Editorial

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6 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Coffee—From Plant to Cup

by Douglas Silva Domingues, José C. Ramalho and Fábio Luiz Partelli

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092346 - 09 Sep 2023

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Abstract

To date, there were identified 130 species included in the Coffea genus [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

Research

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11 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Missing Plants Effects and Stand Correction Methods in Coffea arabica Progeny Experiments

by César Elias Botelho, Vinicius Teixeira Andrade, Juliana Costa de Rezende Abrahão and Flávia Maria Avelar Gonçalves

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2374; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092374 - 12 Sep 2023

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Plant loss occasionally occurs in field experiments with coffee crops in experimental plots. In breeding programs, such loss can be harmful, especially when the corresponding statistical analyses are not consistent with the experimentally generated data. Herein, we analyzed productivity data to determine whether [...] Read more.

Plant loss occasionally occurs in field experiments with coffee crops in experimental plots. In breeding programs, such loss can be harmful, especially when the corresponding statistical analyses are not consistent with the experimentally generated data. Herein, we analyzed productivity data to determine whether the compensatory effect occurs in coffee crops, evaluated the need to correct experimental failures, and identified the best stand correction method. We used productivity data from six harvests of eleven experiments with Coffea arabica plants. The experiments were implemented in a randomized block design, with four replications and six plants per plot. The following stand correction methods were evaluated: rule of three; Zuber; Vencovsky and Cruz covariance of the average or ideal stands; and Cruz, and the data were compared without correction adjustments. The most adequate correction methods were selected based on genetic variance, selective accuracy, and progeny ordering. The compensatory effect was evident from the analyzed data, with stand correction being evidenced as beneficial in progeny competition experiments. The best results were obtained for the covariance methods using average or ideal stands, followed by the method proposed by Cruz. The rule of three and Zuber method exhibited unsatisfactory results and are not recommended for stand correction in progeny competition experiments with coffee crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

17 pages, 1802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity in Coffea arabica Cultivars in the Mountains of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, Regarding Bean and Leaf Nutrient Accumulation and Physical Fruit Traits

by Niquisse J. Alberto, José C. Ramalho, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Alexandre P. Viana, Cesar A. Krohling, Sional S. Moiane, Zito Alberto, Weverton P. Rodrigues and Fábio L. Partelli

Agronomy 2023, 13(4), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041162 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Genetic characteristics and their interaction with environmental conditions, including nutritional management, determine coffee productivity and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate fruit traits and nutrient accumulation in the fruit, husk, and bean, as well as in the leaves of different [...] Read more.

Genetic characteristics and their interaction with environmental conditions, including nutritional management, determine coffee productivity and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate fruit traits and nutrient accumulation in the fruit, husk, and bean, as well as in the leaves of different Coffea arabica cultivars cropped in the Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. The experiment evaluated nine coffee cultivars in a randomized block design, with four replicates. Fruit and leaf samples were collected over two months (June and July 2021), in the fruit maturation phase, oven-dried and analyzed, namely, through a clustering unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The characterization of ripe and dried coffee bean indicated differences in the performance of the cultivars. The accumulation of the macronutrients N, K, and Ca and micronutrients Fe, Mn, and B was highest in the bean, husk, fruit, and leaves of the evaluated cultivars. Nutrient concentrations and accumulation in the different evaluated organs have a direct influence on the nutritional crop management. This is crucial for a nutritional diagnosis that ensures high yields, but such mineral levels are also a result of the existing genetic diversity among cultivars, which must be taken into account for management and breeding purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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14 pages, 3084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weed Detection and Mapping of a Coffee Farm by a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System

by Nicole Lopes Bento, Gabriel Araújo e Silva Ferraz, Jhones da Silva Amorim, Lucas Santos Santana, Rafael Alexandre Pena Barata, Daniel Veiga Soares and Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030830 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

The differentiation between the main crop and weeds is an important step for selective spraying systems to avoid agrochemical waste and reduce economic and environmental impacts. In this sense, this study aims to classify and map the area occupied by weeds, determine the [...] Read more.

