Research

21 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Perspectives of Gender Development and Inequality: A Tale of Selected Asian Economies

by Wajid Ali, Ambiya and Devi Prasad Dash

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040115 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3593

The rising concern about gender inequality among the economies in South, South-East, and Eastern Asia motivates us to study the context of gender development in terms of bridging gender disparity. To show the impact, the data has been extracted from various authentic sources- [...] Read more.

The rising concern about gender inequality among the economies in South, South-East, and Eastern Asia motivates us to study the context of gender development in terms of bridging gender disparity. To show the impact, the data has been extracted from various authentic sources- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), World Bank Development Indicators database, Sustainable Development Index, The Observatory of Economic Complexity and Human Development Reports of the 24 South, South-East, and East Asian economies from period 2000–2020. This research was carried out empirically using various techniques such as the Ordinary Least Squared Method (OLS), Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), and Generalised Quantile Regression. The findings of the research show a significant impact of FDI and Economic Complexity in the reduction of gender inequality. Along with this, access to justice and electoral democracy will be providing more representation to women by reducing the gender gaps. Several policy implications have been proposed following the results of the study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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15 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interrelationship between Share of Women in Parliament and Gender and Development: A Critical Analysis

by Subrat Sarangi, R. K. Renin Singh and Barun Kumar Thakur

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040106 - 04 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3422

Abstract

Gender and development are among the two most important components of any economy to sustain its perpetual and sustainable economic growth in both the long as well as short run. The role of women in parliament and the interrelationship between gender and development [...] Read more.

Gender and development are among the two most important components of any economy to sustain its perpetual and sustainable economic growth in both the long as well as short run. The role of women in parliament and the interrelationship between gender and development is critically analysed. Women’s representation in parliament is the dependent variable and the predictor variables considered are gender development index, female access to assets, female labour force, and country GDP per capita. Data were collected from the UNDP human development report for the period 2015 to 2021–2022 and World Bank for 188 countries of which finally 159 were considered to develop the model based on data availability. We have used the theoretical lens of social stratification theory and gender role theory to frame the hypothesis. A random effects model-based panel regression analysis of the data indicated a strong positive relationship between gender development index and the dependent variable, but no relationship between female labour force, and access to assets. The study addresses a critical gap in policy and development of the literature on gender, politics, and development using a global data set, establishing the importance of indicators such as gender development index, and laying down the path for future research on the subject. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

18 pages, 1974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Negotiating Autonomy: The Linkages between Intimate Partner Violence, Women’s Paid Work Status and Birth Outcomes

by Subhasree Ghatak and Meghna Dutta

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030082 - 10 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2336

Abstract

Maternal and child health is severely impacted by adverse birth outcomes leading to a public health concern. A whole host of socioeconomic factors are instrumental in determining birth outcomes. Importantly, there is an intricate relationship between women’s autonomy, the perpetration of intimate partner [...] Read more.

Maternal and child health is severely impacted by adverse birth outcomes leading to a public health concern. A whole host of socioeconomic factors are instrumental in determining birth outcomes. Importantly, there is an intricate relationship between women’s autonomy, the perpetration of intimate partner violence in households, women’s paid work status and their consequent impact on birth outcomes. Noting this, we ask how intimate partner violence and women’s work status interact and how women’s ‘autonomy’ is negotiated to mitigate adverse birth outcomes such as miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight and preterm birth. We use the nationally representative NFHS-5 data for India and use multiple correspondence analyses to create an index of women’s autonomy, and multinomial logistic regression has been used to determine the relation. Women’s working status in association with the perpetration of intimate partner violence contributes significantly to adverse birth outcomes. The study found that mitigation of adverse birth outcomes, which is necessary for bringing about improvements in maternal and child health, is contingent on a multiplicity of social factors, which requires redressal in association to ensure a reduction in adverse birth outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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15 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bureaucratic and Societal Determinants of Female-Led Microenterprises in India

by Devlina and Santosh Kumar Sahu

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030068 - 27 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1501

Abstract

This study examines the barriers to female entrepreneurship in India’s microenterprise sector through society and bureaucracy. The study uses grammatical genders in languages to capture the societal attitudes towards female entrepreneurship. Using a probit model, it was found that states where the spoken [...] Read more.

