Recent Innovations in Post-harvest Preservation and Protection of Agricultural Products

A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Agricultural Product Quality and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2021) | Viewed by 76746

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Special Issue Editor

Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: food and nutrition security; post-harvest engineering; grain quality; non-chemical protection technologies; post-harvest loss reduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global food supply chain relies on engineered systems, operational practices, and logistics to preserve, protect, process, and deliver agricultural crops along complex supply lines from farmers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries to markets around the world. Food and nutrition security is compromised by post-harvest losses (and food waste) that have been estimated to be as high as 20% in durable and 40% in perishable crops. Preserving crops using technologies and practices such as timely harvesting, evaporative cooling, cold and frozen storage, drying, and dehydrating, and protecting crops using technologies and practices such as damage-less handling, controlled and modified atmosphere storage, non-chemical heat and gas treatment, plant-derived protective films for individual fruits and vegetables, and improved packaging containers are critical to preserving nutrients, improving livelihoods, and realizing an efficient food system.

This Special Issue aims to cover recent progress and innovations in science, technology, engineering, operational practices, and logistics related to post-harvest preservation and protection of durable and perishable agricultural crops. It seeks contributions that improve effectiveness, efficiency, reliability and sustainability in post-harvest handling of crops from field to end use that preserve product quality and result in foods and feeds which are nutritious and safe for human and animal consumption.

Key topics in this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

  • Novel methods to preserve end-use quality, shelf-life, and nutritional value of harvested durable and perishable crops;
  • Novel methods to protect stored crops from insect pests, fungi, and other spoilage agents;
  • Novel sensors and measurement technologies to quantify end-use quality, shelf-life, and nutritional value of harvested crops;
  • Automation, monitoring, and control of crop storage technologies and systems;
  • Best practices to reduce and prevent post-harvest losses;
  • Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of engineered systems, operational practices, and logistics to preserve, protect, process, and deliver agricultural crops.

Prof. Dr. Dirk E. Maier
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Post-harvest drying, handling, storage
  • Stored product protection
  • Crop shelf-life preservation
  • Post-harvest loss reduction
  • Crop end-use quality sensors
  • Engineered crop storage systems
  • Crop delivery logistics

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Recent Innovations in Post-Harvest Preservation and Protection of Agricultural Products
by Dirk E. Maier and Hory Chikez
Agriculture 2021, 11(12), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121275 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
Food loss and waste is a global problem that negatively impacts the bottom lines of producers and agri-businesses, wastes limited resources, and contributes to climate change [...] Full article

