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10 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Islanding Method Development Based on Reactive Power Variation under Grid Support Environments

by Byunggyu Yu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9074; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189074 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1238

As the proportion of distributed generation (DG), including Photovoltaic (PV) generation, in the power grid system increases, there are dropouts of large-scale distributed power generation sources due to some transient conditions that negatively affect the power grid stability and power quality. Accordingly, the [...] Read more.

As the proportion of distributed generation (DG), including Photovoltaic (PV) generation, in the power grid system increases, there are dropouts of large-scale distributed power generation sources due to some transient conditions that negatively affect the power grid stability and power quality. Accordingly, the inverter for DG generation is in a transition period, requiring more complex control performance. Anti-islanding function requirements in particular are becoming more strict because sophisticated grid-connection requirements are demanded, such as voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through, rate of change of frequency, and other functions. Thus, highly advanced anti-islanding methods are required to detect the islanding condition quickly and accurately to stop the inverter. This paper presents the improved anti-islanding method based on reactive power variation (RPV) under grid-support environments for single-phase DG inverters. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, PSIM simulation was conducted. The proposed method meets the requirements of IEEE Std. 1547-2018 and KS C 8564:2021 by preventing islanding within 0.007 s under the newly adopted voltage/frequency trip setting, while the conventional RPV method fails. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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19 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient LDPC Encoder Design for IoT-Type Devices

by Jakub Hyla, Wojciech Sułek, Weronika Izydorczyk, Leszek Dziczkowski and Wojciech Filipowski

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2558; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052558 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3106

Abstract

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are known to be one of the best error-correction coding (ECC) schemes in terms of correction performance. They have been utilized in many advanced data communication standards for which the codecs are typically implemented in custom integrated circuits (ICs). [...] Read more.

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are known to be one of the best error-correction coding (ECC) schemes in terms of correction performance. They have been utilized in many advanced data communication standards for which the codecs are typically implemented in custom integrated circuits (ICs). In this paper, we present a research work that shows that the LDPC coding scheme can also be applied in a system characterized by highly limited computational resources. We present a microcontroller-based application of an efficient LDPC encoding algorithm with efficient usage of memory resources for the code-parity-check matrix and the storage of the results of auxiliary computations. The developed implementation is intended for an IoT-type system, in which a low-complexity network node device encodes messages transmitted to a gateway. We present how the classic Richardson–Urbanke algorithm can be decomposed for the QC-LDPC subclass into cyclic shifts and GF(2) additions, directly corresponding to the CPU instructions. The experimental results show a significant gain in terms of memory usage and decoding timing of the proposed method in comparison with encoding with the direct parity check matrix representation. We also provide experimental comparisons with other known block codes (RS and BCH) showing that the memory requirements are not greater than for standard block codes, while the encoding time is reduced, which enables the energy consumption reduction. At the same time, the error-correction performance gain of LDPC codes is greater than for the mentioned standard block codes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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20 pages, 6042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of the Impact of Gating Techniques on the Optimization of the Energy Dissipated in Real-Time Systems

by Ernest Antolak and Andrzej Pułka

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031630 - 04 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1285

Abstract

The paper concerns research on electronics-embedded safety systems. The authors focus on the optimization of the energy consumed by multitasking real-time systems. A new flexible and reconfigurable multi-core architecture based on pipeline processing is proposed. The presented solution uses thread-interleaving mechanisms that allow [...] Read more.

The paper concerns research on electronics-embedded safety systems. The authors focus on the optimization of the energy consumed by multitasking real-time systems. A new flexible and reconfigurable multi-core architecture based on pipeline processing is proposed. The presented solution uses thread-interleaving mechanisms that allow avoiding hazards and minimizing unpredictability. The proposed architecture is compared with the classical solutions consisting of many processors and based on the scheme using one processor per single task. Energy-efficient task mapping is analyzed and a design methodology, based on minimizing the number of active and utilized resources, is proposed. New techniques for energy optimization are proposed, mainly, clock gating and switching-resources blocking. The authors investigate two main factors of the system: setting the processing frequency, and gating techniques; the latter are used under the assumption that the system meets the requirements of time predictability. The energy consumed by the system is reduced. Theoretical considerations are verified by many experiments of the system’s implementation in an FPGA structure. The set of tasks tested consists of programs that implement Mälardalen WCET benchmark algorithms. The tested scenarios are divided into periodic and non-periodic execution schemes. The obtained results show that it is possible to reduce the dynamic energy consumed by real-time applications’ meeting their other requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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21 pages, 9188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of SMPS’ Conducted Emission According to CISPR Standards

by Robert Malczyk, Mateusz Bara and Haihui Lu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031458 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1972

Abstract

Switched-mode power supplies are very efficient and commonly used components in products nowadays. However, due to currents switched at a high frequency, the conducted emission test is a high concern for designers. The market is increasingly demanding in terms of the size of [...] Read more.

