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Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture

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A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 December 2023) | Viewed by 19913

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Prof. Dr. Jorge S. Olmos-Soto

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Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
Interests: functional feeds with high levels of plant ingredients and probiotic bacteria to improve fish and shrimp digestion, pathogens control and water bioremediation; microalgae molecular characterization; microalgae growth conditions; microalgae pigments production; marine natural products; shrimp microbial pathogens; marine biotechnology
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Dear Colleagues,

Functional Feeds (FF) development represents a great opportunity to increase the profitability and sustainability of shrimp and fish Aquaculture industries. FF must be capable to increase nutrient assimilation in animals, preventing pathogens outbreaks, and maintaining water quality in aquaculture systems. FF has to be safe to animals and humans, environmentally friendly, and economically attractive, therefore, FF must avoid high levels of fish products in its formulation, but include alternative plant, algae, insect, and animal sub-products ingredients. In addition, fish alternative ingredients must be economical, abundant, digestible, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly and not compete with human foods. Unfortunately, even though fish alternative ingredients are cheaper than fish products and are abundant, most of them are difficult to digest, increase water contamination, and could induce pathogens' proliferation. Mainly, because they contain high levels of non-digestible proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (CHO) that compromise the animal’s health status and development. Therefore, monogastric animals like fish and shrimps are not capable to digest high levels of alternative ingredients, due to their limited enzymatic capacity. This physiological inconvenience reduces the number of alternative ingredients in FF formulation, in this sense, probiotic bacteria can improve FF digestion and safety by adding external enzymatic machinery and a large battery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bacillus is among the most used probiotics in FF formulation because these species increase food digestion and assimilation, inhibit pathogens development and stimulate the immune system. In addition, Bacillus species are a) easy to grow in most carbon and nitrogen sources, b) great producers of degradative enzymes, c) secrete a great diversity of antimicrobial peptides, and d) most of them are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the food and drug administration (FDA). In this Special Issue, we encourage researchers working with any fish alternative ingredient (plant, macroalgae, microalgae, insects, animal subproducts, etc.) and probiotic bacteria to present the results and benefits obtained using FF in shrimp and fish production.

Dr. Jorge S. Olmos-Soto
Guest Editor

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Keywords

fish alternative ingredients
probiotics
shrimp and fish digestion
pathogens control
water bioremediation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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16 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Tuber Ethanolic Extract of Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) on Growth, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Supranee Wigraiboon, Ruamruedee Panchan, Vijitra Luang-In, Wilailak Ounjit, Paiboon Panase, Sontaya Sookying and Nantaporn Sutthi

Animals 2024, 14(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030503 - 02 Feb 2024

Viewed by 753

Abstract

Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) is a weed that grows in all tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world, including areas where it grows on saline soil. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of C. rotundus tuber extract in the diet on the growth performance and disease resistance of Nile tilapia. Various components of phytochemical importance of nut grass, including sugars/carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids were found in C. rotundus. Tilapia (n = 25 fish/group in triplicate) were fed with different levels of nut grass extract including 0 (control; T1), 0.4 (T2), 0.8 (T3), and 1.6 (T4) g/kg for 60 days in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. After the feeding trial, the highest weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) were observed in the T4 group, but it was not significantly different from T3 (Nile tilapia fed with a 0.8 g/kg) (p > 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the T3 group. Moreover, the fillet, crud lipid content, and blood chemical profiles (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in fish fed with 1.6 g/kg were highest when compared in all groups. In addition, the T3 group presented with the immune response parameter found in red blood cells (RBC), lysozyme activity, and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase activity (SOD)) being higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The highest survival (93.33%) was observed in fish fed with 0.8 g/kg (T3) after a 14 day challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Thus, it was concluded that nut grass extract at 0.8 g/kg can be used to improve the growth performance and the tendency for resistance to S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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18 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal on Growth, Body Composition, Immune Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Juveniles

by Jen-Hong Chu and Tzu-Wei Huang

Animals 2024, 14(3), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030404 - 26 Jan 2024

