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Wind, Volume 3, Issue 1 (March 2023) – 8 articles

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16 pages, 4636 KiB  
Project Report
Modular Lightning Protection for Wind Turbines
by Sokratis Pastromas and Eleftheria Pyrgioti
Wind 2023, 3(1), 115-130; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010008 - 16 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
Wind energy holds a leading position among other renewable energy sources in electricity production. The competitive advantage of wind turbines to be connected to every electrical grid around the world and the 2030 targets of the EU have led to their high penetration [...] Read more.
Wind energy holds a leading position among other renewable energy sources in electricity production. The competitive advantage of wind turbines to be connected to every electrical grid around the world and the 2030 targets of the EU have led to their high penetration in all countries, and especially European ones. Wind power plants are installed in areas with sufficient wind conditions, which simultaneously, are exposed to lightning activity, creating risks in their smooth operation. Considering the fact that there are more wind power installations in areas with different soil and topographic characteristics and the demand for the reliable, economically efficient, and smooth operation of the wind turbines, there is a need for standardized solutions that can be adapted to project-specific characteristics. In the current work it is introduced a methodology that intends to provide modular lightning protection for wind turbines and wind power plants, with the main drivers being the techno-commerciality and high availability of the facility, which can be adopted in most of the sites having as basis the relevant international standards. Full article
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18 pages, 8893 KiB  
Article
Wind Tunnel Experiments on Interference Effects of a High-Rise Building on the Surrounding Low-Rise Buildings in an Urban Block
by Yasuyuki Ishida, Akihito Yoshida, Shuhei Kamata, Yuta Yamane and Akashi Mochida
Wind 2023, 3(1), 97-114; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010007 - 21 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1833
Abstract
High-rise buildings cause accelerated winds around them. However, the interference effects of high-rise buildings on the surrounding low-rise buildings in urban blocks have not been evaluated. This study investigated the wind pressure coefficients on the roofs and walls of low-rise buildings surrounding a [...] Read more.
High-rise buildings cause accelerated winds around them. However, the interference effects of high-rise buildings on the surrounding low-rise buildings in urban blocks have not been evaluated. This study investigated the wind pressure coefficients on the roofs and walls of low-rise buildings surrounding a high-rise building through wind tunnel experiments. Seventy-two wind directions were considered from 0° to 355° in 5° increments, and the influence of the wind direction on the wind pressure coefficients of surrounding buildings was evaluated. At a 30° wind direction angle, the positive and negative peak wind pressure coefficients occurred in a low-rise building at the leeward side of the high-rise building. The positive peak pressure, approximately 1.4 times that without a nearby high-rise building, occurred at the windward corner on the front wall of a low-rise building. The negative peak value, approximately three times that without a nearby high-rise building, was observed at the windward edge on the roof of a low-rise building. Thus, accelerated winds caused by high-rise buildings may result in unexpected damage to the surrounding low-rise buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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18 pages, 6446 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Characterization of the 516 Arouca Pedestrian Suspension Bridge over the Paiva River
by Fernando Marques da Silva
Wind 2023, 3(1), 79-96; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010006 - 14 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1328
Abstract
Given the 516 Arouca pedestrian suspension bridge’s design and characteristics, the owner, a municipality, required a set of tests in order to evaluate its aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic response, aiming at both structural safety and user comfort. Wind tunnel tests were performed over [...] Read more.
Given the 516 Arouca pedestrian suspension bridge’s design and characteristics, the owner, a municipality, required a set of tests in order to evaluate its aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic response, aiming at both structural safety and user comfort. Wind tunnel tests were performed over a sectional scaled model to obtain the static aerodynamic coefficients and dynamic response. The tests were carried out on different bridge configurations—a deck with people and a deck with an arch for secondary cables (connecting each suspension point to the catenary on the opposite side of the deck)—for the static coefficients. For the dynamic response, only the deck alone was tested. A major challenge had to be overcome, as the main displacement mode belonged to a swing movement, to assemble a wind tunnel setting, requiring a suspension system allowing wind displacements. A persistent trend of small amplitude displacements was identified, influencing user comfort and contributing to the installation of the secondary cables, but no aerodynamic instabilities were identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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15 pages, 4356 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Skyscraper Wind around High-Rise Buildings in Coastal Region, South Korea, during Typhoon ‘Hinnamnor’
by Jongyeong Kim, Yongju Kwon, Byeonggug Kang, Joowon Choi and Soonchul Kwon
Wind 2023, 3(1), 64-78; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010005 - 13 Feb 2023
Viewed by 2424
Abstract
High-rise buildings in cities adversely affect wind regimes by changing the air currents in their surrounding areas. In particular, extreme climate phenomena caused by climate change are stronger and more frequent, causing damage in cities. To better understand skyscraper wind behaviors around high-rise [...] Read more.
