Research

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20 pages, 5823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Danthron, an Anthraquinone Isolated from a Marine Fungus, Is a New Inhibitor of Angiogenesis Exhibiting Interesting Antitumor and Antioxidant Properties

by Isabel Vidal, José Antonio Torres-Vargas, José María Sánchez, Mónica Trigal, Melissa García-Caballero, Miguel Ángel Medina and Ana R. Quesada

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051101 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

The role played by a sustained angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases stimulates the interest in the search for new antiangiogenic drugs. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that 1,8- dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (danthron), isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine fungus Chromolaenicola sp. [...] Read more.

The role played by a sustained angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases stimulates the interest in the search for new antiangiogenic drugs. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that 1,8- dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (danthron), isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine fungus Chromolaenicola sp. (HL-114-33-R04), is a new inhibitor of angiogenesis. The results obtained with the in vivo CAM assay indicate that danthron is a potent antiangiogenic compound. In vitro studies with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) reveal that this anthraquinone inhibits certain key functions of activated endothelial cells, including proliferation, proteolytic and invasive capabilities and tube formation. In vitro studies with human breast carcinoma MDA-MB231 and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell lines suggest a moderate antitumor and antimetastatic activity of this compound. Antioxidant properties of danthron are evidenced by the observation that it reduces the intracellular reactive oxygen species production and increases the amount of intracellular sulfhydryl groups in endothelial and tumor cells. These results support a putative role of danthron as a new antiangiogenic drug with potential application in the treatment and angioprevention of cancer and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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20 pages, 2647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Role of ROS and RNS in the Thermal Stress Response of Two Cnidarian Models, Exaiptasia diaphana and Galaxea fascicularis

by Talisa Doering, Justin Maire, Wing Yan Chan, Alexis Perez-Gonzalez, Luka Meyers, Rumi Sakamoto, Isini Buthgamuwa, Linda L. Blackall and Madeleine J. H. van Oppen

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051057 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change, because it causes increasingly frequent and severe summer heatwaves, resulting in mass coral bleaching and mortality. Coral bleaching is believed to be driven by an excess production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), yet [...] Read more.

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change, because it causes increasingly frequent and severe summer heatwaves, resulting in mass coral bleaching and mortality. Coral bleaching is believed to be driven by an excess production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), yet their relative roles during thermal stress remain understudied. Here, we measured ROS and RNS net production, as well as activities of key enzymes involved in ROS scavenging (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and RNS synthesis (nitric oxide synthase) and linked these metrics to physiological measurements of cnidarian holobiont health during thermal stress. We did this for both an established cnidarian model, the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, and an emerging scleractinian model, the coral Galaxea fascicularis, both from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Increased ROS production was observed during thermal stress in both species, but it was more apparent in G. fascicularis, which also showed higher levels of physiological stress. RNS did not change in thermally stressed G. fascicularis and decreased in E. diaphana. Our findings in combination with variable ROS levels in previous studies on GBR-sourced E. diaphana suggest G. fascicularis is a more suitable model to study the cellular mechanisms of coral bleaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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12 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Yellow Worms to Meagre: Effects on Whole-Body Fatty Acid Profile and Hepatic and Intestine Oxidative Status

by Inês Guerreiro, Carolina Castro, Cláudia R. Serra, Filipe Coutinho, Ana Couto, Helena Peres, Pedro Pousão-Ferreira, Geneviève Corraze, Aires Oliva-Teles and Paula Enes

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051031 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow worms) meal (TM) on meagre fish (Argyrosomus regius) whole-body fatty acids (FA) profile and hepatic and intestine oxidative status. For that purpose, fish were fed for [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow worms) meal (TM) on meagre fish (Argyrosomus regius) whole-body fatty acids (FA) profile and hepatic and intestine oxidative status. For that purpose, fish were fed for 9 weeks a fishmeal-based diet (control) or diets including 10%, 20%, or 30% TM. With the increase in dietary TM level, whole-body oleic acid, linoleic acid, monounsaturated FA, and n−6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) increased while saturated FA (SFA), n−3 PUFA, n−3 long chain-PUFA, SFA:PUFA ratio, n3:n6 ratio, and FA retention decreased. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities decreased with dietary TM inclusion. Hepatic total and reduced glutathione were lower in fish fed 20% TM. Intestinal CAT activity and oxidized glutathione increased and GPX activity decreased with dietary TM inclusion. Intestine SOD, G6PDH, and GR activities increased and malondialdehyde concentration decreased in fish fed the diets with lower TM inclusion levels. Liver and intestine oxidative stress index and liver malondialdehyde concentration were unaffected by dietary TM. In conclusion, to avoid major whole-body FA changes or antioxidant status imbalances, it is recommended to limit TM to 10% inclusion in meagre diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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14 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contamination by Trace Elements and Oxidative Stress in the Skeletal Muscle of Scyliorhinus canicula from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea

by Mariacristina Filice, Francesca Romana Reinero, Maria Carmela Cerra, Caterina Faggio, Francesco Luigi Leonetti, Primo Micarelli, Gianni Giglio, Emilio Sperone, Donatella Barca and Sandra Imbrogno

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020524 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1983

Abstract

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and [...] Read more.

