Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Use and Irrigation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 25021

Special Issue Editors

Regional Centre for Water Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02001 Albacete, Spain
Interests: agricultural buildings; construction engineering; recycled concrete; sprinkle irrigation; solar pumping
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Higher School of Industrial Engineering at Albacete and Regional Centre for Water Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de Albacete, 02001 Albacete, Spain
Interests: energy optimization in irrigation systems; efficient use of water in irrigation systems; irrigated crop models

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Water is a fundamental natural resource for the economic and social development of any region. The production of food for the global population is a challenge to solve in coming years, especially bearing in mind the forecasted increase in population over the next 30 years.

Under this scenario, irrigated agriculture plays a fundamental role. It is necessary to have modern and productive irrigations systems, where comprehensive and sustainable water management can be implemented. Technologies aimed at improving the efficiency of water use in irrigation are needed, given the context of climate change and low availability of water sources.

This Special Issue will focus on “Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems”. We welcome novel research, reviews and opinion pieces covering all related topics including: increasing water use efficiency, analysis of distribution networks, optimization of irrigation subunits, application of hydraulic and energy optimization techniques, improvement of pumping systems, modernization of irrigation in areas of social interest, irrigation advisory services, application of renewable energies to irrigation systems and sustainable irrigation management.

Prof. Dr. Jesús Montero Martínez
Prof. Dr. Angel Martínez Romero
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • water use efficiency
  • pumping systems
  • distribution networks
  • irrigation advisory service
  • renewable energy
  • sustainable irrigation management

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2181 KiB  
Article
Advanced Hybrid Metaheuristic Machine Learning Models Application for Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Prediction
by Rana Muhammad Adnan Ikram, Reham R. Mostafa, Zhihuan Chen, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam, Ozgur Kisi, Alban Kuriqi and Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani
Agronomy 2023, 13(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010098 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 1946
Abstract
Hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (MA), an advanced tool in the artificial intelligence field, provides precise reference evapotranspiration (ETo) prediction that is highly important for water resource availability and hydrological studies. However, hybrid MAs are quite scarcely used to predict ETo in the existing literature. [...] Read more.
Hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (MA), an advanced tool in the artificial intelligence field, provides precise reference evapotranspiration (ETo) prediction that is highly important for water resource availability and hydrological studies. However, hybrid MAs are quite scarcely used to predict ETo in the existing literature. To this end, the prediction abilities of two support vector regression (SVR) models coupled with three types of MAs including particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) were studied and compared with single SVR and SVR-PSO in predicting monthly ETo using meteorological variables as inputs. Data obtained from Rajshahi, Bogra, and Rangpur stations in the humid region, northwestern Bangladesh, was used for this purpose as a case study. The prediction precision of the proposed models was trained and tested using nine input combinations and assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). The tested results revealed that the SVR-PSOGWO model outperformed the other applied soft computing models in predicting ETo in all input combinations, followed by the SVR-PSOGSA, SVR-PSO, and SVR. It was found that SVR-PSOGWO decreases the RMSE of SVR, SVR-PSO, and SVR-PSOGSA by 23%, 27%, 14%, 21%, 19%, and 5% in Rangpur and Bogra stations during the testing stage. The RMSE of the SVR, SVR-PSO, and SVR-PSOGSA reduced by 32%, 20%, and 3%, respectively, employing the SVR-PSOGWO for the Rajshahi Station. The proposed hybrid machine learning model has been recommended as a potential tool for monthly ETo prediction in a humid region and similar climatic regions worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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21 pages, 3415 KiB  
Article
A Revised Equation of Water Application Efficiency in a Center Pivot System Used in Crop Rotation in No Tillage
by Federico Aimar, Ángel Martínez-Romero, Aquiles Salinas, Juan Pablo Giubergia, Ignacio Severina and Roberto Paulo Marano
Agronomy 2022, 12(11), 2842; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112842 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1254
Abstract
Correctly quantifying total losses of irrigation in a center pivot system is important for improving application management and efficiency (Ea). The equations usually used to estimate Ea in sprinkler irrigation systems do not consider certain aspects, such as height of sprinklers relative to [...] Read more.
