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Animals
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Histopathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals
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Histopathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 3262

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elisabetta Antuofermo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
Interests: veterinary pathology; aquatic animal health, fish pathology; mollusk diseases; mycobacteriosis; histopathology; immunohistochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Marta Polinas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
Interests: veterinary pathology; fish pathology; mollusk diseases; histopathology; immunohistochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The pathology of aquatic animals is a vast and heterogeneous field of research due to the wide variety, phylogenetic distances, and peculiar characteristics of species therein. Therefore, the histopathology and immunology of aquatic animals are poorly investigated. A standardized diagnostic classification system for macroscopical and histopathological lesions related to aquatic animal diseases is needed. Evaluating tissue lesions through histopathology could be a useful tool when determining the health status of aquatic animals related to pathogens. In addition, many aspects of the immune systems of aquatic organisms are still unknown. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which aquatic animals' immune systems develop, recognize, and respond to distinct pathogens and the environment will be a valuable tool for the development of suitable biomarkers to assess fish health status. This Special Issue aims to contribute to filling these gaps, with manuscripts giving new insight into the immune systems of aquatic animals, especially related to host–pathogen interaction. Moreover, the guest editors would particularly appreciate papers aimed at contributing to a standardized method for a univocal macroscopical and histological classification of lesions associated with the main diseases, in the form of original research manuscripts and reviews.

Dr. Elisabetta Antuofermo
Dr. Marta Polinas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gross pathology
  • histology
  • cytology
  • infectious diseases and One Health
  • tumors
  • immunohistochemistry
  • biomarker discovery

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5544 KiB  
Article
Exploring Immunohistochemistry in Fish: Assessment of Antibody Reactivity by Western Immunoblotting
by Elisabetta Antuofermo, Massimo Orioles, Claudio Murgia, Giovanni P. Burrai, Martina Penati, Chiara Gottardi, Marta Polinas, Donatella Volpatti, Marco Galeotti and Maria Filippa Addis
Animals 2023, 13(18), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182934 - 15 Sep 2023
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Abstract
In recent years, research on fish has seen remarkable advancements, especially in aquaculture, ornamental fish industry, and biomedical studies. Immunohistochemistry has become crucial in fish research, aiding in physiological and pathological investigations. However, the use of antibodies originally developed for mammals has raised [...] Read more.
In recent years, research on fish has seen remarkable advancements, especially in aquaculture, ornamental fish industry, and biomedical studies. Immunohistochemistry has become crucial in fish research, aiding in physiological and pathological investigations. However, the use of antibodies originally developed for mammals has raised concerns about their cross-reactivity and specificity in fish. This study systematically evaluated the reactivity of commonly used antibodies for diagnostic purposes, especially in fish pathology, including pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and desmin in the tissue of Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Carassius auratus. Western immunoblotting was employed to assess antibody specificity. The results revealed that the pan-cytokeratin and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies cross-react with all tested fish species, while S-100 demonstrated specific staining in sea bream, goldfish, and rainbow trout tissues. Conversely, vimentin and desmin antibodies displayed no reactivity. In conclusion, the anti-cytokeratin clone AE1/AE3 and the polyclonal rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody, which are extensively used in mammals, were validated for fish immunohistochemical studies. Regrettably, D33 anti-desmin and V9 anti-vimentin clones are unsuitable for immunohistochemistry in the tested fish. These findings underscore the need for species-specific antibodies and proper validation for accurate immunohistochemistry analyses in fish research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Histopathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals)
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19 pages, 7411 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Pathogenesis of Red Mark Syndrome in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through an Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach
by Marco Galeotti, Massimo Orioles, Elena Saccà, Omkar Byadgi, Stefano Pesaro, Alessandro Di Cerbo and Gian Enrico Magi
Animals 2023, 13(6), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13061103 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1888
Abstract
Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a widespread skin disorder of rainbow trout in freshwater aquaculture, believed to be caused by a Midichloria-like organism (MLO). Here, we aimed to study the pathologic mechanisms at the origin of RMS by analyzing field samples from [...] Read more.
Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a widespread skin disorder of rainbow trout in freshwater aquaculture, believed to be caused by a Midichloria-like organism (MLO). Here, we aimed to study the pathologic mechanisms at the origin of RMS by analyzing field samples from a recent outbreak through gene expression, MLO PCR, quantitative PCR, and a histopathological scoring system proposed for RMS lesions. Statistical analyses included a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test to assess differences among gene expression groups and a nonparametric Spearman correlation between various categories of skin lesions and PCR results. In short, the results confirmed the presence of a high quantity of 16S gene copy numbers of Midichloria-like organisms in diseased skin tissues. However, the number of Midichloria-like organisms detected was not correlated to the degree of severity of skin disease. Midichloria-like organism DNA was found in the spleen and head kidney. The spleen showed pathologic changes mainly of hyperplastic type, reflecting its direct involvement during infection. The most severe skin lesions were characterized by a high level of inflammatory cytokines sustaining and modulating the severe inflammatory process. IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-10, MHC-II, and TCR were upregulated in severe skin lesions, while IL-10 was highly expressed in moderate to severe ones. In the moderate form, the response was driven to produce immunoglobulins, which appeared crucial in controlling the skin disease’s severity. Altogether our results illustrated a complex immune interaction between the host and Midichloria-like organism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Histopathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals)
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