This study examines the barriers to female entrepreneurship in India’s microenterprise sector through society and bureaucracy. The study uses grammatical genders in languages to capture the societal attitudes towards female entrepreneurship. Using a probit model, it was found that states where the spoken language is two-gendered, have poor representations of women in entrepreneurial positions compared with states with languages that are multi-gender or no gender. It is further argued that these societal attitudes also reflect through people in power, such as bureaucrats, credit managers, bankers, etc., which affects female entrepreneurship. The paper finds empirical evidence for the grease-the-wheel hypothesis, i.e., in the presence of a discriminating inefficient business ecosystem, women entrepreneurs use non-market strategies such as corruption to alter decisions in their favour. Thus, an effort to reduce corruption at an immature stage, when these societal institutions have not yet developed, might cause more harm than benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

12 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Women’s Risk-Taking Behaviour during COVID-19 Pandemic: Will Work–Family Enrichment and Work Satisfaction Prevent Turnover Intention?

by I Gusti Ayu Manuati Dewi, Ismi Rajiani, I Gede Riana, Ni Made Dwi Puspitawati, Muafi Muafi and I Gede Rihayana

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030067 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all employment conditions as working during the pandemic is a risk to employees’ health. This study investigates women’s intentions to leave their job during times of crisis. However, opportunities for job selection were quite limited, and there are [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all employment conditions as working during the pandemic is a risk to employees’ health. This study investigates women’s intentions to leave their job during times of crisis. However, opportunities for job selection were quite limited, and there are better ways to deal with job insecurity than leaving an organisation. The questionnaires were tested on valid data from 593 female employees of four-star hotels, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed. Cultural characteristics and the macroenvironment in Indonesian society cause different practices for women to achieve work–family enrichment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention than in developed Western cultures. Female employees will not be inclined to leave their job even though they are not satisfied. Moreover, work–family enrichment has an essential role in enhancing work satisfaction because it can improve women’s quality of life. Work–family enrichment was also found to reduce the intention of women to leave an organisation. However, work–family enrichment has a more substantial influence on intensifying work satisfaction than on deflating the choice to quit during a crisis. Therefore, the research findings revealed that work–family enrichment is essential in improving work satisfaction, increasing employees’ likelihood of remaining in the organisation. This study contributes to filling the research gap within work–family enrichment by digging into the practical lessons of women’s work behaviour in the service sector, specifically in the hotel industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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14 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Inflation Expectations: Recent Evidence from India

by Swapnil Virendra Chalwadi, Preeti Tushar Joshi, Nitin Mohanlal Sharma, Chaitanya Gite and Sangita Salve

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13020060 - 14 Feb 2023

Viewed by 3397

Abstract

This study investigates gender disparities in inflation expectations in India using data from the Reserve Bank of India’s Households’ Inflation Expectations Survey (March 2011 to September 2022). To determine these differences, the authors analyze the expectations of future prices for various categories including [...] Read more.

This study investigates gender disparities in inflation expectations in India using data from the Reserve Bank of India’s Households’ Inflation Expectations Survey (March 2011 to September 2022). To determine these differences, the authors analyze the expectations of future prices for various categories including food products, nonfood products, household durables, housing, and general prices for both a short-term horizon (the next three months) and a long-term horizon (one year ahead). The authors employ independent sample t test, ordinary least square (OLS) regression, and ordinal logistic regression (OLOGIT) models to assess the average inflation expectations disparities between genders. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between gender and inflation expectations, with the findings indicating that, on average, females exhibit higher inflation expectations compared to males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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14 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Women and Leadership in the Jordanian Armed Forces

by Amani Al-Serhan, Raeda Saada and Niveen Alsayyed

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13020045 - 06 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Ever since gaining approval to be admitted to the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), Jordanian women have become more visible in this sector. Women were recruited in various fields across the military, including administrative posts, education, and human resources. There is a noticeable gap [...] Read more.