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and the subsequent bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Trace elements are very diffuse water pollutants and able to induce oxidative stress in a variety of marine organisms. However, to date, studies on sharks are rather scarce and often limited to mercury. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the accumulation of trace elements and their putative correlation with the onset of an oxidative status in the muscle of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, from the Central Mediterranean Sea. Ecotoxicological analysis detected the presence of Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Fe; no significant differences were observed between sexes, while a negative correlation was found between Pb and animal length. Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed either positive or negative correlation with respect to the presence of trace elements. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) positively correlated with Zn, Ni, and Fe; SOD enzyme activity negatively correlated with Cu and Ni; LDH was negatively correlated with Fe and positively correlated with Pb. Moreover, positive correlations between the leukocyte count and Mn and Zn, as well as with LDH activity, were also observed. The data suggested that, in sharks, trace elements accumulation may affect oxidant and antioxidant processes with important outcomes for their physiology and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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10 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Photoinhibition and Photoprotective Responses of a Brown Marine Macroalga Acclimated to Different Light and Nutrient Regimes

by Hikaru Endo, Hikari Moriyama and Yutaka Okumura

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020357 - 02 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1551

Abstract

Plants and brown algae avoid photoinhibition (decline in photosystem II efficiency, Fv/Fm) caused by excess light energy and oxidative stress through several photoprotective mechanisms, such as antioxidant xanthophyll production and heat dissipation. The heat dissipation can be measured as non-photochemical [...] Read more.

Plants and brown algae avoid photoinhibition (decline in photosystem II efficiency, Fv/Fm) caused by excess light energy and oxidative stress through several photoprotective mechanisms, such as antioxidant xanthophyll production and heat dissipation. The heat dissipation can be measured as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and is strongly driven by de-epoxidation of xanthophyll cycle pigments (XCP). Although NPQ is known to increase under high light acclimation and nutrient-deficient conditions, a few studies have investigated the combined effects of the conditions on both NPQ and associated xanthophyll-to-chlorophyll (Chl) a ratio. The present study investigated the photosynthetic parameters of the brown alga Sargassum fusiforme acclimated to three irradiance levels combined with three nutrient levels. Elevated irradiance decreased Fv/Fm but increased NPQ, XCP/Chl a ratio, and fucoxanthin/Chl a ratio, suggesting the photoprotective role of antioxidant fucoxanthin in brown algae. Reduced nutrient availability increased NPQ but had no effect on the other variables, including XCP/Chl a ratio and its de-epoxidation state. The results indicate that NPQ can be used as a sensitive stress marker for nutrient deficiency, but cannot be used to estimate XCP pool size and state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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13 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus)

by Giuseppe Esposito, Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Gabriele Magara, Alberto Cesarani, Rosa Freitas, Barbara Caldaroni, Domenico Meloni, Antonio Pais, Alessandro Dondo, Elisabetta Antuofermo and Antonia Concetta Elia

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112148 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is a ubiquitous trace element in the aquatic environment, and is usually found at low levels. Copper environmental concentrations can be altered as a result anthropogenic activities. Shellfish are useful bioindicators to ensure adequate environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of the [...] Read more.

Copper (Cu) is a ubiquitous trace element in the aquatic environment, and is usually found at low levels. Copper environmental concentrations can be altered as a result anthropogenic activities. Shellfish are useful bioindicators to ensure adequate environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of the present study was as follows: (a) determine the LC₅₀ of copper(I) chloride in grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus) collected in the Santa Gilla lagoon (Sardinia, Italy), and (b) analyze the antioxidant biomarkers in digestive gland and gills of same specimens exposed to different concentrations of the above-mentioned metal (0.045, 0.45, and 0.90 mg/L) for 96 h. A withdrawal period of 96 h was considered for the treated clam, carrying out the same biochemical analyses, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and total glutathione (GSH+2GSSG) in the two tissues. Different time and dose responses of the antioxidant biomarkers were recorded in the digestive glands and gills. Oxidative stress biomarkers highlighted the ability of Cu to induce oxidative stress in R. decussatus. Clam, following the withdrawal period of 96 h, has not been able to achieve the control levels of all biochemical markers in the digestive gland and gills. R. decussatus can be a suitable model to assess the ecotoxicity of copper in aquatic ecosystems. These findings may advance knowledge on the role and the effects of copper on oxidative stress biomarkers in grooved carpet shell. The metal ecotoxicity response can be useful to perform accurate biomarker-based monitoring programs using this bivalve species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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13 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity Affect the Surviv-Al of Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) through Digestive and Antioxidant Performance