Correctly quantifying total losses of irrigation in a center pivot system is important for improving application management and efficiency (Ea). The equations usually used to estimate Ea in sprinkler irrigation systems do not consider certain aspects, such as height of sprinklers relative to crop height, leaf interception (LI) of tall-growing crops or partial residue retention (PRR). The aim of this study was to incorporate these components into a new Ea equation adapted to the center pivot system. The trials were conducted in corn grown under no tillage in Córdoba, Argentina. To determine the distribution uniformity (DUpa), 96 catch cans were arranged at a spacing of 3 m, and the sprinklers with similar discharge flow from a center pivot of five towers (27.8 ha) were grouped together. Four irrigation depths (40, 24, 12 and 6 mm) were evaluated at different phenological stages, as well as the control condition without crop. Twenty-eight measurements were taken, and DUpa was statistically compared with respect to the different depths applied and phenological stages as well as the impact on yield. For the 11 grouped segments, with irrigation intensity between 5.7 and 77.4 mm h−1, DUpa for the control condition ranged from very good to excellent (85 to 90%) but decreased significantly with crop growth. Neither the different intensities nor the irrigation depths influenced DUpa up to V10, when it decreased significantly for the 6 mm depth. The spacing between sprinklers had an effect on DUpa and crop yield, decreasing from 18 to 14 ton ha−1 with the largest spacing (5 m). PRR and LI were statistically adjusted, and a revised equation of application efficiency was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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17 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
Improving the Sustainability and Profitability of Oat and Garlic Crops in a Mediterranean Agro-Ecosystem under Water-Scarce Conditions
by José Antonio Martínez-López, Ramón López-Urrea, Ángel Martínez-Romero, José Jesús Pardo, Francisco Montoya and Alfonso Domínguez
Agronomy 2022, 12(8), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081950 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1565
Abstract
In areas with scarce water resources, population growth and climate change scenarios will mean that there is increasingly less water available for agricultural activity. Thus, optimizing crop irrigation water management is an absolute necessity. To address this situation, the SUPROMED project (sustainable production [...] Read more.
In areas with scarce water resources, population growth and climate change scenarios will mean that there is increasingly less water available for agricultural activity. Thus, optimizing crop irrigation water management is an absolute necessity. To address this situation, the SUPROMED project (sustainable production in water-limited environments of Mediterranean agro-ecosystems), available in an online platform, brings together a series of models and methodologies designed to promote more efficient management of water, energy and fertilizers. A two-year trial (2020–2021) was implemented in the Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain), with the aim of showing the effectiveness of SUPROMED as a farm management support tool. The trial was conducted on two of the region’s most important crops (oats and garlic). A series of productive, economic, and environmental key performance indicators (KPIs) were analyzed to measure the impact of transferring MOPECO (model for the economic optimization of irrigation water use at farm level), the irrigation scheduling model integrated in the SUPROMED platform, to farmers. In 2020, the management plan proposed by SUPROMED achieved a higher yield for oat than that generated by traditional management, using 40% less water. In the case of garlic, the same yield was obtained, using 30% less water. Gross margin and gross economic irrigation water productivity were improved for both crops. In 2021, one of the selected farmers was trained to use the SUPROMED platform to work with garlic crop. This management improved most of the KPIs analyzed compared to previous management without the SUPROMED platform, obtaining similar results to those obtained by SUPROMED in 2020. The results demonstrate that the tools and models included in SUPROMED have been properly adapted and can be easily used by farmers, improving the economic and environmental sustainability of Mediterranean agroecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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15 pages, 3266 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost Smart Farm Irrigation Systems in Kherson Province: Feasibility Study
by Oleg Bazaluk, Valerii Havrysh, Vitalii Nitsenko, Yuliia Mazur and Sergiy Lavrenko
Agronomy 2022, 12(5), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051013 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3006
Abstract
The growth of the world population requires an increase in food production. Its solution requires the introduction of advanced technologies, including automated irrigation systems. Commercially available smart irrigation systems are not widespread because of their high cost. A low-cost smart irrigation system based [...] Read more.