Ever since gaining approval to be admitted to the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), Jordanian women have become more visible in this sector. Women were recruited in various fields across the military, including administrative posts, education, and human resources. There is a noticeable gap in the number of women reaching leadership positions despite the quality of their work and their tremendous contributions in this sector. The present study aims to explore the correlation between military culture and environment and women’s perceptions of leadership by drawing on quantitative data from female personnel at Al-Hussein Medical Center (HMC). A five-point Likert scale was adopted in the current questionnaire to test the extent of agreement with question items suggested for each aspect of work culture and environment construct. The results demonstrate that women at HMC perceive their work culture and environment positively, which in turn reflects their positive perceptions about their quality of work and their ability to lead. The female participants at HMC demonstrate positive perceptions of gender that challenge prevailing gender norms through gaining necessary support and opportunities for career advancement. The study results imply that supportive work environments have a greater impact on women’s aspirations to become leaders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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22 pages, 1610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feminist Emergence in a Traditionally Male Industry: Case from Jordan—The Jordanian Banking Industry

by Niveen Mazen Alsayyed and Julian Randall

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13020039 - 30 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1422

Abstract

Purpose: This research explored the role of female managers as change agents and the “problem of making women visible,” specifically in top management positions in in Jordanian banking industry. Methods: This research design is built on the basis of qualitative research, [...] Read more.

Purpose: This research explored the role of female managers as change agents and the “problem of making women visible,” specifically in top management positions in in Jordanian banking industry. Methods: This research design is built on the basis of qualitative research, analyzing the perceptions in the mind of research subjects. Interviews were conducted with 32 participants from the Jordanian banking industry. Findings: Our research has revealed different and important insights into the changing role of Jordanian female workers, not only in such a male-dominant industry but also more broadly in Jordan’s wider society, in which the Arab masculine culture has been dominant. The positive impact of increased acceptance of females’ roles is significantly evident in our research, and we support the assertion that women can survive and prosper in the face of Arab or Eastern culture traditions. In addition, we asserted that females’ managers are deemed to be internal change agents through their knowledge, experience, and leadership traits and behavior. Conclusions: We shed the light on emancipation, in which females have had the opportunity to cross previous social and taken-for-granted boundaries, and which has eroded gender-biased boundaries and behavior as a response to the situational demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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12 pages, 409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Work–Life Balance on Working Women in the Banking Sector

by Sania Khan, George Thomas, Bisharat Ali Kunbhar and Noha Hamdy Mostafa Mohamed

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13010007 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5448

Abstract

In every organization, employees deal with increasing job pressures. In recent years, women have faced even greater difficulties in such circumstances. This study proposed to investigate how work–life balance (WLB) affects the personal lives of working women in the banking industry of Larkana [...] Read more.

In every organization, employees deal with increasing job pressures. In recent years, women have faced even greater difficulties in such circumstances. This study proposed to investigate how work–life balance (WLB) affects the personal lives of working women in the banking industry of Larkana city, Pakistan. The information was gathered via a standardized questionnaire from 266 female bank employees in Larkana. The ANOVA results showed that a good WLB generally had a beneficial impact on working women’s personal lives. While prolonged working hours (PLWH) had a detrimental impact on women’s personal lives (PL), income packages (SP) and marital status (MS) had beneficial effects. A successful work–life balance in the banking industry will increase female employees’ commitment and productivity, and our study concluded that any positive work–life policies and practices offered by banking companies present additional benefits. This study offers essential intriguing facts and empirical evidence on this little-studied region in the city of Larkana. Moreover, our study emphasizes the practical ramifications of WLB for working women and organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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20 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Impact of Mentoring on Women’s Work-Life Balance: A Grounded Theory Approach

by Parvaneh Bahrami, Saeed Nosratabadi, Khodayar Palouzian and Szilárd Hegedűs

Adm. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13010006 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3273

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to model the impact of mentoring on women’s work-life balance. Indeed, this study considered mentoring as a solution to create a work-life balance of women. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews with both mentors and mentees of Tehran [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to model the impact of mentoring on women’s work-life balance. Indeed, this study considered mentoring as a solution to create a work-life balance of women. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews with both mentors and mentees of Tehran Municipality were conducted and the collected data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. Findings provided a model of how mentoring affects women’s work-life balance. According to this model, role management is the key criterion for work-life balancing among women. In this model, antecedents of role management and the contextual factors affecting role management, the constraints of mentoring in the organization, as well as the consequences of effective mentoring in the organization are described. The findings of this research contribute to the mentoring literature as well as to the role management literature and provide recommendations for organizations and for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Development)

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