by Zhenhua Ma, Zhengyi Fu, Jingru Yang and Gang Yu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102009 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Changes in temperature and salinity of the marine environment fluctuate continuously, and the effects of these changes on shellfish survival are significant. In this study, the survival rate of adult Asian green mussels (Perna viridis) was measured after short-term treatments (7 [...] Read more.

Changes in temperature and salinity of the marine environment fluctuate continuously, and the effects of these changes on shellfish survival are significant. In this study, the survival rate of adult Asian green mussels (Perna viridis) was measured after short-term treatments (7 days) for a range of temperature (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C) and salinity (23‰, 28‰, 33‰). The digestive (amylase, lipase, trypsin and pepsin activities) and antioxidant performance (SOD and GPX gene expression; SOD, GPX and CAT activities; GSH and MDA Concentration) were measured and MANOVA results were obtained using a generalized linear model between certain factors (temperature (T), salinity (S) and temperature × salinity (T × S)) and survival rate. Both T and T × S significantly affected the survival rate of Asian green mussels. The overall relationship between the survival rate of P. viridis and T and S within the experimental range can be summarised by the equation: ln(Survival rate) = 54.9282 − 2.5627 × T − 3.6180 × S + 0.1857 × T × S + 0.0156 × T2 + 0.0520 × S2 − 0.0012 × T2 × S − 0.0023 × T × S2. The optimal temperature–salinity combination was 23.698 °C/30.760‰. T, S and T × S all had a significant impact on amylase and lipase activities of Asian green mussels. In the hepatopancreas, gill, mantle, adductor muscle, gonad and foot tissues of Asian green mussel, the SOD and GPX gene expression were responsive to temperature–salinity changes. The antioxidant performance of the combinations far from the optimal temperature–salinity combination were significantly improved. Our results suggest that combined temperature and salinity effects have a regular impact on the survival of Asian green mussels and that there is a link between survival and digestive and antioxidant performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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Review

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22 pages, 1427 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Involvement of Heat Shock Proteins (Extrinsic Chaperones) in Response to Stress Conditions in Aquatic Organisms

by Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran, Hethesh Chellapandian, Kiyun Park and Ihn-Sil Kwak

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071444 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3254

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) encompass both extrinsic chaperones and stress proteins. These proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 14 to 120 kDa, are conserved across all living organisms and are expressed in response to stress. The upregulation of specific genes triggers the synthesis [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) encompass both extrinsic chaperones and stress proteins. These proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 14 to 120 kDa, are conserved across all living organisms and are expressed in response to stress. The upregulation of specific genes triggers the synthesis of HSPs, facilitated by the interaction between heat shock factors and gene promoter regions. Notably, HSPs function as chaperones or helper molecules in various cellular processes involving lipids and proteins, and their upregulation is not limited to heat-induced stress but also occurs in response to anoxia, acidosis, hypoxia, toxins, ischemia, protein breakdown, and microbial infection. HSPs play a vital role in regulating protein synthesis in cells. They assist in the folding and assembly of other cellular proteins, primarily through HSP families such as HSP70 and HSP90. Additionally, the process of the folding, translocation, and aggregation of proteins is governed by the dynamic partitioning facilitated by HSPs throughout the cell. Beyond their involvement in protein metabolism, HSPs also exert a significant influence on apoptosis, the immune system, and various characteristics of inflammation. The immunity of aquatic organisms, including shrimp, fish, and shellfish, relies heavily on the development of inflammation, as well as non-specific and specific immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Recent advancements in aquatic research have demonstrated that the HSP levels in populations of fish, shrimp, and shellfish can be increased through non-traumatic means such as water or oral administration of HSP stimulants, exogenous HSPs, and heat induction. These methods have proven useful in reducing physical stress and trauma, while also facilitating sustainable husbandry practices such as vaccination and transportation, thereby offering health benefits. Hence, the present review discusses the importance of HSPs in different tissues in aquatic organisms (fish, shrimp), and their expression levels during pathogen invasion; this gives new insights into the significance of HSPs in invertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response in Marine Organisms)

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