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Applied Sciences
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Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation
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Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2023) | Viewed by 8598

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mingguang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: underground soft soil; deep excavation; construction method

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Underground exploitation has become one of the most efficient ways to mitigate the crisis of population explosion, resource scarcity, and environmental pollution, which result from the rapid urbanization in the past two decades. Until now, many underground structures have been constructed by deep excavation in both congested urban areas and underexploited suburban areas. Because of the sparse population and infrastructures in suburban areas, many excavations performed in these areas have large scale and depth. The construction of an oversized and/or ultra-deep foundation pit in soft clay theoretically causes greater deformation and displacement in the supporting structures and stratum because of the unloading effect and soil creep. To reduce the excavation-induced adverse impact on surroundings, the these pits are always constructed by advanced technologies with novel design and construction methods.

This Special Issue, “Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation”, in the journal Applied Sciences aims to present new developments on technologies for deep and large-scale excavation and to promote the sustainable development of underground space. In this Special Issue, the recent progress in underground development is welcomed, including novel design and construction methods for deep excavation, new equipment and construction methods for retaining systems, advanced numerical simulation methods, and interesting case histories.

Dr. Mingguang Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design and construction methods
  • retaining systems
  • numerical simulation methods
  • performance of deep excavation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4570 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Influence of Dewatering in the Excavation of Adjacent Tunnels under Lateral Soil Effects
by Xinhuan Liang, Lingxiao Guan, Yuzhe Tang, Ming Chen, Junren Peng and Changjie Xu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010102 - 21 Dec 2023
Viewed by 593
Abstract
The dewatering of foundation pits leads to changes in the water level and effective stress within the surrounding strata. When existing tunnels are present within the dewatering influence zone, the impact of dewatering on these tunnels cannot be ignored. The Vlasov foundation beam [...] Read more.
The dewatering of foundation pits leads to changes in the water level and effective stress within the surrounding strata. When existing tunnels are present within the dewatering influence zone, the impact of dewatering on these tunnels cannot be ignored. The Vlasov foundation beam model was used to simulate the interaction between the tunnel and the soil, and the key parameters of the model were precisely investigated. In addition, the constraining effect of the lateral soil on the tunnel was also considered. By integrating the principles of effective stress and Dupuit’s assumption, in this work we calculated the additional load on the tunnel caused by foundation pit dewatering, which was then applied to determine the tunnel stress and deformation induced by dewatering. The accuracy of this approach is validated through comparative analysis with finite element results. Furthermore, the relationships between the permeability coefficient (kt), the spacing (d) between the tunnel and the dewatering well, the water level drop (sw), and tunnel stress and deformation were further studied. The key findings are summarized as follows. Firstly, accounting for lateral soil effects enhances computational accuracy. Secondly, an increase in soil kt leads to a greater tunnel settlement with relatively minor changes in bending moments. Thirdly, as d increases, both tunnel settlements and bending moments decrease. Additionally, as the water level dropped from 10 m to 30 m, the maximum additional stress on the tunnel increased by 94.50%, and the settlement increased by 127.43%. Consequently, it is essential to pay close attention to the tunnel segment nearest to the water level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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34 pages, 15099 KiB  
Article
Establishment of Localized Utilization Parameters for Numerical Simulation Analysis Applied to Deep Excavations
by Chien-Yi Wu and Chia-Feng Hsu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10127; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810127 - 08 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 546
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply deep excavation behavior prediction models in the geotechnical field to establish localized soil parameters for gravel layers. Common software tools, including PLAXIS and SoilWorks, were used extensively. Monitoring data from deep excavation cases related to [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to apply deep excavation behavior prediction models in the geotechnical field to establish localized soil parameters for gravel layers. Common software tools, including PLAXIS and SoilWorks, were used extensively. Monitoring data from deep excavation cases related to gravel layers in the Xindian area of Taiwan were collected. In the background analysis, the deformation of the retaining walls was used instead of parameters typically used in deep excavation analysis. This was performed to provide the ideal range recommendations for the input parameters when conducting a numerical simulation analysis of the Xindian District stratum or similar strata. The assessment results show that when setting the fifth layer of gravel to SPT-N = 100, PLAXIS suggested a soil elastic modulus range of 7840 N to 9800 N per square meter (kN/m2), while SoilWorks recommended a range of 2450 N to 3430 N per square meter (kN/m2). These ranges allow for a reasonable estimation of the maximum wall deformation during the final excavation stage. