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Antibiotics
Special Issues
Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options
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Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotic Therapy in Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 14500

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Debra Fromer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Urology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
2. Department of Urology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
Interests: urinary tract infections
Dr. Kimberly Cooper

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Urology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington avenue, 11th floor, New York, NY 10591, USA
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; antibiotic prescriptions; urinary tract infections

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urinary tract infections are pervasive, affecting 150 million people worldwide.  Affecting 60% of all women at some point in their lives, urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection in women, with more than one third of women developing a recurrence, often within 3 months.  The sudden, unforeseeable, and distressing nature of the condition takes a significant toll on the patient’s mental health, quality of life, and sense of wellbeing.  Uropathogens are a significant source of emerging antimicrobial resistance, belying the importance of antibiotic stewardship and emerging antibiotics and non-antibiotic therapies for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection. This Special Issue seeks manuscript submissions that further our understanding of the epidemiology of mechanisms of infection and treatment options for urinary tract infection.

Dr. Debra Fromer
Dr. Kimberly Cooper
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 533 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales in Thailand
by Kanit Assawatheptawee, Pornpit Treebupachatsakul, Taradon Luangtongkum and Pannika R. Niumsup
Antibiotics 2022, 11(8), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081039 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
The dissemination of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) in community settings is becoming a great concern. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) caused by MDRE. A prospective case–control study was undertaken among patients with [...] Read more.
The dissemination of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) in community settings is becoming a great concern. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) caused by MDRE. A prospective case–control study was undertaken among patients with UTIs visiting an outpatient department in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Urine samples were collected and screened to include only patients with Enterobacterales infections. Risk factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 284 patients with CA-UTIs, 25.7% (n = 73) and 74.3% (n = 211) were positive for MDRE (case) and non-MDRE (control), respectively. Being a farmer was identified as an independent risk factor for MDRE-associated CA-UTIs (adjusted odds ratio = 3.101; 95% confidence interval = 1.272–7.564; p = 0.013). A total of 309 Enterobacterales isolates were recovered, and Escherichia coli was the most frequently detected (86.4%). The highest resistance rate was observed for ampicillin (67.0%), followed by ciprofloxacin (34.0%) and cotrimoxazole (32.7%), while resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and levofloxacin remained <20%. Resistance to ampicillin–gentamicin–cotrimoxazole was the most common pattern among MDRE isolates. Interestingly, we detected a colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae harboring mcr-9 (colistin MIC = 16 µg/mL). mcr-9 was transferable at high frequency (4.5 × 10−4) and resided on IncF plasmid. This study demonstrates that being a farmer is a risk factor for MDRE-associated CA-UTIs. Interestingly, this is the first report to identify mcr-9-positive E. cloacae from a Thai patient in the community. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options)
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Review

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11 pages, 294 KiB  
Review
Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections: A Review of the Pathogenicity, Epidemiology, and Treatment
by Alia Codelia-Anjum, Lori B. Lerner, Dean Elterman, Kevin C. Zorn, Naeem Bhojani and Bilal Chughtai
Antibiotics 2023, 12(4), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040778 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5082
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common causes of infections worldwide and can be caused by numerous uropathogens. Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract that are known uropathogens. Enterococcus spp. has become a leading cause of [...] Read more.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common causes of infections worldwide and can be caused by numerous uropathogens. Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract that are known uropathogens. Enterococcus spp. has become a leading cause of healthcare associated infections, ranging from endocarditis to UTIs. In recent years, there has been an increase in multidrug resistance due to antibiotic misuse, especially in enterococci. Additionally, infections due to enterococci pose a unique challenge due to their ability to survive in extreme environments, intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, and genomic malleability. Overall, this review aims to highlight the pathogenicity, epidemiology, and treatment recommendations (according to the most recent guidelines) of enterococci. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options)
18 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Is There Any Benefit to the Use of Antibiotics with Indwelling Catheters after Urologic Surgery in Adults
by Fenizia Maffucci, Chrystal Chang, Jay Simhan and Joshua A. Cohn
Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010156 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
Antibiotic stewardship in urologic reconstruction is critically important, as many patients will require indwelling catheters for days to weeks following surgery and thus are at risk of both developing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) as well as multi-drug resistant (MDR) uropathogens. Accordingly, limiting [...] Read more.
Antibiotic stewardship in urologic reconstruction is critically important, as many patients will require indwelling catheters for days to weeks following surgery and thus are at risk of both developing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) as well as multi-drug resistant (MDR) uropathogens. Accordingly, limiting antibiotic use, when safe, should help reduce antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of MDR organisms. However, there is significant heterogeneity in how antibiotics are prescribed to patients who need indwelling urethral catheters post-operatively. We performed a literature review to determine if there are benefits in the use of antibiotics for various clinical scenarios that require post-operative indwelling catheters for greater than 24 h. In general, for patients undergoing prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate, and/or urethroplasty, antibiotic administration may be limited without increased risk of CAUTI. However, more work is needed to identify optimal antibiotic regimens for these and alternative urologic procedures, whether certain sub-populations benefit from longer courses of antibiotics, and effective non-antibiotic or non-systemic therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options)
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Other

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8 pages, 235 KiB  
Perspective
Enlisting Probiotics to Combat Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women—A Military Strategy for Meeting the Challenge
by Richard A. Watson
Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010167 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4091
Abstract
For decades, the potential role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections has been extensively studied. However, achieving an effective problem-solving strategy has thus far proven elusive. Perhaps adopting a military paradigm might expedite our assault on chronic, [...] Read more.
For decades, the potential role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections has been extensively studied. However, achieving an effective problem-solving strategy has thus far proven elusive. Perhaps adopting a military paradigm might expedite our assault on chronic, recurring bacteriuria in women. What is needed is a targeted strategy with specific attention to (1) the enemy: the case-specific uropathogen; (2) the battlefield: the extraordinarily complex interplay of factors within the bladder, unique to a given patient, which interface with profoundly important influences from the gut biome, as well as the vaginal biota; (3) the weapon: an antimicrobial probiotic with demonstrated activity against that specific uropathogen; (4) a new strategy: taking these complexities into account, we posit a key role for the instillation of case-specific lactobacilli directly into the bladder of the designated patient. This newly proposed, targeted intervention might be termed “Probiotic Intravesical Organic Therapy—PIVOT”; and (5) the long campaign: reaching clinically proven success may entail a long campaign. However, already, on many fronts, the elements necessary for victory recently seem to be falling into place. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options)
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