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Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 14218

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Dr. Chariklia K. Deli

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Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
Interests: exercise-induced inflammation; sports nutrition and performance; strength and conditioning; developmental exercise physiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Regular exercise has been established as a means to improve athletic performance but also to retain or improve health. Exercise is also related with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which in moderate concentrations act as signalling molecules and promote key adaptations to exercise training, whereas excess production of RONS may lead to detrimental effects via the oxidation of biomolecules such as lipids and proteins as well as DNA damage. Disturbances in redox balance may result in unfavorable effects on the training-induced adaptive responses such as muscle damage and fatigue. Antioxidant supplementation has been proposed for strengthening the antioxidant defense against exercise-induced RONS production; however, this approach has been disputed as considerable evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation may also blunt RONS signalling properties responsible for the adaptive responses. A better understanding of the interactions between exercise and redox responses as well as the mechanisms underlying these interactions is warranted.

This Special Issue aims to publish original research and review papers on aspects examining the exercise-induced redox responses in both athletic performance and health. Subtopics include but are not limited to the acute but also chronic redox status adaptations following exercise and the related mechanisms; the role of exercise-induced redox adaptations on muscle metabolism, muscle recovery and performance; the role of exercise-induced redox adaptations on health; exercise-induced redox responses in developmental ages; and nutritional strategies to encounter exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Dr. Chariklia K. Deli
Guest Editor

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Keywords

exercise
training
oxidative stress
antioxidants
performance
recovery
health

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individualised Exercise Training Enhances Antioxidant Buffering Capacity in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

by Tim J. M. Wallis, Magdalena Minnion, Anna Freeman, Andrew Bates, James M. Otto, Stephen A. Wootton, Sophie V. Fletcher, Michael P. W. Grocott, Martin Feelisch, Mark G. Jones and Sandy Jack

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081645 - 20 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1246

Abstract

Exercise training is recommended for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, the mechanism(s) underlying its physiological benefits remain unclear. We investigated the effects of an individualised aerobic interval training programme on exercise capacity and redox status in IPF patients. IPF patients were recruited prospectively to an 8-week, twice-weekly cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)-derived structured responsive exercise training programme (SRETP). Systemic redox status was assessed pre- and post-CPET at baseline and following SRETP completion. An age- and sex-matched non-IPF control cohort was recruited for baseline comparison only. At baseline, IPF patients (n = 15) had evidence of increased oxidative stress compared with the controls as judged by; the plasma reduced/oxidised glutathione ratio (median, control 1856 vs. IPF 736 p = 0.046). Eleven IPF patients completed the SRETP (median adherence 88%). Following SRETP completion, there was a significant improvement in exercise capacity assessed via the constant work-rate endurance time (+82%, p = 0.003). This was accompanied by an improvement in post-exercise redox status (in favour of antioxidants) assessed via serum total free thiols (median increase, +0.26 μmol/g protein p = 0.005) and total glutathione concentration (+0.73 μM p = 0.03), as well as a decrease in post-exercise lipid peroxidation products (−1.20 μM p = 0.02). Following SRETP completion, post-exercise circulating nitrite concentrations were significantly lower compared with baseline (−0.39 μM p = 0.04), suggestive of exercise-induced nitrite utilisation. The SRETP increased both endurance time and systemic antioxidant capacity in IPF patients. The observed reduction in nitrite concentrations provides a mechanistic rationale to investigate nitrite/nitrate supplementation in IPF patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voluntary Exercise-Mediated Protection in TNBS-Induced Rat Colitis: The Involvement of NETosis and Prdx Antioxidants

by Nikoletta Almási, Szilvia Török, Amin Al-awar, Médea Veszelka, László Király, Denise Börzsei, Renáta Szabó and Csaba Varga

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081531 - 30 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1251

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are autoimmune disorders of the gut. It is increasingly clear that voluntary exercise (VE) may exert protection against IBDs, but the exact background mechanism needs to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible role of NETosis and the antioxidant peroxiredoxin (Prdx) enzyme family in VE-induced protection. Wistar Han rats were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary (SED) and VE. After the 6-week voluntary wheel running, animals were treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) as a model of colitis. Here, we found that VE significantly decreased inflammation and ulceration of the colon in the VE TNBS group compared with SED TNBS. We also found that VE significantly decreased the expression of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and markedly reduced citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) compared with SED TNBS. Furthermore, VE caused a significant increase in the levels of Prdx6 in the control and TNBS groups. Taken together, we found that a prior 6-week VE effectively reduces inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis, and we suggest that the protective effect of VE may be mediated via the inhibition of NETosis and upregulation of Prdx6 antioxidant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Redox Profile and Genomic Instability by Physical Exercise Contributes to Neuroprotection in Mice with Experimental Glioblastoma

by Luis F. B. Marqueze, Amanda K. Costa, Giulia S. Pedroso, Franciane F. Vasconcellos, Bruna I. Pilger, Schellen Kindermann, Vanessa M. Andrade, Ana C. B. Alves, Tatyana Nery, Aderbal A. Silva, Jr., Stephanie R. S. Carvalhal, Matheus F. Zazula, Katya Naliwaiko, Luiz C. Fernandes, Zsolt Radak and Ricardo A. Pinho