Viewed by 639

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of substituting fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (BSM) on the growth performance, body composition, immune response, and antioxidant enzyme activity of juvenile redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Four isonitrogenous (41%) and isolipidic (11%) diets (i.e., FM substitutes) were formulated from BSM prepared using larvae that were fed soybean meal (BSM-S), fishery byproducts (BSM-F), or pitaya (BSM-P). The experimental diets were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of juvenile redclaw crayfish (0.56 ± 0.04 g). After the feed trial, the FM and BSM-F groups exhibited significantly lower feed conversion ratios and significantly higher weight gain; specific growth rates; and concentrations of saturated fatty acids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in the muscle. Among the tested groups, the BSM-F group exhibited significantly enhanced immune responses and increased antioxidant enzyme activity (i.e., superoxide dismutase, phenoloxidase, and glutathione peroxidase); the BSM-P group exhibited a significantly higher feed intake and hepatopancreatic index; and the FM group exhibited a significantly higher muscle body index and apparent digestibility for the dry matter of crude protein. The findings indicate that the juvenile redclaw crayfish fed BSM-F achieved the highest weight gain among the groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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22 pages, 2672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Antioxidant and Genoprotective Potential of Salicornia ramosissima Incorporation in the Diet of the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

by Raquel Marçal, Pedro Sousa, Ana Marques, Vitória Pereira, Sofia Guilherme, André Barreto, Benjamin Costas, Rui J. M. Rocha and Mário Pacheco

Animals 2024, 14(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010093 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 767

Abstract

The identification of novel feed materials as a source of functional ingredients is a topical priority in the finfish aquaculture sector. Due to the agrotechnical practices associated and phytochemical profiling, halophytes emerge as a new source of feedstuff for aquafeeds, with the potential to boost productivity and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the potential of Salicornia ramosissima incorporation (2.5, 5, and 10%), for 2 months, in the diet of juvenile European seabass, seeking antioxidant (in the liver, gills, and blood) and genoprotective (DNA and chromosomal integrity in blood) benefits. Halophyte inclusion showed no impairments on growth performance. Moreover, a tissue-specific antioxidant improvement was apparent, namely through the GSH-related defense subsystem, but revealing multiple and complex mechanisms. A genotoxic trigger (regarded as a pro-genoprotective mechanism) was identified in the first month of supplementation. A clear protection of DNA integrity was detected in the second month, for all the supplementation levels (and the most prominent melioration at 10%). Overall, these results pointed out a functionality of S. ramosissima-supplemented diets and a promising way to improve aquaculture practices, also unraveling a complementary novel, low-value raw material, and a path to its valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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21 pages, 10225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Benefits of Dietary Lysophospholipid Supplementation in a Marine Fish Model: Deep Analyses of Modes of Action

by Antoni Ibarz, Ignasi Sanahuja, Waldo G. Nuez-Ortín, Laura Martínez-Rubio and Laura Fernández-Alacid

Animals 2023, 13(8), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081381 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Given the hydrophilic structure of lysophospholipids (LPLs), their dietary inclusion translates into a better emulsifying capacity of the dietary components. The present study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the growth-promoting effect of LPL supplementation by undertaking deep analyses of the proximal intestine and liver interactomes. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was selected as the main aquaculture species model. The animals were divided into two groups: one was fed a control diet (C-diet) and the other a feed (LPL-diet) supplemented with an LPL-based digestive enhancer (0.1% AQUALYSO^®, Adisseo). The LPL-diet had a positive effect on the fish by increasing the final weight by 5% and reducing total serum lipids, mainly due to a decrease in the plasma phospholipid (p < 0.05). In the intestine, the upregulated interactome suggests a more robust digestive capacity, improving vesicle-trafficking-related proteins, complex sugar hydrolysis, and lipid metabolism. In the liver, the LPL-diet promotes better nutrients, increasing several metabolic pathways. The downregulation of the responses to stress and stimuli could be related to a reduced proinflammatory state. This study on the benefits and modes of action of dietary LPLs opens a new window into fish nutrition and could be extended to other productive species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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0 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Effect of Functional Diets Containing Phytobiotic Compounds in Whiteleg Shrimp Health: Resistance to Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrotic Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

by Carla Hernández-Cabanyero, Esther Carrascosa, Silvia Jiménez and Belén Fouz

Animals 2023, 13(8), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081354 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2964