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that when conducting an excavation analysis in gravel layers in the Xindian area of Taiwan or in similar strata, engineers should refer to the abovementioned recommended ranges when selecting the soil elastic modulus for different software programs. This will enhance the accuracy of the deformation predictions during the final excavation stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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21 pages, 5787 KiB  
Article
Influenced Zone of Deep Excavation and a Simplified Prediction Method for Adjacent Tunnel Displacement in Thick Soft Soil
by Bo Liu, Chengmeng Shao, Ningning Wang and Dingwen Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4647; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074647 - 06 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1685
Abstract
Based on the statistics of 42 case histories, 732 finite element numerical simulations are conducted to determine the scope of the influenced zone of deep excavation under different conditions of excavation depth (He) and the maximum retaining wall deflection ( [...] Read more.
Based on the statistics of 42 case histories, 732 finite element numerical simulations are conducted to determine the scope of the influenced zone of deep excavation under different conditions of excavation depth (He) and the maximum retaining wall deflection (δhm). On this basis, the effects of He and δhm on the scope of the influenced zone are studied, and a simplified prediction method for the scope of the influenced zone under any He and δhm conditions and the adjacent tunnel displacement is proposed. Then, the reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with the current research and case histories. And finally, the proposed method is applied to an actual project, and the application effect is evaluated. The results show that the range outside the pit can be divided into “primary”, “secondary”, “general”, and “weak” influenced zones. The influenced zone can be simplified as a right-angled trapezoid shape, and the scope of influence zones can be quickly determined by defining three parameters: width coefficient M, depth coefficients N1 and N2. The parameters M and N2 have a linear relationship with He and δhm, and N1 varies between 1–2 with an average of about 1.5. In actual application, the effect of deep excavation on the adjacent tunnel can be alleviated by using the proposed method to predict the excavation-induced displacement of the adjacent tunnel and take some measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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16 pages, 3378 KiB  
Article
Centrifugal Test Replicated Numerical Model Updating for 3D Strutted Deep Excavation with the Response-Surface Method
by Md Mehidi Hassan, Jong Seok Yun, Md Motiur Rahman, Yun Wook Choo, Jin-tae Han and Dookie Kim
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10665; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010665 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730
Abstract
Centrifugal tests provide an efficacious experimental process to predict the behavior of deep excavations, and numerical models are indispensable for demonstrating the test results and analyzing the engineering demand parameters. Uncertainty in material properties can cause simulations to differ from tests; therefore, updating [...] Read more.
Centrifugal tests provide an efficacious experimental process to predict the behavior of deep excavations, and numerical models are indispensable for demonstrating the test results and analyzing the engineering demand parameters. Uncertainty in material properties can cause simulations to differ from tests; therefore, updating the model becomes inevitable. This study presents a response-surface-based model updating technique for the nonlinear three-dimensional simulation of the centrifugal testing model of strutted deep excavation in sand. An overview of the fundamentals of the response-surface model is provided, including selecting uncertain parameters as input factors, creating a design order for training the model, building a second-order polynomial surface, and updating the input factors through targeted centrifugal results. The bending strains of diaphragm wall panels at multiple points along the depth are used to form the multiobjective function. Response-surface model predictions were well-matched with actual numerical responses, with less than a 0.5% difference. Parametric analyses could be conducted utilizing this updated strutted deep excavation model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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17 pages, 5413 KiB  
Article
Analytical Analysis of the Groundwater Drawdown Difference Induced by Foundation Pit Dewatering with a Suspended Waterproof Curtain
by Kaifang Yang, Changjie Xu, Minliang Chi and Pei Wang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10301; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010301 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1749
Abstract
The dewatering of foundation pits with a suspended waterproof curtain causes different groundwater drawdowns inside and outside the pit, resulting in the drawdown difference between the inside and outside the pit. Maintaining a groundwater drawdown difference between the inside and outside of a [...] Read more.
