A Global Scoping Review of the Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection: Findings from 40 Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- they were written in English,
- they were quantitative, original research,
- they included at least five patients co-infected with HIV and syphilis,
- they included data on demographics/factors associated with infection,
- they provided stratified data for HIV–syphilis co-infected patients.
3. Results
3.1. Searches and Articles Included
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Patient Characteristics
3.3.1. Patient Demographics
3.3.2. Health Status
3.3.3. Additional Factors
3.4. Factors Amongst MSM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Count (%) |
---|---|
Total studies | 109 (100) |
Total co-infected patients (range) | 68,634 (8–21,183) |
Total countries | 40 (100) |
Median number of studies by country (range) | 1 (1–25) |
Study design | |
Retrospective cohort study | 62 (56.88) |
Prospective cohort study | 14 (12.84) |
Cross-sectional design | 26 (23.85) |
Case-control study | 4 (3.67) |
Case series | 3 (2.75) |
Year of Publication | |
2017–2022 | 57 (52.23) |
2011–2016 | 40 (36.70) |
2003–2010 | 12 (11.01) |
Factor | Count (%) |
---|---|
Total co-infected patients (n = 68,634) | |
Gender (n = 59,420) | |
Male | 53,725 (90.42) |
Female | 5550 (9.34) |
Transgender | 145 (0.24) |
Sexual orientation (n = 41,524) | |
MSM/homosexual | 36,138 (87.03) |
Bisexual | 221 (0.53) |
Heterosexual | 5165 (12.44) |
Age (n = 22,819) | |
<25 | 5462 (23.94) |
25–34 | 8542 (37.43) |
35–44 | 4165 (18.25) |
>45 | 4650 (20.38) |
Race/Ethnicity (n = 47,143) | |
White/Caucasian | 18,040 (38.27) |
Black/African | 16,491 (34.98) |
Hispanic/Latino | 9111 (19.33) |
Asian | 1678 (3.56) |
Multi-race | 472 (1.00) |
Other | 1351 (2.87) |
Infections (n = 3158) | |
Concomitant STIs * | 3158 (100) |
Hepatitis B/C | 1229 (38.92) |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) | 672 (21.28) |
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) | 351 (11.11) |
Gonorrhea | 309 (9.78) |
Chlamydia | 72 (2.27) |
Reinfection/prior history of syphilis (n = 7682) | |
Yes | 2951 (38.41) |
No | 4731 (61.59) |
Comorbidities (n = 1875) | |
Psychiatric diagnoses | 1875 (100) |
CD4 cell count (n = 6045) | |
<200 | 1680 (27.79) |
>200 | 4365 (72.21) |
<350 | 2290 (37.88) |
>350 | 2283 (37.77) |
<500 | 3964 (65.57) |
>500 | 1123 (18.58) |
Viral load (n = 5553) | |
Detectable/unsuppressed/<200 copies/mL | 2408 (43.36) |
Undetectable/suppressed/>200 copies/mL | 3145 (56.64) |
On ARVs (n = 5011) | |
Yes | 3888 (77.59) |
No | 1123 (22.41) |
More than 1 sexual partner (n = 1995) | |
Yes | 1533 (76.84) |
No | 462 (23.16) |
Condom usage (n = 861) | |
Yes | 427 (49.59) |
No | 434 (50.41) |
Always/consistent | 244 (28.34) |
Sometimes/inconsistent | 73 (8.48) |
Marital/relationship status (n = 2935) | |
Married/cohabiting/polygamy | 917 (31.24) |
Unmarried/single | 1610 (54.86) |
Divorced/widowed | 408 (13.90) |
Injection drug use (n = 1163) | |
Yes | 645 (55.46) |
No | 518 (44.54) |
Education (n = 4354) | |
Less than secondary school/ incomplete secondary school | 280 (6.43) |
Completed secondary school | 1297 (29.79) |
College/university/trade school | 2777 (63.78) |
Factors | Count (%) |
---|---|
Total MSM (n = 1605) | |
Age (n = 658) | |
<25 | 37 (5.62) |
25–34 | 188 (28.57) |
35–44 | 216 (32.83) |
>45 | 217 (32.98) |
Race/Ethnicity (n = 756) | |
White/Caucasian | 205 (27.12) |
Black/African | 156 (20.63) |
Hispanic/Latino | 72 (9.66) |
Asian | 240 (31.75) |
Other | 83 (10.98) |
Infections (n = 260) | |
Hepatitis B/C | 93 (35.77) |
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) | 67 (25.77) |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) | 100 (38.46) |
History of STI (including syphilis) (n = 151) | |
CD4 count (n = 275) | |
>500 | 115 (41.82) |
<500 | 160 (58.18) |
Viral load (n = 476) | |
Detectable/unsuppressed (>200 copies/mL) | 91 (19.12) |
Undetectable/suppressed (<200 copies/mL) | 386 (81.09) |
On ARVs (n = 118) | |
Yes | 113 (95.76) |
No | 5 (4.24) |
Marital/relationship status (n = 251) | |
Married/cohabiting/polygamy | 61 (24.30) |
Unmarried/single | 176 (70.12) |
Divorced/widowed | 14 (5.58) |
Education (n = 529) | |
Less than secondary school/incomplete secondary school | 111 (20.98) |
Completed secondary school | 201 (38.00) |
College/university/trade school | 217 (41.02) |
Condom usage (n = 339) | |
Yes | 209 (61.65) |
No | 130 (38.35) |
Always/consistent | 32 (9.44) |
Sometimes/inconsistent | 64 (18.88) |
Substance use (n = 244) | |
Any use of substances | 244 (100) |
Illicit substance use | 69 (28.28) |
Tobacco use | 6 (2.46) |
Alcohol use | 96 (39.34) |
More than 1 sexual partner/casual sex (n = 415) | |
Yes | 349 (84.10) |
No | 66 (15.90) |
Role in anal sexual intercourse (n = 158) | |
Insertive | 16 (10.12) |
Receptive | 142 (89.87) |
Receptive and Insertive | 38 (24.05) |
Receptive only | 104 (65.83) |
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Varshney, K.; Ikanovic, A.; Ghosh, P.; Shet, P.; Di Sipio, M.; Khatri, C.; Mahmood, M.Q. A Global Scoping Review of the Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection: Findings from 40 Countries. Venereology 2022, 1, 98-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1010007
Varshney K, Ikanovic A, Ghosh P, Shet P, Di Sipio M, Khatri C, Mahmood MQ. A Global Scoping Review of the Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection: Findings from 40 Countries. Venereology. 2022; 1(1):98-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarshney, Karan, Alexander Ikanovic, Prerana Ghosh, Pavan Shet, Marcus Di Sipio, Chirag Khatri, and Malik Quasir Mahmood. 2022. "A Global Scoping Review of the Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection: Findings from 40 Countries" Venereology 1, no. 1: 98-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1010007