The differentiation between the main crop and weeds is an important step for selective spraying systems to avoid agrochemical waste and reduce economic and environmental impacts. In this sense, this study aims to classify and map the area occupied by weeds, determine the percentage of area occupied, and indicate treatment control strategies to be adopted in the field. This study was conducted by using a yellow Bourbon cultivar (IAC J10) with 1 year of implementation on a commercial coffee plantation located at Minas Gerais, Brazil. The aerial images were obtained by a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) with an embedded multispectral sensor. Image processing was performed using PIX4D, and data analysis was performed using R and QGIS. The random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used for the classification of the regions of interest: coffee, weed, brachiaria, and exposed soil. The differentiation between the study classes was possible due to the spectral differences between the targets, with better classification performance using the RF algorithm. The savings gained by only treating areas with the presence of weeds compared with treating the total study area are approximately 92.68%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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14 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viability of Deficit Irrigation Pre-Exposure in Adapting Robusta Coffee to Drought Stress

by Godfrey Sseremba, Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona, Pascal Musoli, John Saviour Yaw Eleblu, Leander Dede Melomey, Daphne Nyachaki Bitalo, Evans Atwijukire, Joseph Mulindwa, Naome Aryatwijuka, Edgar Muhumuza, Judith Kobusinge, Betty Magambo, Godfrey Hubby Kagezi, Eric Yirenkyi Danquah, Elizabeth Balyejusa Kizito, Gerald Kyalo, Emmanuel Iyamulemye and Geofrey Arinaitwe

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030674 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Coffea canephora has high but inadequately exploited genetic diversity. This diversity, if well exploited, can sustain coffee productivity amidst climate change effects. Drought and heat stress are major global threats to coffee productivity, quality, and tradable volumes. It is not well understood if [...] Read more.

Coffea canephora has high but inadequately exploited genetic diversity. This diversity, if well exploited, can sustain coffee productivity amidst climate change effects. Drought and heat stress are major global threats to coffee productivity, quality, and tradable volumes. It is not well understood if there is a selectable variation for drought stress tolerance in Robusta coffee half-sibs as a result of watering deficit pre-exposure at the germination stage. Half-sib seeds from selected commercial clones (KR5, KR6, KR7) and a pipeline clone X1 were primed with deficit watering at two growth stages followed by recovery and later evaluated for tolerance to watering deficit stress in three different temperature environments by estimation of plant growth and wilt parameters. Overall, the KR7 family performed the best in terms of the number of individuals excelling for tolerance to deficit watering. In order of decreasing tolerance, the 10 most promising individuals for drought and heat tolerance were identified as: 14.KR7.2, 25.X1.1, 35.KR5.5, 36.KR5.6, 41.KR7.5, 46.KR6.4, 47.KR6.5, 291.X1.3, 318.X1.3, and 15.KR7.3. This is the first prospect into the potential of C. canephora half-sibs’ diversity as an unbound source of genetic variation for abiotic stress tolerance breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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17 pages, 4702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Altitudes on Coffea arabica Rhizospheric Soil Chemical Properties and Soil Microbiota

by Yu Ge, Fengying Zhang, Chun Xie, Peng Qu, Kuaile Jiang, Huabo Du, Meng Zhao, Yunfeng Lu, Butian Wang, Xuedong Shi, Xuejun Li and Chuanli Zhang

Agronomy 2023, 13(2), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020471 - 05 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1392

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most valuable agricultural commodities worldwide, second only to oil in terms of international trade. Coffea arabica L. is a widely cultivated and economically important crop that is responsible for about 90% of the global production of coffee. In [...] Read more.

Coffee is one of the most valuable agricultural commodities worldwide, second only to oil in terms of international trade. Coffea arabica L. is a widely cultivated and economically important crop that is responsible for about 90% of the global production of coffee. In this study, we selected five C. arabica cultivation sites at different altitudes to clarify the effects of altitude on rhizospheric soil physical–chemical characteristics and microbial communities. The samples collected at low altitudes were more nutrient-deficient and acidic than the soil samples collected at medium–high altitudes. The Proteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratio increased from lower altitudes to medium–high altitudes. Additionally, although Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum, it was unaffected by the altitude. Furthermore, the alpha richness and diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities were higher at medium–high altitudes than at low altitudes. Moreover, the redundancy analysis indicated that microbial phyla were closely associated with pH. These findings suggest that C. arabica should be cultivated at medium–high altitudes, which is conducive to sustainable management and the production of high-quality C. arabica beans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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15 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Sensory Quality of Coffee Fruits at Different Stages of Maturity

by Valentina Osorio Pérez, Luis Gerónimo Matallana Pérez, Mario Roberto Fernandez-Alduenda, Cristina Inés Alvarez Barreto, Claudia Patricia Gallego Agudelo and Esther Cecilia Montoya Restrepo

