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Animals
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Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine
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Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Equids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 July 2023) | Viewed by 30599

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Carlos Eduardo Medina-Torres

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Pferdeklinik Altforweiler, Raiffeisenstraße 100, 66802 Überherrn, Saarland, Germany
2. School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
Interests: laminitis; infectious diseases; equid herpesvirus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Animals is preparing a Special Issue on Equine Internal Medicine that will focus on recent advances in diseases with a high impact in our field: the scope may include (but is NOT limited to) cardiology, endocrinology, non-infectious respirology, gastric ulcers, laminitis, infectious hepatitis, viral encephalitis, and colitis. The objective is to include a minimum of six of these topics, with one review article and one accompanying research article on each. We aim to first provide an overview of our current understanding of disease pathophysiology and the standard of care in the review article, followed by the novel research study showing recent advances in the field.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather 12 to 16 articles with state-of-the-art knowledge, including diagnostic and management recommendations, combined with the most recent research advances in some of the most important areas of equine internal medicine practice at present.

Dr. Carlos Eduardo Medina-Torres
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • equid
  • cardiology
  • laminitis
  • endocrinology
  • gastric ulcers
  • colitis
  • asthma
  • hepatology
  • viral encephalitis

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 3532 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis
by Vera Carvalho Pessoa, Manuel Branco-Ferreira, Sigridur Jónsdóttir, Eliane Marti and Paula Tilley
Animals 2023, 13(17), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172733 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1019
Abstract
Thirty controls (C) and 30 IBH-affected (T) Lusitano horses were evaluated. T horses were included based on anamnesis and physical examination, supported by questionnaires. All horses were submitted to skin tests, Intrademal (IDT) and Skin Prick Tests (SPT), on the neck with 14 [...] Read more.
Thirty controls (C) and 30 IBH-affected (T) Lusitano horses were evaluated. T horses were included based on anamnesis and physical examination, supported by questionnaires. All horses were submitted to skin tests, Intrademal (IDT) and Skin Prick Tests (SPT), on the neck with 14 specific allergens, 13 recombinant proteins (r-proteins) from Culicoides nubeculosus (Cul n) and Culicoides obsoletus (Cul o) salivary glands and Culicoides nubeculosus Whole Body Extract (Cul n WBE). Addicionally, a cluster of six T and six C horses were also tested with Cul n 3 and Cul n 4 produced in insect cells and barley, as well as E. coli produced Cul o 3 and Cul o WBE. Allergen concentrations were 10 µg/mL for IDT and 100 µg/mL for SPT, and wheal diameters assessed at 20 min, 6 and 48 h. IDTs were considered positive when wheal diameter was ≥50% of the histamine wheal and SPT’s ≥ 0.9 cm. In vitro tests, allergen-specific serum IgE and sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release assay were also carried out. Results showed that Cul n WBE, Cul n 7, 8, 9, Cul o1P and Cul o 2P were the best performing allergens for SPTs (p ≤ 0.0001) for the 1st allergen panel and Cul o WBE, Cul n 3 Bar and Cul n 4 Bac (p ≤ 0.05) for the 2nd, presenting a higher discriminatory diagnostic potential than IDTs, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with readings assessed at 20 min. Regarding in vitro tests overall, the sLT release assay performed best. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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23 pages, 3180 KiB  
Article
Malocclusions and Dental Diseases in Privately Owned Horses in the Mazovia Region of Poland
by Kamil Górski, Elżbieta Stefanik, Bernard Turek, Andrzej Bereznowski, Michał Czopowicz, Izabela Polkowska and Małgorzata Domino
Animals 2022, 12(22), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223120 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
Dental disorders, a term encompassing both malocclusion and dental disease, constitute a serious health problem in horses worldwide. As horse populations differ among countries and regions, a geographically specific characterization of the occurrence of various dental disorders may be helpful for local equine [...] Read more.
Dental disorders, a term encompassing both malocclusion and dental disease, constitute a serious health problem in horses worldwide. As horse populations differ among countries and regions, a geographically specific characterization of the occurrence of various dental disorders may be helpful for local equine practitioners. This study investigated the prevalence and frequency distribution of selected malocclusions and dental diseases in horses housed in the Mazovia region of Poland, with attention paid to variations among age, gender, and breed categories. Routine dental examinations were conducted on 206 privately owned horses (n = 206). Disorders were recorded using a dental chart and classified as either malocclusions or dental diseases. Out of all examined horses, 95% demonstrated at least one dental disorder, with a roughly equal distribution of these disorders among incisor teeth (31%) and cheek teeth (31% each for premolars and molars). More specifically, there were disorders noted in 14 incisors, 3 canines, 2 wolf teeth, and 15 cheek teeth. Across all age, gender, and breed groups, malocclusions of incisor, premolar, and molar teeth occurred with a higher prevalence than did dental diseases. Curvatures and calculus were the most commonly reported pathologies in incisor teeth, whereas sharp enamel points and caries predominated in cheek teeth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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Review