The dewatering of foundation pits with a suspended waterproof curtain causes different groundwater drawdowns inside and outside the pit, resulting in the drawdown difference between the inside and outside the pit. Maintaining a groundwater drawdown difference between the inside and outside of a foundation pit can eliminate the adverse effects of dewatering on the surrounding environment. According to previous studies on unsteady flow, an analytical solution of the groundwater drawdown with a suspended waterproof curtain under unsteady flow has been proposed. The analytical solution of unsteady flow and the formula of groundwater drawdown difference with a suspended waterproof curtain were validated by comparing pumping tests and finite-element method (FEM), in which a good agreement was observed. The magnitude of the drawdown difference generally represents the extent of surrounding groundwater affected by groundwater drawdown inside the pit. This paper also investigated the effects of sensitivity parameters on the drawdown difference for minimizing the effect of surrounding environment. During the process of dewatering with a suspended waterproof curtain, the groundwater drawdown (Sh) should not exceed the length of the waterproof curtain (L), and the optimal radius of foundation pit (Rw) and length of waterproof curtain (L) were found, i.e., Rw/H0 = 0.781 and L/H0 = 0.813 (H0 is 32 m). Beyond these values, the drawdown difference tends to be stable. The drawdown difference is also significantly affected by the dewatering time. When t < 48 h, the groundwater drawdown difference decreases rapidly; when t > 48 h, the groundwater drawdown difference stabilizes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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18 pages, 9597 KiB  
Article
Influenced Zone of Deep Excavation on Adjacent Tunnel Displacement and Control Effect of Ground Improvement in Soft Soil
by Bo Liu, Chengmeng Shao and Wen Xu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9047; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189047 - 08 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1275
Abstract
The aim of this study is to predict the influenced zone of deep excavation on adjacent tunnel displacement, evaluate the control effect of ground improvement, and give the optimal parameters for ground improvement. Based on the current research, a series of finite element [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to predict the influenced zone of deep excavation on adjacent tunnel displacement, evaluate the control effect of ground improvement, and give the optimal parameters for ground improvement. Based on the current research, a series of finite element method (FEM) numerical simulations were conducted to study the deep excavation-induced tunnel displacement behaviors, considering different tunnel positions outside the pit. On this basis, the influenced zone of deep excavation on an adjacent tunnel was divided corresponding to 3-level tunnel displacement control standards. Then, the commonly used control measure of ground improvement was chosen to study the effects of strength, depth, and width of the improved soil outside the pit on the displacement behaviors of the tunnel. An index of tunnel displacement control effectiveness (η) was proposed to quantitively characterize the control effect on tunnel displacement. Considering the control effect and engineering economy, the suggested values of strength, depth, and width of the improved soil were provided. Finally, the control effect of ground improvement outside the pit on the influenced zone of deep excavation was studied using the suggested parameters. The research indicates that the range outside the pit can be divided into: I—primary influenced zone, II—secondary influenced zone, III—general influenced zone, and IV—weak influenced zone. Considering the control effect and engineering economy, it is suggested that the ground improvement strength should be kept within 1.5~2 MPa, the ground improvement depth should be 2 times the excavation depth, and the ground improvement width should be increased as much as possible if the site condition allows. After the ground improvement using the suggested parameters, the scope of the influenced zone of deep excavation is reduced and the I—primary influenced zone no longer exists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Deep Excavation)
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