Agronomy 2023, 13(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020341 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

The configuration of the sensory quality of coffee begins in the tree, where chemical precursors are deposited and formed in the seeds as the fruits develop. Fruit within the range classified as mature can have a wide range of properties. This study evaluated [...] Read more.

The configuration of the sensory quality of coffee begins in the tree, where chemical precursors are deposited and formed in the seeds as the fruits develop. Fruit within the range classified as mature can have a wide range of properties. This study evaluated three degrees of maturity and established their chemical and sensory characteristics using analytical techniques such as liquid and gas chromatography. The maturity states evaluated did not show differences in organic acids, free fatty acids, lipids, total chlorogenic acids, proteins, alkaloids or sucrose. Fructose and glucose showed differences with respect to the degree of maturity, with higher values associated with more developed states. The analysis of variance did not show a significant effect on sensory attributes or sensory quality. The chromatic coordinate a* of the CIEL*a*b* scale reached a maximum value of 25.16, and the evaluated states were different from each other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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16 pages, 2032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Local Coffee Populations in Southwestern Saudi Arabia Using SRAP Markers

by Khalef Al-Ghamedi, Ibrahim Alaraidh, Muhammad Afzal, Mosbah Mahdhi, Zarraq Al-Faifi, Mohammed D. Y. Oteef, Taieb Tounekti, Salem S. Alghamdi and Habib Khemira

Agronomy 2023, 13(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020302 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2330

Abstract

Coffea arabica, a member of the Rubiaceae family, is the most commercially important species of the genus Coffea. It has been grown on the mountain terraces of southwestern Saudi Arabia for centuries. At present, the species is subject to increased genetic [...] Read more.

Coffea arabica, a member of the Rubiaceae family, is the most commercially important species of the genus Coffea. It has been grown on the mountain terraces of southwestern Saudi Arabia for centuries. At present, the species is subject to increased genetic erosion due to the abandonment of many gardens by their owners and the increasingly dry climate. The current study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of 56 local coffee accessions collected from the southern regions of Saudi Arabia using 30 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Six SRAP markers showed polymorphism among the 56 accessions. A total of 1125 bands, with an average of 187.5, was produced from all six SRAP primers. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 74.8 to 97.7, with an average of 91.4 for all studied SRAP markers. The high polymorphism percentage seen in this study, along with the high number of alleles produced and the high PIC values of the primers used, demonstrate that the SRAP approach was an effective molecular technique for assessing genetic diversity in the studied populations. The structural analysis showed a sharp peak, with no ambiguity, demonstrating the highest delta K value at K = 3 and K = 6, and the coffee accessions could be grouped into three and six main populations, respectively. The PCoA, cluster analysis, and structural population analysis results suggest considerable genetic diversity among coffee populations growing on the southwestern mountain terraces of Saudi Arabia. The 56 accessions were segregated into five groups, mostly according to geographic distribution. The accessions from the southern districts of Jazan region mostly clustered in groups 2 and 4, while the accessions from the northern districts of Al-Baha and Assir regions formed separate groups. Based on these analyses, accessions KSA1R, KSA6R, KSA21, KSA25, KSA37, KSA38, KSA42, KSA59, KSA60, KSA62, and KSA63 were the most divergent. The genotypes should be conserved for use in coffee-breeding programs to improve the agronomic value of the crop, broaden the genetic base of C. arabica in Saudi Arabia and increase environmental resilience. Additional molecular and functional genomics studies are necessary to further elucidate how this germplasm has evolved and enhance the value of local Arabica coffee diversity in the Kingdom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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11 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of an Allele-Specific Marker for Resistance to Bacterial Halo Blight in Coffea arabica

by Caroline Ariyoshi, Gustavo Hiroshi Sera, Lucas Mateus Rivero Rodrigues, Filipe Gimenez Carvalho, Luciana Harumi Shigueoka, Ana Ester Socatelli Mendonça, Carlos Theodoro Motta Pereira, Suzete Aparecida Lanza Destéfano and Luiz Filipe Protasio Pereira

Agronomy 2022, 12(12), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123178 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Bacterial halo blight (BHB) is a bacterial disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, which has been gaining prominence in the main coffee-producing regions. Chemical control of this disease increases production costs and is environmentally undesirable. In this scenario, the development of [...] Read more.