Research

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20 pages, 8956 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research on Grape Cluster Vibration Signals during Transportation and Placing for Harvest and Post-Harvest Handling
by Muhammad Faheem, Jizhan Liu, Guozheng Chang, Irfan Abbas, Binbin Xie, Zhu Shan and Kaiyu Yang
Agriculture 2021, 11(9), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090902 - 19 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4769
Abstract
Berry dropping or shattering is an important factor during the harvest and post-harvest handling of fresh eating grapes until they reach the supermarkets. There are a lot of methods to measure post-harvest placing damage and the detachment force for single fruits. However, until [...] Read more.
Berry dropping or shattering is an important factor during the harvest and post-harvest handling of fresh eating grapes until they reach the supermarkets. There are a lot of methods to measure post-harvest placing damage and the detachment force for single fruits. However, until now, there has been no objective method to observe and analyze the berry dropping mechanism of cluster fruits during robotic post-harvest handling. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of a cluster’s vibration on berry drop during vertical transportation and the impact of different packaging materials on fresh grape clusters during robotic placing were analyzed. For this purpose, a lead screw lathe, along with an attached actuator, three grape cluster samples (0.48, 0.50, 0.53 kg), three packaging materials (rigid plastic box, corrugated fiberboard box, expandable polystyrene box), four transportation speeds (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 m/s), and four acceleration excitations (6, 8, 10, 12 m/s2) that were given in a mechanical system (actuator) were studied. In order to analyze the berry drop mechanism of grape clusters before and after the impact with packaging material, a force sensor and high-speed video camera were used. It was concluded from the vertical transportation test that with the increase in speed and acceleration excitations, the change in hanging force increased positively (R2 = 0.92). Additionally, the force after the striking of the grape cluster with packaging materials decreased negatively (R2 = 0.97), and the corresponding index of berry deflection increased. It was also observed from the high-speed camera images that rigid plastic boxes caused the maximum deflection of the grape berries, with the highest change in force of 8.6 N after the impact. Experimental results showed a negative correlation between the hanging force signals and the force after impact of the cluster, with a goodness of fit of R2 = 0.95 at different speeds. Overall, the proposed findings can be used as a reference study for improving robotic post-harvest handling, providing a useful visual and technical understanding of the berry fall susceptibility of cluster fruits, and can be used to develop a post-harvest robotic placing tool for avoiding berry drop damage on both industrial and farm levels. Full article
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10 pages, 741 KiB  
Article
Comparative Studies on Grain Quality and Pesticide Residues in Maize Stored in Hermetic and Polypropylene Storage Bags
by Samuel Kofi Nyarko, Yaw Gyau Akyereko, Joseph Oppong Akowuah and Faustina Dufie Wireko-Manu
Agriculture 2021, 11(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080772 - 13 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2340
Abstract
The conventional method of grain storage involving the use of polypropylene bags in conjunction with pesticides and hermetic bags are paramount in developing countries. However, there is limited information on grain quality and pesticide residue concentration of maize stored in such bags. This [...] Read more.
The conventional method of grain storage involving the use of polypropylene bags in conjunction with pesticides and hermetic bags are paramount in developing countries. However, there is limited information on grain quality and pesticide residue concentration of maize stored in such bags. This work determined grain quality and pesticide residue concentrations of maize stored in polypropylene and hermetic storage bags. Maize samples stored for a period of one year in polypropylene and hermetic bags were obtained from three major maize growing communities in the Ashanti region of Ghana and were analyzed for grain quality, aflatoxin content and pesticide residue concentration using standard methods. The amount of diseased, discolored, broken, insect-damaged, stained, germinated, shriveled, total defective, inorganic and organic matter of maize stored in hermetic bags was significantly lower than that of polypropylene. Levels of aflatoxin in maize stored in the polypropylene bags were significantly higher (13.9 ppb–20 ppb) than in maize stored in the hermetic bags (0.90 ppb–2.6 ppb). Out of 35 pesticides screened, only lambda-cyhalothrin was detected in polypropylene bags and deltamethrin in hermetic bags. The presence of these pesticide residues may be due to their long-lasting abilities. Levels of lambda-cyhalothrin residues were above the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.02 mg/kg, but have no significant effect on health. Deltamethrin residue concentrations in hermetically stored maize samples were below the MRL. In conclusion, maize grains stored in hermetic bags have higher grain quality and lower aflatoxin and pesticide residue concentrations than polypropylene bags. Education and promotion on the utilization of hermetic bags should be a priority in storing and supplying safe maize grains to consumers. Full article
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16 pages, 2673 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Evaluation of Color, Firmness, and Soluble Solid Content of Korla Fragrant Pears via IRIV and LS-SVM
by Yuanyuan Liu, Tongzhao Wang, Rong Su, Can Hu, Fei Chen and Junhu Cheng
Agriculture 2021, 11(8), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080731 - 31 Jul 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2014
Abstract
Customers pay significant attention to the organoleptic and physicochemical attributes of their food with the improvement of their living standards. In this work, near infrared hyperspectral technology was used to evaluate the one-color parameter, a*, firmness, and soluble solid content (SSC) of Korla [...] Read more.
Customers pay significant attention to the organoleptic and physicochemical attributes of their food with the improvement of their living standards. In this work, near infrared hyperspectral technology was used to evaluate the one-color parameter, a*, firmness, and soluble solid content (SSC) of Korla fragrant pears. Moreover, iteratively retaining informative variables (IRIV) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were applied together to construct evaluating models for their quality parameters. A set of 200 samples was chosen and its hyperspectral data were acquired by using a hyperspectral imaging system. Optimal spectral preprocessing methods were selected to obtain out partial least square regression models (PLSRs). The results show that the combination of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and Savitsky-Golay (S-G) is the most effective spectral preprocessing method to evaluate the quality parameters of the fruit. Different characteristic wavelengths were selected to evaluate the a* value, the firmness, and the SSC of the Korla fragrant pears, respectively, after the 6 iterations. These values were obtained via IRIV and the reverse elimination method. The correlation coefficients of the validation set of the a* value, the firmness, and the SSC measure 0.927, 0.948, and 0.953, respectively. Furthermore, the values of the regression error weight, γ, and the kernel function parameter, σ2, for the same parameters measure (8.67 × 104, 1.21 × 103), (1.45 × 104, 2.93 × 104), and (2.37 × 105, 3.80 × 103), respectively. This study demonstrates that the combination of LS-SVM and IRIV can be used to evaluate the a* value, the firmness, and the SSC of Korla fragrant pears to define their grade. Full article