High-rise buildings in cities adversely affect wind regimes by changing the air currents in their surrounding areas. In particular, extreme climate phenomena caused by climate change are stronger and more frequent, causing damage in cities. To better understand skyscraper wind behaviors around high-rise buildings, actual measurements are necessary to determine the environmental assessment of the wind effect. In this study, field measurements were performed with five anemometers at five points in the vicinity of a skyscraper called the LCT residential complex (411.6 m tall) surrounded by high-rise buildings in the coastal city of Busan, South Korea during Typhoon Hinnamnor. The gust was 3.7 times stronger, while the maximum 1-min mean wind speed was 3.1 times stronger than those measured at a nearby reference weather station operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. The characteristics of downward and canyon winds were shown to depend on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the five points. The turbulence intensity declined as the wind speed increased and converged to a certain value. The gust factor also dropped as the wind speed increased and converged to 2.0, and was considered to be the parameter that best represents the intensity of instantaneous gust caused by the skyscraper wind effect. These results suggest that high-rise buildings should be designed with the consideration of gusts twice as strong as the average wind speed. In addition, field measurements should be accompanied in order to respond to the skyscraper wind effect. Full article
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29 pages, 20068 KiB  
Article
Study on Phase Characteristics of Wind Pressure Fields around a Prism Using Complex Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
by Tomoyuki Murakami, Yuichiro Nishida and Tetsuro Taniguchi
Wind 2023, 3(1), 35-63; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010004 - 08 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
Wind loads for the design of wind-resistant high-rise buildings are generally evaluated based on spectral modal analysis or time-history response analysis using wind pressure data obtained from wind tunnel experiments with rigid models. The characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures around vibrating buildings [...] Read more.
Wind loads for the design of wind-resistant high-rise buildings are generally evaluated based on spectral modal analysis or time-history response analysis using wind pressure data obtained from wind tunnel experiments with rigid models. The characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures around vibrating buildings must be evaluated for relevant wind-resistant designs because the wind pressures around buildings are affected by their vibrations. One of the methods to investigate fluctuating fields is complex proper orthogonal decomposition (CPOD), which can express complicated pressure fields, including advection phenomena, as coherent structures. This paper presents the phase characteristics of fluctuating wind pressures around rigid and elastic models of a square-sectioned prism evaluated via CPOD analysis using the results of wind tunnel experiments. The evaluation procedure for the symmetricity of the fluctuating wind pressure modes obtained via CPOD is presented. The similarity of fluctuating wind pressure fields is evaluated as the congruency of the planes formed by the 1st- and 2nd-eigenmodes. With symmetricity and similarity, the fluctuating wind pressure fields are classified into three types: resonant and non-resonant states in smooth flow, and in gradient flow. The characteristics of the three types of wind pressure fields are shown, respectively, in the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures)
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19 pages, 11286 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Ice Formation on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Performance and Aerodynamics
by Sean Gerrie, Sheikh Zahidul Islam, Cameron Gerrie, Ghazi Droubi and Taimoor Asim
Wind 2023, 3(1), 16-34; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010003 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2001
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of ice formation on the performance and aerodynamics of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This is an area that is becoming more prevalent as VAWTs are installed alongside horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) in high altitude areas [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of ice formation on the performance and aerodynamics of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This is an area that is becoming more prevalent as VAWTs are installed alongside horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) in high altitude areas with cold and wet climates where ice is likely to form. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed on a VAWT without icing in Ansys to understand its performance before introducing ice shapes obtained through the LewInt ice accretion software and repeating simulations in Ansys. These simulations were verified by performing a wind tunnel experiment on a scale VAWT model with and without 3D printed ice shapes attached to the blades. The clean blade simulations found that wind speed had little impact on the performance, while reducing the blade scale severely reduced performance. The ice formation simulations found that increasing the icing time or liquid water content (LWC) led to increased ice thickness. Additionally, glaze ice and rime ice conditions were investigated, and it was found that rime ice conditions that occur in lower temperatures caused more ice to form. The simulations with the attached ice shapes found a maximum reduction in performance of 40%, and the experiments found that the ice shapes made the VAWT unable to produce power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Perspectives of Wind Energy Technology)
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2 pages, 143 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Wind in 2022
by Wind Editorial Office
Wind 2023, 3(1), 14-15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010002 - 13 Jan 2023
Viewed by 851
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article
13 pages, 1031 KiB  
Article
Switching Kalman Filtering-Based Corrosion Detection and Prognostics for Offshore Wind-Turbine Structures
by Robert Brijder, Stijn Helsen and Agusmian Partogi Ompusunggu
Wind 2023, 3(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3010001 - 05 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
Since manual inspections of offshore wind turbines are costly, there is a need for remote monitoring of their health condition, including health prognostics. In this paper, we focus on corrosion detection and corrosion prognosis since corrosion is a major failure mode of offshore [...] Read more.
Since manual inspections of offshore wind turbines are costly, there is a need for remote monitoring of their health condition, including health prognostics. In this paper, we focus on corrosion detection and corrosion prognosis since corrosion is a major failure mode of offshore wind turbine structures. In particular, we propose an algorithm for corrosion detection and three algorithms for corrosion prognosis by using Bayesian filtering approaches, and quantitatively compare their accuracy against synthetic datasets having characteristics typical for wall thickness measurements using ultrasound sensors. We found that a corrosion prognosis algorithm based on the Pourbaix corrosion model using unscented Kalman filtering outperforms the algorithms based on a linear corrosion model and the bimodal corrosion model introduced by Melchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Equipment and Condition Monitoring)
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