Bacterial halo blight (BHB) is a bacterial disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, which has been gaining prominence in the main coffee-producing regions. Chemical control of this disease increases production costs and is environmentally undesirable. In this scenario, the development of new cultivars resistant to BHB is the most economical and sustainable alternative. Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) is an appropriate strategy to assist breeding programs for resistant genotype selection. In a previous Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for C. arabica and P. syringae pv. garcae interaction, we identified a locus, probably linked to qualitative resistance to the pathogen. In this work, we developed and validated a pair of Allele-Specific-Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) primers for this locus in C. arabica breeding populations. This pair of AS-PCR primers, called Psg_QL1, was tested both in a backcross (BC) (n = 38) and in an F2 population (n = 138) segregating for resistance to BHB. The linkage between the Psg_QL1 marker and qualitative resistance showed an accuracy of 93.75%. Our results demonstrated that the Psg_QL1 marker can be applied in MAS in a robust, simple, fast, and low-cost way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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13 pages, 3294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat and Mass Transfer Kinetics on the Chemical and Sensory Quality of Arabica Coffee Beans

by Danieli Grancieri Debona, Renata Falqueto Louvem, José Maria Rodrigues da Luz, Yuri Nascimento Nariyoshi, Eustaquio Vinicius Ribeiro de Castro, Emanuele Catarina da Silva Oliveira, Rogerio Carvalho Guarconi, Marina Gomes de Castro, Gustavo Falquetto de Oliveira, Fábio Luiz Partelli, Marliane de Cássia Soares da Silva, Ademilson Pelengrino Bellon and Lucas Louzada Pereira

Agronomy 2022, 12(11), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112880 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

Roasting has been used by the coffee industry to promote changes in the physical and chemical structure of coffee beans that influence the sensory quality of coffee beverages. However, there are no standardization rules for the temperature and roasting time. Thus, this study [...] Read more.

Roasting has been used by the coffee industry to promote changes in the physical and chemical structure of coffee beans that influence the sensory quality of coffee beverages. However, there are no standardization rules for the temperature and roasting time. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of four roasting profiles obtained by two different roasters on the chemical and sensory quality of the coffee bean. Baked, light, medium, and dark roasting were evaluated using medium infrared spectroscopy and cupping test. Individual and joint effects of temperature and time for each roasting profile were observed on the loss of grain mass. There are specific regions in the infrared spectrum that can be used as markers to discriminate the roasting profiles and the type of roaster used. Despite the difference observed in the ranges of the infrared spectra, the roasters did not present significant differences in the average of the final sensory notes. This result shows the need to use analytical chemical techniques together with sensory analysis in order to better determine differences between coffee samples. Therefore, differences observed in the chemical analyzes and in the sensory attributes of roasted coffee are related to the roasting profile and type of roaster. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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20 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shade and Altitude Implications on the Physical and Chemical Attributes of Green Coffee Beans from Gorongosa Mountain, Mozambique

by Crimildo T. Cassamo, Adilson V. J. Mangueze, António E. Leitão, Isabel P. Pais, Rita Moreira, Claudine Campa, Rogério Chiulele, Fabrício O. Reis, Isabel Marques, Paula Scotti-Campos, Fernando C. Lidon, Fábio L. Partelli, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros and José C. Ramalho

Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2540; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102540 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3514

Abstract

Coffea arabica L. is as a tropical crop that can be grown under monocrop or agroforestry (AFS) systems, usually at altitudes greater than 600 m, with suitable environmental conditions to bean quality. This study aimed to assess the effect of altitude (650, 825, [...] Read more.