The growth of the world population requires an increase in food production. Its solution requires the introduction of advanced technologies, including automated irrigation systems. Commercially available smart irrigation systems are not widespread because of their high cost. A low-cost smart irrigation system based on satellite monitoring is proposed to schedule irrigation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the smart irrigation system during five-year field experiments. Water-use productivity, irrigated water-use productivity, and payback period were used as indicators to evaluate the low-cost irrigation system. This study was carried out for four crops: wheat, corn, sunflower, and rapeseed. The results obtained were compared to conventional irrigation systems. The experiments were designed at five farms locations. Their results showed that average water-use productivity rose from 4.09% (wheat) to 9.8% (sunflower). An increase in yields varied from 5.72% (wheat) to 13.42% (corn). Corn had a maximum yield deviation (26.72%). The payback period depended on the crop variety and the plot area. The payback period for wheat production under the proposed system was the longest (up to 82 months). Payback periods for corn, sunflower, and rapeseed production were shorter (from 3 to 12 months). Therefore, the smart irrigation system provides advantages and can be recommended as a low-cost solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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12 pages, 1803 KiB  
Article
AS-Solar, a Tool for Predictive Maintenance of Solar Groundwater Pumping Systems
by Jorge Cervera-Gascó, Jesús Montero and Miguel A. Moreno
Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112356 - 20 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
Energy for water abstraction limits the viability of some irrigable areas. Increasing efficiency and introducing renewable energy can reduce energy cost. Solar pumping is a widely recognized renewable energy solution. These pumping systems suffer special wear out due to sudden changes and for [...] Read more.
Energy for water abstraction limits the viability of some irrigable areas. Increasing efficiency and introducing renewable energy can reduce energy cost. Solar pumping is a widely recognized renewable energy solution. These pumping systems suffer special wear out due to sudden changes and for having working conditions far from the nominal points. Thus, monitoring systems are becoming more frequent for maintenance issues. A new decision support system, named AS-Solar, was developed to perform predictive maintenance. This model permits detecting if the source of the anomaly in the pump performance is the pump, the electrical components (motor, variable frequency drive (VFD) or cables) or the pumping pipe. It demands real-time data from the monitoring system and an accurate simulation model, together with an optimization process that helps in the decision making in predictive maintenance. To validate the developed model, it was applied to a complex case study of a solar pumping system of 40 kWp that abstracts groundwater from nearly 200 m deep. This pumping system has a VFD, two lines of cables up to the pump and aggressive water with slimes, which causes different problems in the pumping system. In this case study, the AS-Solar model shows an acceptable accuracy, with a relative error (RE) of the 2.9% in simulated power and 7.9% in simulated discharge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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15 pages, 8127 KiB  
Article
Multioutlet Hydrants in Mediterranean Pressurized Irrigation Networks: Operation Problems and Hydraulic Characterization
by Iban Balbastre-Peralta, Jaime Arviza-Valverde, Carmen Virginia Palau, Cesar González-Pavón and Juan Manzano-Juárez
Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2240; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112240 - 05 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Multioutlet hydrants as joint network infrastructure remain briefly addressed in the literature. Studies have always been limited to the individual treatment of the hydraulic components but not as a whole element. This study presents the main problems in the field of multioutlet hydrants [...] Read more.
Multioutlet hydrants as joint network infrastructure remain briefly addressed in the literature. Studies have always been limited to the individual treatment of the hydraulic components but not as a whole element. This study presents the main problems in the field of multioutlet hydrants within hydraulic infrastructure for pressure irrigation networks in Mediterranean agriculture. First, a field study with interviews was carried out in 30 water users associations (WUAs) between 2010 and 2018. Following this study, a laboratory test methodology was proposed to characterize this type of hydrant. Subsequently, four laboratory tests were performed on 12 multioutlet hydrants with different and common configurations found in irrigation networks: (i) head losses produced, (ii) global measurement precision in the multioutlet hydrant, (iii) blockage analysis in meters in vertical orientation, and (iv) hydrant behavior in response to hydraulic transients. The tests show that a horizontal configuration of the measuring elements with fewer than ten outlets and a suitable dimensioning of elements improve element maneuverability, instrument metrology, and irrigation emission uniformity. Finally, the importance of adequate design, dimensioning, and maintenance of the multioutlet hydrant devices is evidenced as a key point for the adequate management of collective pressure irrigation networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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17 pages, 2825 KiB  
Article
Assessing a Removable Mini-Lysimeter for Monitoring Crop Evapotranspiration Using a Well-Established Large Weighing Lysimeter: A Case Study for Barley and Potato
by Ramón López-Urrea, José Jesús Pardo, Llanos Simón, Ángel Martínez-Romero, Francisco Montoya, José María Tarjuelo and Alfonso Domínguez
Agronomy 2021, 11(10), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102067 - 15 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2444
Abstract
Further research is required on the measurement of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to produce new or updated crop coefficients for a large number of crops using accurate weighing lysimeters. However, large weighing lysimeters are sometimes expensive and are not portable, and different [...] Read more.