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11 pages, 4595 KiB  
Review
Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses: Causes, Diagnosis, Scoring and New Therapies
by Abbey Cox and Allison J. Stewart
Animals 2023, 13(15), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152514 - 04 Aug 2023
Viewed by 2667
Abstract
Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH, Queensland itch, sweet itch, equine summer eczema) is the most common pruritic disease of horses. It is most often caused by sensitivity to the saliva of Culicoides spp. of biting midges; however, it can also be caused by hypersensitivity [...] Read more.
Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH, Queensland itch, sweet itch, equine summer eczema) is the most common pruritic disease of horses. It is most often caused by sensitivity to the saliva of Culicoides spp. of biting midges; however, it can also be caused by hypersensitivity to other insect species. The prevalence of IBH in horses is reported to be as high as 60% in some parts of the world. Due to the severe pruritus and effects of secondary self-trauma, IBH has animal welfare concerns, and there is currently no cure. Management of this condition is life-long, time consuming and costly. New grading systems to document disease severity are being validated, which will allow the comparison of clinical trial results of new and existing therapies. Management involves the minimisation of insect bites by use of stabling, fans, rugs and repellents. Symptomatic therapy involves the administration of systemic or topical corticosteroids, systemic antihistamines, and creams and sprays to promote skin healing and decrease inflammation. New immune-mediated therapeutics including vaccines, in addition to desensitisation procedures, show promise at controlling hypersensitivity reactions. This article will review aetiologic agents, pathophysiology, scoring systems and current and new therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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15 pages, 1501 KiB  
Review
Equine Crofton Weed (Ageratina spp.) Pneumotoxicity: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?
by Frances Marie Shapter, José Luis Granados-Soler, Allison J. Stewart, Francois Rene Bertin and Rachel Allavena
Animals 2023, 13(13), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132082 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1637
Abstract
Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is a global and highly invasive weed, with ingestion causing severe respiratory disease in horses, leading to irreversible and untreatable pulmonary fibrosis and oedema. While reports of equine pneumotoxicity remain common in Australia and New Zealand, equine [...] Read more.
Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is a global and highly invasive weed, with ingestion causing severe respiratory disease in horses, leading to irreversible and untreatable pulmonary fibrosis and oedema. While reports of equine pneumotoxicity remain common in Australia and New Zealand, equine pneumotoxicity may be underdiagnosed in other countries where Crofton weed is endemic but poorly differentiated. The pathogenesis of Crofton weed toxicity following ingestion has been well described in a number of different animal models, including rodents, rabbits, and goats. However, induced toxicity is organ-selective across different animal species, and these vastly differ from the pathogenesis described in horses, both clinically and after experimental exposure. Sources of variation may include species-specific susceptibility to different toxins present in the plant, different mechanistic processes of toxicity, and species differences in toxin biotransformation and bioactivation across different organs. Considering disease severity and Crofton weed’s invasiveness globally, assessing published toxicological and exposure data is necessary to advance research, identify specific toxins for horses, and possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. This review presents an overview of the available literature on equine toxicity, parallels between toxicity in horses and other animal species, and important aspects to be included in the future research agenda. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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25 pages, 2107 KiB  
Review
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge
by Jessica Vokes, Amy Lovett and Benjamin Sykes
Animals 2023, 13(7), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071261 - 05 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 13034
Abstract
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been [...] Read more.
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been described under the umbrella of EGUS; these are Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). In 2015 the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) released a consensus statement defining these disease entities. This document highlighted the lack of evidence surrounding EGGD compared to ESGD, and identified knowledge gaps for further research to be directed. Subsequently, many studies on EGGD have been published, especially on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. This article updates current knowledge on both ESGD and EGGD as understanding has evolved since the last large-scale review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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17 pages, 730 KiB  
Review
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses
by Jordan Flood and Allison J. Stewart
Animals 2022, 12(21), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212939 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5388
Abstract
Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and [...] Read more.
Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs are used for the treatment of a variety of conditions in horses, from gastrointestinal to orthopedic pain. Despite extensive usage, NSAIDs have a narrow margin of safety and the body of literature documenting the efficacy and side effects of different NSAIDs is broad. The three main side effects associated with excessive or prolonged NSAID usage in horses include gastroduodenal ulceration, right dorsal colitis (RDC) and renal papillary necrosis. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAIDS, such as firocoxib, are theoretically safer. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the use and efficacy of different NSAIDs, summarise the associated side effects of NSAID usage and evaluate the current state of knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of such toxicities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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25 pages, 659 KiB  
Review
Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature
by Gaby van Galen, Emil Olsen and Natalia Siwinska
Animals 2022, 12(19), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192678 - 05 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2398
Abstract
Creatinine only allows detection of kidney disease when 60 to 75% of the glomerular function is lost and is therefore not an ideal marker of disease. Additional biomarkers could be beneficial to assess kidney function and disease. The objectives are to describe new [...] Read more.
Creatinine only allows detection of kidney disease when 60 to 75% of the glomerular function is lost and is therefore not an ideal marker of disease. Additional biomarkers could be beneficial to assess kidney function and disease. The objectives are to describe new equine kidney biomarkers. This systematic review assesses the available literature, including the validation process and reference values, following which the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use. SDMA may have some potential as equine kidney biomarker, but there is currently a lack of evidence that SDMA offers any advantage compared to creatinine in detecting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine) and should be studied further. NGAL has potential as a biomarker of kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine), and potential as an inflammatory marker. Literature on MMP-9 does not allow for conclusive statements about its potential as a biomarker for kidney disease. The future may show that NAG has potential. For all biomarkers, at this stage, available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to diagnose kidney problems. However, there are only a few studies available and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge and Recent Advances on Equine Internal Medicine)
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