Coffea arabica L. is as a tropical crop that can be grown under monocrop or agroforestry (AFS) systems, usually at altitudes greater than 600 m, with suitable environmental conditions to bean quality. This study aimed to assess the effect of altitude (650, 825, and 935 m) and light conditions (deep shade—DS, and moderate shade—MS provided by native trees, and full Sun—FS) on the physical and chemical attributes of green coffee beans produced in the Gorongosa Mountain. Regardless of altitude, light conditions (mainly MS and FS) scarcely affected most of the studied physical and chemical attributes. Among the few exceptions in physical attributes, bean mass tended to lower values under FS in all three altitudes, whereas bean density increased under FS at 650 m. As regards the chemical compound contents, sporadic changes were found. The rises in trigonelline (MS and FS at 935 m), soluble sugars (FS at 935 m), and the decline in p-coumaric acid (MS and FS at 825 m), may indicate an improved sensory profile, but the rise in FQAs (FS at 825 m) could have a negative impact. These results highlight a relevant uncertainty of the quality changes of the obtained bean. Altitude (from 650 to 935 m) extended the fruit maturation period by four weeks, and altered a larger number of bean attributes. Among physical traits, the average sieve (consistent tendency), bean commercial homogeneity, mass, and density increased at 935 m, whereas the bean became less yellowish and brighter at 825 and 935 m (b*, C* colour attributes), pointing to good bean trade quality, usually as compared with beans from 650 m. Furthermore, at 935 m trigonelline and 5-CQA (MS and FS) increased, whereas FQAs and diCQAs isomers declined (in all light conditions). Altogether, these changes likely contributed to improve the sensory cup quality. Caffeine and p-coumaric acid showed mostly inconsistent variations. Overall, light conditions (FS, MS, or DS) did not greatly and consistently altered bean physical and chemical attributes, whereas altitude (likely associated with lower temperature, greater water availability (rainfall/fog), and extended maturation period) was a major driver for bean changes and improved quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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12 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Chemical and Sensory Profile of Coffea canephora var. Conilon Promoted by Carbonic Maceration

by Willian dos Santos Gomes, Lucas Louzada Pereira, Cristhiane Altoé Filete, Taís Rizzo Moreira, Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni, Emanuele Catarina da Silva Oliveira, Aldemar Polonini Moreli, Cleidiana Vieira Guimarães, Marinalva Maria Bratz Simmer, Valdemar Lacerda Júnior, Wanderson Romão, Eustaquio Vinicius Ribeiro de Castro and Fábio Luiz Partelli

Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102265 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Among the different strategies adopted to improve the quality of Coffea canephora, fermentation is considered a promising technology to modulate the organoleptic characteristics of the beverage. Considering the possibility of providing a change in sensory profile through fermentation, this study aims to [...] Read more.

Among the different strategies adopted to improve the quality of Coffea canephora, fermentation is considered a promising technology to modulate the organoleptic characteristics of the beverage. Considering the possibility of providing a change in sensory profile through fermentation, this study aims to evaluate the chemical and sensory changes promoted by carbonic maceration in C. canephora whose effect is still unknown. The study was implemented in anaerobic conditions with different fermentation times (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) and temperatures (18, 28, and 38 °C). The processed grains were subject to sensory analysis and medium infrared spectroscopy. Significant linear functional relationships were observed between total score and temperature for fermentation times of 24, 72, and 96 h and that the total score increased with fermentation temperature. Although a clear connection with sensory results was not observed, infrared analysis was able to point out important correlations with quality through stretches observed in infrared spectrum regions. Thus, there is feasibility of applying the carbonic maceration technique for grain processing of C. canephora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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13 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategy for Selection of Drought-Tolerant Arabica Coffee Genotypes in Brazil

by Vânia Aparecida Silva, Juliana Costa de Rezende Abrahão, André Moraes Reis, Meline de Oliveira Santos, Antônio Alves Pereira, Cesar Elias Botelho, Gladyston Rodrigues Carvalho, Evaristo Mauro de Castro, João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa, Gustavo Pucci Botega and Antônio Carlos Baião de Oliveira

Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092167 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