Further research is required on the measurement of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to produce new or updated crop coefficients for a large number of crops using accurate weighing lysimeters. However, large weighing lysimeters are sometimes expensive and are not portable, and different prototypes of small-sized lysimeters may be a feasible alternative. This study evaluated the performance of a removable mini-lysimeter model to measure ETc and derive crop coefficients using a long-established large precision weighing lysimeter over a two-year period. The study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 barley and potato growing seasons, respectively, at a lysimeter facility located in Albacete (southeast Spain). ETc values were determined using daily mass change in the lysimeters. Irrigation was managed to avoid any water stress. In the barley season, the mini-lysimeter underestimated the seasonal ETc by 2%, the resulting errors in barley ETc estimation were an MBE of −0.070 mm d−1 and an RMSE of ±0.289 mm d−1. In the potato season, the mini-lysimeter overestimated the cumulative ETc by 5%, the resulting errors in potato ETc measurement were an MBE of 0.222 mm d−1 and an RMSE of ±0.497 mm d−1. The goodness of fit indicators showed a good agreement between the large and mini-lysimeter barley and potato ETc measurements at daily time step. Single (Kc) and dual crop coefficients (Kcb, crop transpiration + Ke, soil evaporation) were derived from the lysimeter measurements, the grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and the FAO56 dual Kc approach; after temperate standard climate adjustment, mid-season values were Kc mid (std) = 1.05 and Kcb mid (std) = 1.00 for barley; and Kc mid (std) = 1.06 and Kcb mid (std) = 1.02 for potato. The good agreement found between Kcb values and fc will allow barley and potato water requirements to be accurately estimated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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13 pages, 2924 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Standard Center Pivot and Growers-Based Modified Center Pivot for Evaluating Uniformity Coefficient and Water Distribution
by Hussein Al-Ghobari and Ahmed Z. Dewidar
Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081675 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4842
Abstract
The center pivot irrigation system is a type of irrigation technology used to apply water effectively and uniformly over a wide variety of areas and topographies. These irrigation systems’ uniformity of water application greatly affects water use, energy consumption, and crop production. Performance [...] Read more.
The center pivot irrigation system is a type of irrigation technology used to apply water effectively and uniformly over a wide variety of areas and topographies. These irrigation systems’ uniformity of water application greatly affects water use, energy consumption, and crop production. Performance tests of the standard lateral galvanized and modified polyethylene plastic pipes in the center pivot irrigation systems were conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Water distribution depths along the laterals, coefficient of uniformity (CU), and distribution uniformity of the low quarter (DU) were determined. The results revealed that profiles of water distribution ranged from 4 to 14 mm for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, while those for the modified-center pivot irrigation systems ranged from 6.5 to 50 mm. Standard-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 74 to 90%, with an average of 86%. In comparison, the modified-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 62 to 83%, with an average of 78%. The DU values ranged from 60 to 82% for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, with an overall average of 77%. For the modified-center pivot irrigation systems, the DU values, in contrast, ranged from 31 to 75%, with an average of 65%. Thus, the accuracy and uniformity of the standard-center pivot irrigation systems are superior to those that have been modified. Additionally, a statistical model was developed to investigate the relationship between the water losses and the main climatic factors under field operating conditions. Therefore, the study results are expected to draw attention to standard lateral pipes’ value on the one hand and demonstrate the detrimental consequences of growers’ incorrect practices in pivot irrigation systems, motivating them to take strong action against these activities, on the other hand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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17 pages, 2076 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Quality of Irrigation Machinery by Monitoring Changes in the Coefficients of Uniformity and Non-Uniformity of Irrigation
by Ján Jobbágy, Peter Dančanin, Koloman Krištof, Juraj Maga and Vlastimil Slaný
Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081499 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2254
Abstract
Recently, the development of agricultural technology has been focused on achieving higher reliability and quality of work. The aim of the presented paper was to examine the possibilities of evaluating the quality of work of wide-area irrigation machinery by monitoring the coefficients of [...] Read more.
