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Animals
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Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species
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Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 9555

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Noah Esmaeili

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7004, Australia
Interests: aquaculture; fish nutrition; stress; cortisol; glucose
Dr. Sobhan Akhavan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Aquaculture, Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology, Nelson, New Zealand
Interests: aquaculture; reproduction biology; aquatic animal physiology and endocrinology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture has been the world’s fastest growing food industry and plays an important role in feeding the population and with respect to future global food security. However, in aquaculture production, aquatic animals are subjected to a range of different husbandry practices that may cause stress to the animals. Therefore, any action in understanding and optimising stress responsiveness could help animal growth, health, welfare, and render aquaculture a more sustainable industry. Among different stressors, the effects of nutritional stress need to be further elucidated. Nutritional stress occurs when macro- and micronutrients are not provided for animal species at the optimum level. Nutritional stress such as other stressors, directly and indirectly, affect the stress responsiveness, growth, health, and welfare of aquatic animals. This Special Issue covers manuscripts related to both stress responsiveness and nutritional stresses and any supplement and action that can improve the stress responsiveness of aquatic species. 

Dr. Noah Esmaeili
Dr. Sobhan Akhavan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquaculture
  • fish nutrition
  • stress
  • cortisol
  • glucose

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3842 KiB  
Article
Effects of Dietary Lactic Acid Supplementation on the Activity of Digestive and Antioxidant Enzymes, Gene Expressions, and Bacterial Communities in the Intestine of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio
by Seyyed Morteza Hoseini, Morteza Yousefi, Alireza Afzali-Kordmahalleh, Esmaeil Pagheh and Ali Taheri Mirghaed
Animals 2023, 13(12), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121934 - 09 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1479
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary lactic acid (LA) supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal digestive/antioxidant enzymes’ activities, gene expression, and bacterial communities in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Four diets were formulated to contain 0 g/kg LA (control), at 2.5 [...] Read more.
The present study investigated the effects of dietary lactic acid (LA) supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal digestive/antioxidant enzymes’ activities, gene expression, and bacterial communities in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Four diets were formulated to contain 0 g/kg LA (control), at 2.5 g/kg LA (2.5LAC), 5 g/kg LA (5LAC), and 10 g/kg LA (10LAC) and offered to the fish over a period of 56 days. The results showed that dietary 5 g/kg LA supplementation improved growth performance and feed efficiency in the fish. All LA treatments exhibited significant elevations in the intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, whereas the intestinal lipase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase activities exhibited significant elevations in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. All LA treatments exhibited significant elevations in the intestinal heat shock protein 70, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and defensin gene expressions, and the highest expression was observed in the 5LAC treatment. Additionally, dietary LA treatment significantly increased the lysozyme expression and Lactobacillus sp. population in the intestine of the fish, and the highest values were observed in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. populations decreased in the LA treatments, and the lowest Aeromonas sp. population was observed in the 10LAC treatment. The intestinal mucin2 and mucin5 expressions, and the hepatic reduced glutathione content, significantly increased, whereas hepatic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde significantly decreased in the 5LAC and 10LAC treatments. In conclusion, dietary 5 g/kg LA is recommended for common carp feeding to improve growth rate, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species)
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23 pages, 2372 KiB  
Article
Fish Meal Replacement and Early Mild Stress Improve Stress Responsiveness and Survival of Fish after Acute Stress
by Mahyar Zare, Mohammad Kazempour, Hossein Hosseini, Seyedeh Mahsa Hosseini Choupani, Sobhan R. Akhavan, Artur Rombenso and Noah Esmaeili
Animals 2023, 13(8), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081314 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
Stress responsiveness and fish meal (FM) replacement are two of the most important concerns toward achieving sustainable aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to see how early mild stress (netting) and FM replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM) affected oscar ( [...] Read more.