This study aimed to establish a strategy for drought-tolerant selection in Arabica coffee genotypes in Brazil, combining field trials under natural conditions with controlled growth condition experiments. A group of genotypes was evaluated in the greenhouse using 28 morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to establish a strategy for drought-tolerant selection in Arabica coffee genotypes in Brazil, combining field trials under natural conditions with controlled growth condition experiments. A group of genotypes was evaluated in the greenhouse using 28 morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits. In addition, the productivity of genotypes was evaluated in the field. Under water deficit in the greenhouse, 13 studied traits showed significant genetic variance. For these traits, the heritability coefficients estimated based on the progeny mean ranged from 65 to 92%. A selection index combined with predicted means was applied at these traits to select four progenies for drought tolerance under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, the selection applied to genetic values that favored positive genetic gains in four progenies, indicating the potential use of these cultivars for breeding advanced generations. The selection results of coffee plants under greenhouse conditions matched the selection results in the field in a water-deficit region by 50% based on productivity; thus, two genotypes (H419-3-3-7-16-11 and H516-2-1-1-7-2) were identified that have both the productivity and morpho-anatomical traits that confer greater drought tolerance. Finally, we discussed possible strategies for the development of drought-tolerant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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17 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The New Standpoints for the Terroir of Coffea canephora from Southwestern Brazil: Edaphic and Sensorial Perspective

by Cristhiane Altoé Filete, Taís Rizzo Moreira, Alexandre Rosa dos Santos, Willian dos Santos Gomes, Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni, Aldemar Polonini Moreli, Maria Imaculada Augusto, Raabe de Oliveira Abreu, Marinalva Maria Bratz Simmer, Alice Dela Costa Caliman, Cleidiana Vieira Guimarães, Savio da Silva Berilli, Maria Amélia Gava Ferrão, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da Fonseca, Fábio Luiz Partelli, Ana Paula Candido Gabriel Berilli, Emanuele Catarina da Silva Oliveira and Lucas Louzada Pereira

Agronomy 2022, 12(8), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081931 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

The sensory profile from the Coffea canephora stands out for being denser, less sweet, presenting less acidity, and having characteristics of a marked aroma of roasted cereals. Coffee is essentially a terroir product, that is, directly influenced by environmental aspects, both natural and [...] Read more.

The sensory profile from the Coffea canephora stands out for being denser, less sweet, presenting less acidity, and having characteristics of a marked aroma of roasted cereals. Coffee is essentially a terroir product, that is, directly influenced by environmental aspects, both natural and anthropic, in this sense, it has been argued that Coffea canephora is linked to the context of inferior coffees in sensory terms by the terroir conditions. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the terroir in different areas of Conilon coffee production, with the application of different fermentation methods, and to observe their possible gains and losses in the sensory quality of Coffea canephora. Cherry coffee samples were collected in six municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, which has an altitude variation from 376 m to 866 m. The study showed that the local characteristics of altitude and temperature directly influence the sensory quality, as well as demonstrated that natural fermentation in a specific altitude zone delivered good results, fixing the terroir factor. Finally, it was demonstrated that induced fermentation helps to improve sensory quality for higher altitude areas, indicating the possibility of reformulating the terroir of Conilon coffee production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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13 pages, 4372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Altitude and Solar Radiation to Understand Coffee Quality

by Daniel Soares Ferreira, Matheus Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, Wilian Rodrigues Ribeiro, Cristhiane Altoé Filete, Dalyse Toledo Castanheira, Brunno Cesar Pereira Rocha, Aldemar Polonini Moreli, Emanuele Catarina da Silva Oliveira, Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni, Fábio Luiz Partelli and Lucas Louzada Pereira

Agronomy 2022, 12(8), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081885 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The consumer market has a strong tendency to consume specialty coffees, making it essential to understand the influence of environmental conditions, such as solar radiation and altitude, on coffee quality. This study aimed to analyze the physical and sensory quality of Arabica coffee [...] Read more.

