Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis of Carbon Dioxide to Methane
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Reaction Mechanism
3. Electrolyte Effect
3.1. CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Electrolytes
3.2. CO2 Reduction in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes
4. Progress in the Design of Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction to CH4
4.1. Catalyst-Structure Engineering
4.1.1. Nanostructured Catalysts
4.1.2. Porous Catalysts
4.1.3. Single-Atom Catalysts
4.2. Catalyst Component Engineering
4.2.1. Alloy Catalysts
4.2.2. Oxidation-State Cu-Containing Catalysts
4.2.3. Tandem Catalysts
5. Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Methane System
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Half-Reactions Formula | Electrode Potential/V (vs. RHE) |
---|---|
CO2 + H2O + 2e− → CO + 2OH− | −0.10 |
CO2 + 2H2O + 2e− → HCOOH + 2OH− | −0.20 (pH < 4); −0.20 + 0.059 (pH > 4) |
CO2 + 3H2O + 4e− → HCHO + 4OH− | −0.07 |
CO2 + 5H2O + 6e− → CH3OH + 6OH− | 0.02 |
CO2 + 6H2O + 8e− → CH4 + 8OH− | 0.17 |
2CO2 + 8H2O + 12e− → C2H4 + 12OH− | 0.08 |
2CO2 + 9H2O + 12e− → CH3CH2OH + 12OH− | 0.09 |
Catalyst | Electrolyte | Current Density (mA cm−2) | Applied Potential (V) vs. RHE | CH4 FE | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FeSA | 1 M KHCO3 | 200 | −1.1 | 64% | [85] |
Cu-CDS | 0.5 M KHCO3 | 40 | −1.14~−1.64 | 78% | [86] |
Cu68Ag32 nanowire | 0.5 M KHCO3 | 80 | −1.17 | 60% | [87] |
MCH-3 | 1 M KHO | 398.1 | −1.0 | 76.7% | [88] |
Cu-based cMOF | 1 M KOH | 162.4 | −0.9 | 80% | [89] |
Zn-MNC | 1 M KHCO3 | 31.8 | −1.8 | 85% | [90] |
n-Cu/C | 0.1 M NaHCO3 | - | −1.35 | 80% | [91] |
Cu NW | 0.1 M KHCO3 | - | −1.25 | 55% | [92] |
Cu−Bi NPs | 0.5 M KHCO3 | 37.2 | −1.2 | 70.6% | [93] |
NNU-33(H) | 1 M KOH | 391.79 | −0.9 | 82% | [94] |
Cu2+ SA on CeO2 | 1 M KOH | 200 | −0.82 | 65% | [95] |
CoPc@Zn-N-C | 1 M KOH | 44.3 ± 7.3 | −1.24 | 18.3 ± 1.7% | [96] |
Ag@Cu2O-6.4 | 1 M KOH | 178 ± 5 | −1.2 | 74 ± 2% | [97] |
Product | Number of Required Electrons | Market Price (USD/kg) | Normalized Price (USD/electron) × 103 | Annual Global Production (Mtonne) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon monoxide (syngas) | 2 | 0.06 | 0.8 | 150 |
Carbon monoxide | 2 | 0.6 | 8 | |
Formic acid | 2 | 0.74 | 16.1 | 0.6 |
Methanol | 6 | 0.58 | 3.1 | 110 |
Methane | 8 | 0.18 | 0.4 | 250 |
Ethylene | 12 | 1.3 | 3 | 140 |
Ethanol | 12 | 1 | 3.8 | 77 |
n-Propanol | 18 | 1.43 | 4.8 | 0.2 |
Initial Capital Cost (C0) | Cash Flow (per Year) | ||
---|---|---|---|
CO2 capture facility | −USD 27 million | Electricity | −USD 64.5 million |
Electrolyzer cost | −USD 20 million | Maintenance | −USD 1.49 million |
PSA facility | −USD 12.7 million | Cell compartment replacement (normalized to each year) | −USD 1.28 million |
CO2 capture | −USD 4 million | ||
sales of CH4 | +USD 10.908 million | ||
sales of H2 | +USD 10.3 million | ||
total | −USD 59.7 million | total | −USD 50.06 million |
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Wu, Y.; Du, H.; Li, P.; Zhang, X.; Yin, Y.; Zhu, W. Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis of Carbon Dioxide to Methane. Methane 2023, 2, 148-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2020012
Wu Y, Du H, Li P, Zhang X, Yin Y, Zhu W. Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis of Carbon Dioxide to Methane. Methane. 2023; 2(2):148-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2020012
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yugang, Huitong Du, Peiwen Li, Xiangyang Zhang, Yanbo Yin, and Wenlei Zhu. 2023. "Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis of Carbon Dioxide to Methane" Methane 2, no. 2: 148-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2020012