Stress responsiveness and fish meal (FM) replacement are two of the most important concerns toward achieving sustainable aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to see how early mild stress (netting) and FM replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM) affected oscar (Astronotus ocellatus; 5.2 ± 0.9 g) growth, hematology, blood biochemistry, immune responses, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress responses. Oscars were subjected to a 3 × 3 experimental design (three fish meal replacement levels: 250, 180 and 110 g/kg of FM in diets; three stress periods: 0-, 2- and 3-times early mild stress). After ten weeks of the experiment, FM levels in diets did not affect growth data, but the survival rate after the acute confinement (AC) stress was lower in 11FM treatments (47.7% compared to 67.7%) than others. Fish exposed to the 3Stress schedule had a lower growth (31.03 ± 6.50 g) and survival rate (55.5%) after the AC stress than the 2Stress group (38.92 ± 6.82 g and 70.0%). Lower survival and growth rate in the 3Stress and 11FM groups coincided with the lowest blood performance, total protein, lysozyme, complement C4, complement C3, immunoglobulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and the highest glucose, cortisol, low-density lipoprotein and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels. Altogether, this study revealed that it is possible to replace FM with MBM up to 28% (180 g/kg of FM) without negative effects on the growth and health of juvenile oscar as dietary 110 g/kg of FM impaired fish health. While fish welfare should be considered, we can conclude that mild stress (2Stress) during the farming period, but without adding excessive alternative protein sources, can improve the stress responsiveness of oscar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species)
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17 pages, 1396 KiB  
Article
Increased Food Resources Help Eastern Oyster Mitigate the Negative Impacts of Coastal Acidification
by Caroline Schwaner, Michelle Barbosa, Teresa G. Schwemmer, Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa and Bassem Allam
Animals 2023, 13(7), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071161 - 25 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Oceanic absorption of atmospheric CO2 results in alterations of carbonate chemistry, a process coined ocean acidification (OA). The economically and ecologically important eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is vulnerable to these changes because low pH hampers CaCO3 precipitation needed for [...] Read more.
Oceanic absorption of atmospheric CO2 results in alterations of carbonate chemistry, a process coined ocean acidification (OA). The economically and ecologically important eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is vulnerable to these changes because low pH hampers CaCO3 precipitation needed for shell formation. Organisms have a range of physiological mechanisms to cope with altered carbonate chemistry; however, these processes can be energetically expensive and necessitate energy reallocation. Here, the hypothesis that resilience to low pH is related to energy resources was tested. In laboratory experiments, oysters were reared or maintained at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (1300 ppm) pCO2 levels during larval and adult stages, respectively, before the effect of acidification on metabolism was evaluated. Results showed that oysters exposed to elevated pCO2 had significantly greater respiration. Subsequent experiments evaluated if food abundance influences oyster response to elevated pCO2. Under high food and elevated pCO2 conditions, oysters had less mortality and grew larger, suggesting that food can offset adverse impacts of elevated pCO2, while low food exacerbates the negative effects. Results also demonstrated that OA induced an increase in oyster ability to select their food particles, likely representing an adaptive strategy to enhance energy gains. While oysters appeared to have mechanisms conferring resilience to elevated pCO2, these came at the cost of depleting energy stores, which can limit the available energy for other physiological processes. Taken together, these results show that resilience to OA is at least partially dependent on energy availability, and oysters can enhance their tolerance to adverse conditions under optimal feeding regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species)
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Review

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15 pages, 347 KiB  
Review
Microplastics as Contaminants in Water Bodies and Their Threat to the Aquatic Animals: A Mini-Review
by Mingshi Chen, Yuhua Yue, Xiaoxue Bao, Hui Yu, Yuansheng Tan, Binbin Tong, Suksan Kumkhong and Yingying Yu
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202864 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3618
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm, have been extensively studied due to their serious global pollution. Typically, MPs in water originate from terrestrial input. A number of studies have reported the presence of MPs as a [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs), which are particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm, have been extensively studied due to their serious global pollution. Typically, MPs in water originate from terrestrial input. A number of studies have reported the presence of MPs as a stressor in water environments worldwide, and their potential threat to the aquatic animals, affecting the growth, oxidative stress responses, body composition, histopathology, intestinal flora, and immune and reproduction systems. During the plastic degradation process, a large variety of toxic substances are released. MPs have been proposed to be the carriers of toxic chemicals and harmful microorganisms. A study of the literature on MP pollution and stress on the aquatic animals associated with MPs was carried out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Stress and Stress Responsiveness in Aquatic Species)
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