The consumer market has a strong tendency to consume specialty coffees, making it essential to understand the influence of environmental conditions, such as solar radiation and altitude, on coffee quality. This study aimed to analyze the physical and sensory quality of Arabica coffee as a function of different altitudes and incident solar radiation on the coffee tree. The study was carried out in the city of Manhuaçu-MG, Brazil. Three altitudes (950, 1050 and 1150 m above mean sea level) and two sides of coffee exposure to solar radiation (east face: morning sun and west face: afternoon sun) were studied in two post-harvest processing (natural and peeled cherry). Sensory attributes, granulometry and occurrence of coffee defects were evaluated, in order to verify if there was variation in the physical and sensorial characteristics of the coffee. It was found that at an altitude of 1150mamsl, on the exposed face of the plant that received the afternoon sun, there was the formation of better-quality coffee, when compared to the face that received the morning sun. On the other hand, at lower altitudes, coffees from the face of the plant exposed to the morning sun showed a greater association with physical and sensory quality parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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15 pages, 3927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Waterlogging Conditions Affect Growth, Water Status, and Chlorophyll “a” Fluorescence in Coffee Plants (Coffea arabica L.)

by Andrés Felipe León-Burgos, Carlos Andrés Unigarro and Helber Enrique Balaguera-López

Agronomy 2022, 12(6), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061270 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Soil waterlogging is an environmental limitation that is promoted by changes in rainfall patterns and negatively affects plant physiology, growth, and development, coffee production, and exports in Colombia. The objective of this research was to evaluate responses in growth, water status, and chlorophyll [...] Read more.

Soil waterlogging is an environmental limitation that is promoted by changes in rainfall patterns and negatively affects plant physiology, growth, and development, coffee production, and exports in Colombia. The objective of this research was to evaluate responses in growth, water status, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for plants under different waterlogging conditions. The evaluations were carried out on six-month-old “Cenicafé 1” variety seedlings that were suitable for establishment in the field. The seedlings were subjected to different waterlogging periods: 4, 8, 12, and 16 days, using a completely randomized block experiment design with 30 replicates. Total dry mass (TDM), total leaf area (TLA), and the total number of leaves (TNL) were performed, and growth indices were calculated. The leaf water potential (Ψ_pd and Ψ_md), maximum efficiency of photosystem II-F_V/F_m, and electron transport rate (ETR) were also measured. Waterlogging for 16 days caused a 57% reduction for TDM, which was significant starting at 4 days. Statistical differences in the TLA were detected after 12 days, with decreases of 29%. The Ψ_pd, Ψ_md, F_v/F_m, and ETR were sensitive to waterlogging, which decreased noticeably after 8 days. The results indicated the physiological performance and growth of the coffee cv. “Cenicafé 1” plants were significantly affected by waterlogging conditions after eight days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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12 pages, 2570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Progeny Selection to Develop a Sustainable Arabica Coffee Cultivar

by Priscila Carvalho Moreira, Juliana Costa de Rezende Abrahão, Antonio Carlos da Mota Porto, Denis Henrique Silva Nadaleti, Flávia Maria Avelar Gonçalves, Gladyston Rodrigues Carvalho and Cesar Elias Botelho

Agronomy 2022, 12(5), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051144 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1523

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the most efficient way to select F_4:5 progenies derived from the Icatu and Catimor groups of Coffea arabica and to study the genotypic correlations between the traits related to coffee grain physical quality, diseases, [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the most efficient way to select F_4:5 progenies derived from the Icatu and Catimor groups of Coffea arabica and to study the genotypic correlations between the traits related to coffee grain physical quality, diseases, and productivity. A combination of the predicted additive values for production capacity when considering seven harvests and a simultaneous selection for a high sieve percentage and resistance to specific diseases during the last harvest was used. Analyses that selected progenies without considering the genotype × harvest interaction provided inaccurate results, distorting the progeny ranking. Coffee leaf rust and brown eye spot were correlated, showing the possibility of simultaneously selecting for resistance to both diseases. Of the 68 progenies studied here, five showed satisfactory agronomic traits. Our findings will contribute substantially to the development of new coffee cultivars that will allow us to reduce pesticide use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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12 pages, 1150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability of Root System Size and Distribution among Coffea canephora Genotypes

by Raquel Schmidt, Larícia Olária Emerick Silva, Adesio Ferreira, Ivoney Gontijo, Rubens José Guimarães, José C. Ramalho and Fábio Luiz Partelli

Agronomy 2022, 12(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030647 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the variability in the distribution of the root system among genotypes of C. canephora cv. Conilon and indicate management strategies for a more efficient mineral fertilization. Root distribution was evaluated in six genotypes. The experimental design was in [...] Read more.