Recently, the development of agricultural technology has been focused on achieving higher reliability and quality of work. The aim of the presented paper was to examine the possibilities of evaluating the quality of work of wide-area irrigation machinery by monitoring the coefficients of uniformity and non-uniformity of irrigation. The object of the research was pivot irrigation machinery equipped with sprinklers with a total length from 230 to 540 m. The commonly applied quality of work parameter for wide-range irrigators is the irrigation uniformity coefficient according to Heermann and Hein CUH. Work quality evaluations were also carried out through other parameters applicable in practice, such as irrigation uniformity coefficients calculated according to Christiansen CU, Wilcox and Swailes Cws, and our introduced parameters, the coefficient ar (derived from the degree of unevenness according to Oehler) and the degree of uniformity γr (derived from the degree of non-uniformity according to Voight). Other applied parameters for determining the quality of work of wide-range irrigation machinery were the coefficients of irrigation uniformity according to Hart and Reynolds CUhr, further according to Criddle CUcr and subsequently according to Beale and Howell CUbr. Next, the parameters of the non-uniformity coefficient according to Oehler a, the coefficient of variation according to Stefanelli Cv, the degree of non-uniformity according to Voigt γ and the degree of non-uniformity according to Hofmeister Ef were evaluated. Field tests were performed during the growing season of cultivated crops (potatoes, corn and sugar beet) in the village of Trakovice (agricultural enterprise SLOV-MART, southwest of the Slovakia) and in the district of Piešťany (Agrobiop, joint stock company). During the research, the inlet operating parameters (speed stage, inlet pressure, irrigation dose), technical parameters (number of sprayers, total length, number of chassis) and weather conditions (wind speed and temperature) were recorded. The obtained results were examined by one-way ANOVA analysis depending on the observed coefficient or input conditions and subsequently verified by Tukey and Duncan tests as needed. Irrigation uniformity values ranged from 67.58% (Cws) to 95.88% (CUbh) depending on the input conditions. Irrigation non-uniformity values ranged from 8.58 (a, Ef) to 32.42% (Cv). The results indicate a statistically significant effect of the site of interest and thus the impact of particular field conditions (p < 0.05). When evaluating the application of different coefficients of irrigation uniformity, the results showed a statistically significant effect only in the first test (p = 0.03, p < 0.05). During further repeated measurements, the quality of work increased due to the performed inspection of all sprayers and the reduction in the influence of the wind. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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19 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
I-Solar, a Real-Time Photovoltaic Simulation Model for Accurate Estimation of Generated Power
by Jorge Cervera-Gascó, Jesús Montero and Miguel A. Moreno
Agronomy 2021, 11(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030485 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
Global energy consumption and costs have increased exponentially in recent years, accelerating the search for viable, profitable, and sustainable alternatives. Renewable energy is currently one of the most suitable alternatives. The high variability of meteorological conditions (irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed) requires [...] Read more.
Global energy consumption and costs have increased exponentially in recent years, accelerating the search for viable, profitable, and sustainable alternatives. Renewable energy is currently one of the most suitable alternatives. The high variability of meteorological conditions (irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed) requires the development of complex and accurate management models for the optimal performance of photovoltaic systems. The simplification of photovoltaic models can be useful in the sizing of photovoltaic systems, but not for their management in real time. To solve this problem, we developed the I-Solar model, which considers all the elements that comprise the photovoltaic system, the meteorologic conditions, and the energy demand. We have validated it on a solar pumping system, but it can be applied to any other system. The I-Solar model was compared with a simplified model and a machine learning model calibrated in a high-power and complex photovoltaic pumping system located in Albacete, Spain. The results show that the I-Solar model estimates the generated power with a relative error of 7.5%, while the relative error of machine learning models was 5.8%. However, models based on machine learning are specific to the system evaluated, while the I-Solar model can be applied to any system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modernization and Optimization of Irrigation Systems)
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