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (AHPND) is an emerging severe disease caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp_AHPND) in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Mitigating its negative impact, and at the same time minimizing antibiotics treatments, is the major challenge in shrimp aquaculture. A sustainable strategy could be to include immunostimulants in diet. Phytobiotics, harmless plant extracts with immunostimulatory and biocidal activities, are promising candidates. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two diets (E and F) supplemented with phytobiotics (functional diets) in terms of protecting shrimp against AHPND. For this purpose, groups of animals were fed functional or control diets for 4 and 5 weeks and, subsequently, they were challenged with Vp_AHPND by immersion. We compared the mortality in infected groups and estimated the percentage of carriers by using a specific qPCR in hepatopancreas tissue. The results showed that mortality was significantly lower in the group fed functional diet E and, after a 5-week feeding schedule. This group also showed the lowest percentage of carriers. The pathological effects were also reduced with diet F. Thus, feeding shrimp with phytobiotic-enriched diets in critical periods will be highly beneficial because it increases the host’s resistance to AHPND pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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11 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Red Grape Extract on the Quality Traits in Juvenile European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

by Simona Tarricone, Nicolaia Iaffaldano, Maria Antonietta Colonna, Francesco Giannico, Maria Selvaggi, Anna Caputi Jambrenghi, Michela Cariglia and Marco Ragni

Animals 2023, 13(2), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020254 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Intensive fish farming is responsible for the occurrence of various stressors that negatively affect the health of cultured animals. Polyphenols are plant-derived compounds with biological activities and positive influences on the performances and immunity of fish. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a polyphenol extract obtained from Nero di Troia red grape on the quality of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets. Three diets were tested: control (n = 90) received a conventional feed, whereas the two experimental groups (n = 90 each) received the control feed supplemented with the red grape polyphenol extract (GPE) at the concentration of 100 (GPE 100) or 200 mg/kg (GPE 200). The two GPE diets lowered (p < 0.05) the red (a *) and yellow (b *) indexes, fillet hardness, and total lipid content. Chewiness, concentration of saturated fatty acids, and the Atherogenic Index were higher (p < 0.05) in the control group; GPE diets increased (p < 0.05) the polyunsaturated fatty acids content. Furthermore, the concentration of malondialdehyde was lower (p < 0.05) in fillets of the GPE groups, thus confirming the antioxidant effect of the red grape extract and its effectiveness in preventing lipid oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

18 pages, 3577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenic Effects of Dietary Terminalia arjuna Bark Powder in Labeo rohita, a Fish Model: Elucidated by an Integrated Biomarker Response Approach

by Dharmendra Kumar Meena, Soumya Prasad Panda, Amiya Kumar Sahoo, Prem Prakash Srivastava, Narottam Prasad Sahu, Mala Kumari, Smruti Samantaray, Simanku Borah and Basanta Kumar Das

Animals 2023, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010039 - 22 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Utilizing agro-industrial waste and herbal products to create a circular bioeconomy is becoming increasingly popular. Terminalia arjuna is a significant ethnomedicinal plant that has not yet been exploited in animal feed. In the present study, nutritional Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based fish feed was created and supplied to a candidate fish species Labeo rohita at varied levels: 0% (0 g/kg), 0.5% (5 g/kg), 1% (10 g/kg), and 1.5% (15 g/kg). These treatment groups are denoted as CT, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Utilizing a contemporary comprehensive biomarker response strategy, the study clarified the genomic influence of dietary herb inclusion. In response to bacterial infection, the immunogenic genes, STAT 1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), ISG 15 (interferon stimulating gene), and Mx “myxovirus resistance gene”, were shown to be elevated. The results of densitometry demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in STAT 1 and ISG 15, with Mx exhibiting maximal values at 1 g/kg TABP (Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based feed). This is the first study to identify TABP as an immunomodulator in fish and established the IBR (Integrated Bio-marker Response) as a reliable marker in evaluating the impact of multiple drivers in a holistic manner. Thus, the present study cleared the path for TABP to be utilized as an effective feed additive which enhances the specific adaptive immune system of the fish for the production of the Green fish product for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacillus subtilis Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Totoaba macdonaldi Fed with High Levels of Soy Protein Concentrate

by Jorge Olmos, Lus M. López, Antonio Gorriño, Mario A. Galaviz and Victor Mercado