This work aimed to evaluate the variability in the distribution of the root system among genotypes of C. canephora cv. Conilon and indicate management strategies for a more efficient mineral fertilization. Root distribution was evaluated in six genotypes. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications. Soil monoliths measuring about 27 cm³ were collected at six different soil depths, at three row distances and nine distances of inter-row planting. The collections were carried out in one plant of each repetition. In total, 1296 samples were evaluated. The roots were washed, digitized and processed to quantify length density, volume, surface area and diameter. The distribution of the root system was characterized using semivariograms. It was observed that the highest concentration of roots occurred in the distances close to the irrigation drippers. There was variation in the distribution of the root system among the genotypes. However, in general, the root system is concentrated at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in the soil, at distances up to 50 cm in the planting row and up to 60 cm in inter-rows. Therefore, the greatest efficiency in nutritional management can be achieved by applying fertilizers within a radius of 50 cm around the plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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18 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity Based on Nutrient Concentrations in Different Organs of Robusta Coffee

by Raquel Schmidt, Cleidson Alves da Silva, Danielly Dubberstein, Jairo Rafael Machado Dias, Henrique Duarte Vieira and Fábio Luiz Partelli

Agronomy 2022, 12(3), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030640 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient concentrations in the flowers, leaves (pre-flowering and grain-filling period), grains, and husks of Robusta coffee genotypes cultivated in the Amazon region, as well as to identify their genetic diversity. This experiment was carried out [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient concentrations in the flowers, leaves (pre-flowering and grain-filling period), grains, and husks of Robusta coffee genotypes cultivated in the Amazon region, as well as to identify their genetic diversity. This experiment was carried out in Alta Floresta D’Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil, in randomized blocks with three replications; for the leaves, a factorial experimental design of sampling periods was included. The nutrient concentrations of the different evaluated organs were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test (p < 0.01), and the genetic parameters were estimated. To determine the genetic diversity, the genotypes were grouped by the UPGMA hierarchical method, and to predict it the relative importance of traits was analyzed. Genetic divergence among Coffea canephora genotypes was indicated by the leaf nutrient concentrations. At a maximum dissimilarity threshold of 82% for the genotypes, the UPGMA method formed six groups. Concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the leaf sampling periods of pre-flowering and grain filling were not influenced by genotypes. The leaf and flower iron (Fe) concentrations contributed most to genetic divergence. For a nutritional diagnosis of Robusta coffee, it is important to take into account the comparisons of genetic diversity as well as the nutritional requirements during the flowering and grain-filling periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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20 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Next-Generation Proteomics Reveals a Greater Antioxidative Response to Drought in Coffea arabica Than in Coffea canephora

by Isabel Marques, Duarte Gouveia, Jean-Charles Gaillard, Sónia Martins, Magda C. Semedo, Fernando C. Lidon, Fábio M. DaMatta, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Jean Armengaud and José C. Ramalho

Agronomy 2022, 12(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010148 - 08 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

Drought is a major threat to coffee, compromising the quality and quantity of its production. We have analyzed the core proteome of 18 Coffea canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 and C. arabica cv. Icatu plants and assessed their responses to moderate (MWD) and [...] Read more.

Drought is a major threat to coffee, compromising the quality and quantity of its production. We have analyzed the core proteome of 18 Coffea canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 and C. arabica cv. Icatu plants and assessed their responses to moderate (MWD) and severe (SWD) water deficits. Label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics identified 3000 proteins in both genotypes, but less than 0.8% contributed to ca. 20% of proteome biomass. Proteomic changes were dependent on the severity of drought, being stronger under SWD and with an enrolment of different proteins, functions, and pathways than under MWD. The two genotypes displayed stress-responsive proteins under SWD, but only C. arabica showed a higher abundance of proteins involved in antioxidant detoxification activities. Overall, the impact of MWD was minor in the two genotypes, contrary to previous studies. In contrast, an extensive proteomic response was found under SWD, with C. arabica having a greater potential for acclimation/resilience than C. canephora. This is likely supported by a wider antioxidative response and an ability to repair photosynthetic structures, being crucial to develop new elite genotypes that assure coffee supply under water scarcity levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee—from Plant to Cup)

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