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16 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Mango Postharvest Technologies: An Observational Study of the Yieldwise Initiative in Kenya
by Hory Chikez, Dirk Maier and Steve Sonka
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070623 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3128
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the effects of postharvest technologies on postharvest loss (PHL) incurred at a single stage of a food value chain. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of multiple technologies on PHL incurred at various stages of a food [...] Read more.
Several studies have evaluated the effects of postharvest technologies on postharvest loss (PHL) incurred at a single stage of a food value chain. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of multiple technologies on PHL incurred at various stages of a food value chain. This study evaluated the effect of five technologies (harvesting tools, cold stores, plastic crates, fruit fly traps, and ground tarps) promoted by the Rockefeller Foundation Yieldwise Initiative (YWI) in Kenya on PHL incurred at three mango value chain stages (harvest, transportation, and point of sale). After extensive screening of the YWI data, the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test was used to compare each YWI promoted technology to smallholder farmers (SHF) traditional practices. Results indicated that plastic crates used to transport or store mangos and fruit fly traps used to attract and kill fruit flies were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in reducing PHL at the point of sale. Meanwhile, no statistical evidence of PHL reduction was observed from SHF using harvesting tools, cold stores, and ground tarps. Cold stores were the least adopted of the promoted technologies due to their high costs of implementation and utilization. While this study asserts that increased technology adoption is associated with PHL reduction, further research is needed to identify additional factors that favor technologies’ efficacy in reducing PHL in similar food value chains. Full article
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15 pages, 2587 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Crossflow Column Dryer for Maize Drying in Ghana
by George Obeng-Akrofi, Joseph O. Akowuah, Dirk E. Maier and Ahmad Addo
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060568 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5279
Abstract
In Ghana, smallholder maize farmers continue to serve as the primary contributor to maize production. These farmers, however, still face challenges of access to appropriate, effective, and efficient drying systems. They continue to depend on open sun drying, which leads to high post-harvest [...] Read more.
In Ghana, smallholder maize farmers continue to serve as the primary contributor to maize production. These farmers, however, still face challenges of access to appropriate, effective, and efficient drying systems. They continue to depend on open sun drying, which leads to high post-harvest losses. In this study, a 500 kg portable column dryer with a biomass burner heat source was evaluated using maize. Indicators such as drying rate, drying efficiency, and moisture extraction rate were used to assess its technical performance. The economic performance of the drying system was appraised using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Payback Period (PBP). The results showed that the moisture content of maize was reduced from 22.3% to 13.4 ± 2.6% in 5 h at an average drying rate of 1.81%/h and drying efficiency of 64.7%. Utilization of the column dryer for the provision of drying services in a maize-growing community over a 10-year utilization period proved viable with an NPV and IRR of $1633 and 71%, respectively, PBP of less than two years, and BCR of 2.82. Adoption of such low-capacity mobile grain dryers in sub-Saharan Africa would be beneficial in providing timely drying services and improve the socio-economic status of smallholder maize farmers in the region. Full article
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21 pages, 1053 KiB  
Article
Effect of Storage Conditions on Storability and Antioxidant Potential of Pears cv. ‘Conference’
by Grzegorz P. Łysiak, Krzysztof Rutkowski and Dorota Walkowiak-Tomczak
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060545 - 13 Jun 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3220
Abstract
Late pear cultivars, such as ‘Conference’, can be stored for a long period if kept in good storage conditions. A three-year study (2011–2013) compared the impact of six-month storage using four technologies—normal atmosphere, normal atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), controlled atmosphere, and controlled atmosphere [...] Read more.
Late pear cultivars, such as ‘Conference’, can be stored for a long period if kept in good storage conditions. A three-year study (2011–2013) compared the impact of six-month storage using four technologies—normal atmosphere, normal atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), controlled atmosphere, and controlled atmosphere + 1-MCP—on the quality parameters of ‘Conference’ pears, such as mass loss, firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, antioxidant capacity, and the incidence of diseases and disorders. Additionally, the study analysed different storage conditions in terms of profitability, based on the market prices for pears in the seasons during which the pears were stored. The storage conditions had a very strong influence on the fruit quality parameters, and were found to affect most visibly the mass loss and the incidence of postharvest diseases and disorders. The storage of ‘Conference’ pears for 180 days in normal atmosphere is not economically viable, even if the fruit is subjected to 1-MCP treatment; at the same time, it is profitable to store ‘Conference’ pears in controlled atmosphere for the same period, no matter whether 1-MCP was applied or not. Full article
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24 pages, 1716 KiB  
Article
Application of Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere Technologies to Reduce Incidence of Physiological Disorders and Maintain Quality of ‘Granny Smith’ Apples
by Tatenda Gift Kawhena, Olaniyi Amos Fawole and Umezuruike Linus Opara
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060491 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
The efficacy of dynamic controlled atmosphere technologies; repeated low oxygen stress (RLOS) and dynamic controlled atmosphere-chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) to control superficial scald development on ‘Granny Smith’ apples during long-term storage was studied. Fruit were stored for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months [...] Read more.