Animals 2022, 12(23), 3422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233422 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2138

Abstract

T. macdonaldi is a carnivorous species endemic to the Gulf of California. Indiscriminate exploitation has put totoaba at risk, inducing the development of aquaculture procedures to grow it without affecting the wild population. However, aquafeeds increasing cost and low yields obtained with commercial feeds have motivated researchers to look for more nutritious and cheaper alternatives. Soybean (SB) is the most popular alternative to fishmeal (FM); however, antinutritional factors limit its use in carnivorous species. In this study, we analyzed B. subtilis 9b probiotic capacity to improve growth performance and health status of T. macdonaldi fed with formulations containing 30% and 60% substitution of fish meal with soy protein concentrate (SPC). In addition, we investigated its effect on internal organs condition, their capacity to modulate the intestinal microbiota, and to boost the immunological response of T. macdonaldi against V. harveyi infections. In this sense, we found that T. macdonaldi fed with SPC30Pro diet supplemented with B. subtilis 9b strain and 30% SPC produced better results than SPC30C control diet without B. subtilis and DCML commercial diet. Additionally, animals fed with SPC60Pro diet supplemented with B. subtilis 9b strain and 60% SPC doubled their weight and produced 20% more survival than SPC60C control diet without B. subtilis. Thus, B. subtilis 9b improved T. macdonaldi growth performance, health status, modulated intestinal microbiota, and increased animal’s resistance to V. harveyi infections, placing this bacterium as an excellent candidate to produce functional feeds with high levels of SPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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20 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gill Oxidative Stress Protection through the Use of Phytogenics and Galactomannan Oligosaccharides as Functional Additives in Practical Diets for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles

by Antonio Serradell, Daniel Montero, Álvaro Fernández-Montero, Genciana Terova, Alex Makol, Victoria Valdenegro, Félix Acosta, María Soledad Izquierdo and Silvia Torrecillas

Animals 2022, 12(23), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233332 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of two functional additives as gill endogenous antioxidant capacity boosters in European sea-bass juveniles fed low-FM/FO diets when challenged against physical and biological stressors. For that purpose, two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with low FM (10%) and FO (6%) contents were supplemented with 5000 ppm plant-derived galactomannan–oligosaccharides (GMOS) or 200 ppm of a mixture of garlic and labiate plant essential oils (PHYTO). A control diet was void from supplementation. Fish were fed the experimental diet for nine weeks and subjected to a confinement stress challenge (C challenge) or a confinement stress challenge combined with an exposure to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum (CI challenge). Both GMOS and PHYTO diets attenuated fish stress response, inducing lower circulating plasma cortisol and down-regulating nfκβ2 and gr relative gene-expression levels in the gill. This attenuated stress response was associated with a minor energetic metabolism response in relation to the down-regulation of nd5 and coxi gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 1158 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6) Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Metabolism Enzyme Activities of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Alevins

by Hairui Yu, Lingyao Li, Leyong Yu, Congmei Xu, Jiayi Zhang, Xiangyi Qiu, Yijing Zhang and Lingling Shan

Animals 2022, 12(19), 2631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192631 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