Switched-mode power supplies are very efficient and commonly used components in products nowadays. However, due to currents switched at a high frequency, the conducted emission test is a high concern for designers. The market is increasingly demanding in terms of the size of the components and their efficiency. In order to meet market requirements and reduce the size of the power supply (both built into the product or standalone), the switching frequency of the SMPS is rising; hence the base frequency and its harmonics cover a frequency range of the conducted emission test. Due to this fact, the estimation of the test result becomes a great concern for the designer. This paper describes the approach that one can utilize to estimate the switched-mode power supply’s conducted emission as a standalone component with simulation tools using only the power supply being designed. The workflow, which is the result of this work, can be utilized in order to optimize the design of power suppliers from the conducted emission perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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17 pages, 56154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Maximization of Energy Amount Harvested by Means of Panel of Thermoelectric Modules

by Tomasz Golonek

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020539 - 06 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1314

Abstract

This work proposes the use of a specialized algorithm based on evolutionary computation to the global MPPT regulation of panel of thermoelectric modules connected serially in numerous string sections. Each section of the thermovoltaic panel is equipped with local DC/DC converter controlled by [...] Read more.

This work proposes the use of a specialized algorithm based on evolutionary computation to the global MPPT regulation of panel of thermoelectric modules connected serially in numerous string sections. Each section of the thermovoltaic panel is equipped with local DC/DC converter controlled by the proposed algorithm and finally this allows the optimization of the total efficiency of conversion. Evolutionary computations adjust PWM signals of switching waveforms of DC/DC sectional simple boost converters, which have outputs configured in parallel. It gives the chance to obtain the highest level of electric energy harvested, i.e., thanks to boost converting operational points precise adaptation to the system temperature profile as well as electric load level. The simulation results of the proposed evolutionary technique confirmed the high speed of the MPPT process that is much better than for perturbation and observation, as well as incremental conductance methods, and it assures concurrent optimization of numerous PWM signals. Next, the work shows practical optimization results achieved by the proposed algorithm implemented to microcontroller module controlling the DC/DC converter during thermal to electric conversion experiment. A laboratory thermovoltaic panel was constructed from a string of Peltier modules and radiator that assured passive cooling. The measurements obtained once more proved the MPPT evolutionary regulation properness and its adaptation effectiveness for different resistive test loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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19 pages, 75086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of an Adaptive Method of Improving the Accuracy and Extending the Range of Frequency Signal Processing in a Frequency-to-Code Converter

by Piotr Warda

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10341; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110341 - 03 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1305

Abstract

The article discusses the modification of one of the basic methods of converting successive periods of a variable frequency signal into numerical values representing them. The method performs the adaptive frequency selection of the clock signal in the system processing the consecutive periods [...] Read more.

The article discusses the modification of one of the basic methods of converting successive periods of a variable frequency signal into numerical values representing them. The method performs the adaptive frequency selection of the clock signal in the system processing the consecutive periods of input signal. The signal processing error is analyzed on an ongoing basis, and the frequency change factor is selected. Algorithms describing the operation of the method are included. The program of the simulator of the measurement channel operation with a frequency carrier of information is described, which allows for the verification of the proposed method. Examples of the simulation results are included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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14 pages, 3815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Real-Time Wireless System for Lightning Effect Measurements

by Tomasz Kossowski and Łukasz Matuszewski

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4204; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094204 - 05 May 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

This article presents the results of experimental tests of a measuring system dedicated to the study of lightning phenomena. A wireless non-real-time communication arrangement was used as a prototype to protect the system by overvoltage and electromagnetic noise generated by high-current pulses. All [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of experimental tests of a measuring system dedicated to the study of lightning phenomena. A wireless non-real-time communication arrangement was used as a prototype to protect the system by overvoltage and electromagnetic noise generated by high-current pulses. All data were collected after analog-to-digital conversion in the RAM of the measuring probe and then transmitted to the recorder after the surge current disappeared. The current generator creates electromagnetic disturbances resulting from its work and those arising from the impulse generated at the output. The wireless measuring system ensures safe operation and avoids measurement disturbances by resigning from the physical connection of the probe and the recorder. The proposed solution enables simultaneous (synchronous) measurement at many points, regardless of the location (for convenient change of the measurement site without cables or optical fibers). Long battery life allows measurements in the laboratory or on the test site without a power source. High accuracy of the measured signal value was obtained thanks to the 16 bit resolution, and the device parameters can be remotely modified. The wireless connection guarantees the safety of people and equipment throughout the laboratory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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Review

Jump to: Research

55 pages, 17883 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Recent Advances in Piezoelectric Materials, Energy Harvester Structures, and Their Applications in Analytical Chemistry

by Hamna Shaukat, Ahsan Ali, Saira Bibi, Wael A. Altabey, Mohammad Noori and Sallam A. Kouritem

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031300 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6045

Abstract

Energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials is quite common and has been studied for the past few decades. But recently, there have been a lot of new advancements in harnessing energy via piezoelectric materials. In this regard, several studies were carried out in analytical [...] Read more.

Energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials is quite common and has been studied for the past few decades. But recently, there have been a lot of new advancements in harnessing energy via piezoelectric materials. In this regard, several studies were carried out in analytical chemistry. This paper provides a detailed review of different piezoelectric materials, their structures, their fabrication processes, and their applications in analytical chemistry. Detection of the various gases percentage in ambient air is a valuable analytical chemistry technique. Additionally, the benefits of using piezoelectric materials, i.e., crystal for gas and liquid chromatography, virus detection including COVID-19 virus detection, water determination, trace metal analysis and the ability to measure micro weights with quartz crystal with some other applications are also described in this review. Energy harvesting is incredibly important and must be implemented on a large scale. So, developing self-powering devices can resolve the problems, and piezoelectric materials are gaining interest day by day because these materials help in energy generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Energy Efficiency in Electrical Engineering and Electronics)

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