The efficacy of dynamic controlled atmosphere technologies; repeated low oxygen stress (RLOS) and dynamic controlled atmosphere-chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) to control superficial scald development on ‘Granny Smith’ apples during long-term storage was studied. Fruit were stored for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months at 0 °C in DCA-CF (0.6% O2 and 0.8% CO2), regular atmosphere (RA)(≈21% O2 and 90–95% RH), and RLOS treatments: (1) 0.5% O2 for 10 d followed by ultra-low oxygen (ULO) (0.9% O2 and 0.8% CO2) for 21 d and 0.5% O2 for 7 d or (2) 0.5% O2 for 10 d followed by controlled atmosphere (CA) (1.5% O2 and 1% CO2) for 21 d and 0.5% O2 for 7 d. Development of superficial scald was inhibited for up to 10 months and 7 d shelf life (20 °C) under RLOS + ULO and DCA-CF treatments. Apples stored in RLOS + ULO, RLOS + CA, and DCA-CF had significantly (p < 0.05) higher flesh firmness and total soluble solids. The RLOS phases applied with CA or ULO and DCA-CF storage reduced the development of superficial scald by possibly suppressing the oxidation of volatiles implicated in superficial scald development. Full article
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14 pages, 6647 KiB  
Article
Effect of Temperature Sensor Numbers and Placement on Aeration Cooling of a Stored Grain Mass Using a 3D Finite Element Model
by Benjamin Plumier and Dirk Maier
Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030231 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
Grain stored in silos in the United States of America is generally cooled with an aeration system to limit mold spoilage and insect infestation. Monitoring efficacy of aeration and real-time conditions of stored grain is generally done using temperature cables with fixed-spaced sensor [...] Read more.
Grain stored in silos in the United States of America is generally cooled with an aeration system to limit mold spoilage and insect infestation. Monitoring efficacy of aeration and real-time conditions of stored grain is generally done using temperature cables with fixed-spaced sensor locations that are hung from the roof of the silo. Numerous placement options exist in terms of the number of cables and their positions. However, little investigation has been done into the effects of cable placement on aeration system operation decisions and real-time monitoring of stored grain conditions. For a one-year period, the temperatures predicted by sensors in three recommended temperature cable configurations were evaluated for conditions in Ames, IA, USA. The average temperatures of each of the cable sensor configurations were lower than the average temperatures of the entire silo, with as much as an 11.4 °C difference. When sensor locations were used as inputs for aeration control, all cable sensor configurations predicted similar average temperatures. However, the temperature averages varied by as much as 3.6 °C depending on the temperature cable distribution chosen. Results demonstrated that temperature cables near the center or near the edges of the silos produce results that are not representative of the grain mass, resulting in less efficient aerations. Simulations were also conducted with randomized horizontal “wireless” sensor locations at fixed grain depths. The average temperatures were similar, but an increase in the number of sensors reduced variability between simulated storage years as the number of randomized sensors increased. Full article
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14 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
On-Farm Assessment of Maize Storage and Conservation Technologies in the Central and Northern Republic of Benin
by Evelyne Sissinto Gbenou, Ygué Patrice Adégbola, Pélagie Manhoussi Hessavi, Segla Roch Cedrique Zossou and Gauthier Biaou
Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010032 - 05 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
The loss rates and financial profitability of maize storage and conservation technologies were assessed in the central and northern regions of the Republic of Benin. The experimentations were conducted specifically in the villages of Boukoumbé and Savalou and were randomly sampled. A total [...] Read more.
The loss rates and financial profitability of maize storage and conservation technologies were assessed in the central and northern regions of the Republic of Benin. The experimentations were conducted specifically in the villages of Boukoumbé and Savalou and were randomly sampled. A total of four storage technologies were offered to 137 producers: the polypropylene bag, the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bag, the metal silo, and the improved and closed earthen attic (with or without stock processing). The method by Pantenius was used to determine the loss rates, and the economic method of Gittinger was used to evaluate the profitability of technologies. The results showed that the technologies that recorded fewer losses in the two communes during storage were the PICS bag with grain treatment by chemical conservation measures in Savalou (9.42 ± 4.64%) and Boukoumbé (2.69 ± 0.77%), the PICS bag without grain treatment in Savalou (11.71 ± 2.78%), the metal silo with grain treatment in Boukoumbé (4.92 ± 1.36%) and the polypropylene bag with grain treatment in Savalou (10.56 ± 2.80%) and Boukoumbé (4.02 ± 1.23%). Therefore, the financial analysis results indicated that the most profitable storage technologies were the PICS bag with treatment in the center of Benin and the polypropylene bag without treatment in northern Benin. Full article
16 pages, 1454 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hot-Air and Freeze-Drying on the Quality Attributes of Dried Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Arils During Long-Term Cold Storage of Whole Fruit
by Adegoke Olusesan Adetoro, Umezuruike Linus Opara and Olaniyi Amos Fawole
Agriculture 2020, 10(11), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110493 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3487
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of hot-air and freeze-drying on the physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant capacity of dried pomegranate arils during long-term cold storage (7 ± 0.3 °C, with 92 ± 3% relative humidity) of whole fruit over a single experiment. Extracted arils [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effect of hot-air and freeze-drying on the physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant capacity of dried pomegranate arils during long-term cold storage (7 ± 0.3 °C, with 92 ± 3% relative humidity) of whole fruit over a single experiment. Extracted arils were processed at monthly intervals during 12 weeks of cold storage of whole fruit. After the 12-week storage period, hot-air and freeze-dried arils showed the least (3.02) and highest (23.6) total colour difference (TCD), respectively. Hot-air dried arils also contained 46% more total soluble solids (TSS) than freeze-dried arils. During the storage of pomegranate fruit, total phenolic content (TPC) steadily increased from 20.9 to 23.9 mg GAE/100 mL and total anthocyanin content (TAC) increased from 6.91 to 8.77 mg C3gE /100 mL. Similarly, an increase in TPC and TAC were observed for hot-air (9.3%; 13%) and freeze-dried arils (5%; 5%), respectively. However, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) reduced by 8.5 and 17.4% for hot-air and freeze-dried arils, respectively, after 12 weeks of cold storage. Overall, the parameters such as colour, TPC and TAC as well as the lower degradation in RSA stability during storage showed distinct differences in quality when using the freeze-drying method, which is, therefore, recommended. Full article
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Review

