with an increase in tunnel depth, the trend of freezing front gradually eases and becomes stable and disappears; the three radial regions of the freezing front and the longitudinal quadratic parabola governing equations can predict the specific distribution characteristics of the freezing front at different depths of the tunnel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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25 pages, 46093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Stability Analysis of Large Section Tunnels Using the Double-Side Heading Method: A Case Study of Xiamen Haicang Evacuate-Channel

by Jianxiu Wang, Ansheng Cao, Zhao Wu, Lihua Lin, Zonghai Li, Xiaotian Liu, Huboqiang Li, Yanxia Long and Yuanwei Sun

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010406 - 28 Dec 2022

Viewed by 969

Abstract

Large section tunnels have huge excavation spans, complex excavation procedures, mutual influence among various procedures, multiple disturbances of the surrounding rock, and discontinuous connection among linings under different procedures, which bring great difficulties to their construction. The Caijianwei Mountain No. 2 tunnel of the Xiamen Haicang Evacuate-channel project in China belongs to a super large section tunnel. The tunnel’s maximum excavation section span reaches 30.52 m, and the excavation area reaches 421.73 m². Its excavation sequence, the timing of the second primary lining support, temporary support disassembly, and secondary lining support of the double-side heading method were analyzed using numerical methods. The excavation sequence of the double side-heading method from the right pilot tunnel to the left pilot tunnel and then to the middle pilot tunnel can avoid a large horizontal displacement at the arch waist and control the deformation of the lining. The excavation sequence from the middle pilot tunnel to the two side pilot tunnels was conducive to the bearing performance of the concrete at the arch crown. The excavation sequence from the two side pilot tunnels to the middle pilot tunnel can better protect the concrete safety at the arch waist. The timing of the second primary lining support, temporary support removal, and secondary lining support have different effects on the deformation and stress of the surrounding rock and support structures. In the construction process, the timing of the second primary lining support, temporary support disassembly, and secondary lining support should be determined according to the actual deformation and stress of the site section. The research results can provide a reference for the construction design of the double-side heading method for large section tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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21 pages, 9363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behavior and Excavation Optimization of a Small Clear-Distance Tunnel in an Urban Super Large and Complex Underground Interchange Hub

by Jianxiu Wang, Ansheng Cao, Zonghai Li, Zhao Wu, Lihua Lin, Xiaotian Liu, Huboqiang Li and Yuanwei Sun

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010254 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1233

Abstract

Close excavation section spacing, the mutual influence and interpenetration of various processes, and the multiple disturbances of the middle rock pillar in a small clear-distance tunnel pose great difficulty to construction. This study adopted the small clear-distance tunnel of Xiamen Haicang Evacuate Channel as the research object. The tunnel belonged to a small clear-distance tunnel in an urban super large and complex underground interchange hub where complex adjacent small clear-distance tunnels were adopted. ABAQUS was used to analyze the influence of different excavation schemes, lithological grades, and footage lengths for tunnel stability. The deformation and stress characteristics of the tunnel’s surrounding rock and lining structure in different excavation schemes (full section method, bench method, center diaphragm (CD) method, and double wall heading method), lithological grades (III, IV and V), and footage lengths (3 m, 4 m and 5 m) were introduced. The results showed that the double wall heading method could effectively control the horizontal displacement of the hance, and the overall stress state of the lining in the CD and double wall heading methods were reasonable. The vertical displacement of the surface and vault was positively correlated with the elastic modulus of the rock mass. When no temporary support was present in the grade V rock mass, the area from the hance to the arch foot was prone to large deformation. Reducing the footage was beneficial to controlling the deformation of the vault and hance. This study can provide a reference for the on-site construction of small clear-distance tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Tunnel and Underground Engineering)

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