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071343 - 26 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive, common brain cancer known to disrupt redox biology, affecting behavior and DNA integrity. Past research remains inconclusive. To further understand this, an investigation was conducted on physical training’s effects on behavior, redox balance, and genomic stability in GBMA models. Forty-seven male C57BL/6J mice, 60 days old, were divided into GBM and sham groups (n = 15, n = 10, respectively), which were further subdivided into trained (Str, Gtr; n = 10, n = 12) and untrained (Sut, Gut; n = 10, n = 15) subsets. The trained mice performed moderate aerobic exercises on a treadmill five to six times a week for a month while untrained mice remained in their enclosures. Behavior was evaluated using open-field and rotarod tests. Post training, the mice were euthanized and brain, liver, bone marrow, and blood samples were analyzed for redox and genomic instability markers. The results indicated increased latency values in the trained GBM (Gtr) group, suggesting a beneficial impact of exercise. Elevated reactive oxygen species in the parietal tissue of untrained GBM mice (Gut) were reduced post training. Moreover, Gtr mice exhibited lower tail intensity, indicating less genomic instability. Thus, exercise could serve as a promising supplemental GBM treatment, modulating redox parameters and reducing genomic instability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Exercise Repetitions on Arylesterase Activity of PON1 in Plasma of Average-Trained Men—The Dissociation between Activity and Concentration

by Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik, Monika Orłowska-Majdak, Robert Stawski, Urszula Szkudlarek, Gianluca Padula, Szymon Gałczyński and Dariusz Nowak

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061296 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1237

Abstract

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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Review

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22 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Redox Profile of Skeletal Muscles: Implications for Research Design and Interpretation

by Olga Vasileiadou, George G. Nastos, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Dimitrios Papoutsis, Dimitra I. Vrampa, Spyridon Methenitis and Nikos V. Margaritelis

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091738 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1656

Abstract

Mammalian skeletal muscles contain varying proportions of Type I and II fibers, which feature different structural, metabolic and functional properties. According to these properties, skeletal muscles are labeled as ‘red’ or ‘white’, ‘oxidative’ or ‘glycolytic’, ‘slow-twitch’ or ‘fast-twitch’, respectively. Redox processes (i.e., redox signaling and oxidative stress) are increasingly recognized as a fundamental part of skeletal muscle metabolism at rest, during and after exercise. The aim of the present review was to investigate the potential redox differences between slow- (composed mainly of Type I fibers) and fast-twitch (composed mainly of Type IIa and IIb fibers) muscles at rest and after a training protocol. Slow-twitch muscles were almost exclusively represented in the literature by the soleus muscle, whereas a wide variety of fast-twitch muscles were used. Based on our analysis, we argue that slow-twitch muscles exhibit higher antioxidant enzyme activity compared to fast-twitch muscles in both pre- and post-exercise training. This is also the case between heads or regions of fast-twitch muscles that belong to different subcategories, namely Type IIa (oxidative) versus Type IIb (glycolytic), in favor of the former. No safe conclusion could be drawn regarding the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes either pre- or post-training. Moreover, slow-twitch skeletal muscles presented higher glutathione and thiol content as well as higher lipid peroxidation levels compared to fast-twitch. Finally, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production was higher in fast-twitch muscles compared to slow-twitch muscles at rest. This redox heterogeneity between different muscle types may have ramifications in the analysis of muscle function and health and should be taken into account when designing exercise studies using specific muscle groups (e.g., on an isokinetic dynamometer) or isolated muscle fibers (e.g., electrical stimulation) and may deliver a plausible explanation for the conflicting results about the ergogenic potential of antioxidant supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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28 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Physical Exercise on Platelets: Focus on Its Effects in Metabolic Chronic Diseases

by Cristina Barale, Elena Melchionda, Giulia Tempesta, Alessandro Morotti and Isabella Russo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081609 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5120

Abstract

Chronic disorders are strongly linked to cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and it is unanimously accepted that regular exercise training is a key tool to improving CV risk factors, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Increased oxidative stress due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and their scavenging by endogenous antioxidant capacity is the common ground among these metabolic disorders, and each of them affects platelet function. However, the correction of hyperglycemia in diabetes and lipid profile in dyslipidemia as well as the lowering of body weight in obesity all correlate with amelioration of platelet function. Habitual physical exercise triggers important mechanisms related to the exercise benefits for health improvement and protects against CV events. Platelets play an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including the development of arterial thrombosis, and physical (in)activity has been shown to interfere with platelet function. Although data reported by studies carried out on this topic show discrepancies, the current knowledge on platelet function affected by exercise mainly depends on the type of applied exercise intensity and whether acute or habitual, strenuous or moderate, thus suggesting that physical activity and exercise intensity may interfere with platelet function differently. Thus, this review is designed to cover the aspects of the relationship between physical exercise and vascular benefits, with an emphasis on the modulation of platelet function, especially in some metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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