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12 pages, 1156 KiB  
Review
Mango Fruit Processing: Options for Small-Scale Processors in Developing Countries
by Willis O. Owino and Jane L. Ambuko
Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111105 - 06 Nov 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 37717
Abstract
Postharvest losses of mango fruit in a number of developing countries in Africa and Asia have been estimated to be as high as over 50%, especially during the main harvest season. Micro, small, and medium scale food processing enterprises play an important economic [...] Read more.
Postharvest losses of mango fruit in a number of developing countries in Africa and Asia have been estimated to be as high as over 50%, especially during the main harvest season. Micro, small, and medium scale food processing enterprises play an important economic role in developing economies in processing of a diversity of healthy food products as a sustainable way to reduce postharvest losses and food waste, extend shelf life of food, boost food security, and contribute to national gross domestic product. Processing of mango fruit into the diverse shelf-stable products makes the seasonal fruit conveniently available to consumers all year round. Over the years, research and food product development have contributed substantially to a number of unique and diverse processed mango products with specific qualities and nutritional attributes that are in demand by a wide array of consumers. These mango products are derived from appropriate food processing and value-addition technologies that transform fresh mango into shelf-stable products with ideal organoleptic, nutritional, and other quality attributes. Some of the common processed products from mango fruit include pulp (puree), juice concentrate, ready-to-drink juice, nectar, wine, jams, jellies, pickles, smoothies, chutney, canned slices, chips, leathers, and powder. Minimum processing of mango fruit as fresh-cut product has also gained importance among health-conscious consumers. Apart from the primary products from mango fruit, mango pulp or powder can be used to enrich or flavor secondary products such as yoghurt, ice cream, beverages, and soft drinks. Byproducts of mango processing, such as the peel and kernel, have been shown to be rich in bioactive compounds including carotenoids, polyphenols, and dietary fibers. These byproducts of mango processing can be used in food fortification and manufacture of animal feeds, thereby gaining greater value from the fruit while reducing wastage. This review focuses on the current trends in processing and value addition of mango applicable to small-scale processors in developing countries. Full article
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