A 12-week feeding trial aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism enzyme activities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins. Six experimental diets (47% crude protein and 15% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded LA levels of 0.11%, 0.74%, 1.37%, 2.00%, 2.63%, and 3.26%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 50 alevins with an initial body weight of 0.364 ± 0.002 g, which were randomly assigned to 18 white plastic tanks (0.8 × 0.6 × 0.6 m, 240 L/tank). Fish were reared in a freshwater flow-through rearing system and fed to apparent satiation four times daily. The survival rate was not significantly different among the treatments (p > 0.05). However, the 1.37% LA group significantly improved the final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.05) of alevins. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1.37% LA group was significantly lower than those in other groups (p < 0.05). The whole-body lipid content significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with dietary LA levels increasing from 0.74% to 2.00%. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid in muscle was closely correlated with those in the diets. The dietary LA level of 1.37% led to significantly higher activities of liver lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) than those of other groups (p < 0.05). Hepatic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) decreased with the increase in the dietary LA levels from 0.11% to 1.37%. The lowest MDH and FAS activities were obtained in the 1.37% LA group (p < 0.05). This study indicated that an appropriate amount of dietary LA was beneficial for the growth and lipid metabolism of coho salmon alevins, and the results of the quadratic regression analysis of the SGR and FCR indicated that the optimal dietary LA requirements were 1.25% and 1.23% for coho salmon alevins, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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18 pages, 1607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Compound Feed Attractants on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Intestinal Histology, Protein Synthesis, and Immune Response of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei)

by Guilun He, Xin Chen, Qingtian Zeng, Wenbo Zhu, Zhengbang Chen, Beiping Tan and Shiwei Xie

Animals 2022, 12(19), 2550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192550 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

To investigate the effects of compound attractants on the growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal morphology, protein synthesis, and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei, the following seven diets were formulated: a positive control (P), a negative control (N), and five diets with compound attractants which were labeled as A, B, C, D, and E, each with four of five tested attractants (yeast extract, squid visceral powder, fish soluble, and squid paste, shrimp paste), respectively. Shrimp (0.71 ± 0.00 g) were distributed to seven groups of four replicates and fed for 7 weeks. Results showed that the final body weight, feed intake, specific growth rate, and weight gain of shrimp in the B and D groups were the greatest. Hemolymph total antioxidant capacity of shrimp in the B, D, and E groups reached the highest level. In the hepatopancreas, the activity of total nitric oxide synthase, malondialdehyde content, the expression levels of sod, myd88, eif4e2, and raptor in shrimp fed the B diet were the highest, and the highest levels of dorsal and relish were observed in the C group. In the intestine, intestinal muscle thickness and expression levels of toll and eif2α in the C group were the highest, while the highest expression level of sod and relish occurred in the B group. In summary, the B and E diets promoted the feed intake, growth performance and the antioxidant enzyme activity of L. vannamei. The C diet enhanced the protein synthesis of shrimp. Regression analysis indicated that the WG and FI of shrimp were increased as the dietary inclusion levels of squid paste and shrimp paste increased, while they were decreased as the dietary inclusion levels of yeast extract and fish soluble increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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21 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prebiotics in Global and Mexican Fish Aquaculture: A Review

by Jesús Mateo Amillano-Cisneros, María Anel Fuentes-Valencia, José Belisario Leyva-Morales, Yasser A. Davizón, Henri Marquéz-Pacheco, Gladys Valencia-Castañeda, Juan Antonio Maldonado-Coyac, Luz Adriana Ontiveros-García and Cesar Noé Badilla-Medina

Animals 2023, 13(23), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233607 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

Continued human population growth has resulted in increased demand for products, including those derived from aquaculture. The main challenge in aquaculture is producing more every year. In recent years, environmentally friendly supplements that provide the necessary pathways for optimal production have been emphasized. One of them is prebiotics, selectively utilized substrates by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. Interest in applying prebiotics in global fish farming has increased in recent years as it has been shown to improve growth, boost the immune system, resist stress conditions, and cause the modulation of digestive enzymes. These effects reflect reduced production and disease costs. However, in Latin American countries such as Mexico, large-scale use of these food supplements is needed as a sustainable alternative to improve fish production. This paper gives a review of the current advances obtained with the application of prebiotics in commercially farmed fish worldwide, mentions the prebiotics to use in the aquaculture industry, and updates the status of studies about the used prebiotics in global commercial fish cultivated in Mexico, as well as freshwater and marine endemic fish in this country. Also, the limitations of prebiotics application in terms of their use and legislation are analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Feeds to Improve Shrimp and Fish Aquaculture)

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