Next Article in Journal
Comparison of the CMT Test Results Carried Out on Camels and Bovines
Previous Article in Journal
An Overview of Camel Biodiversity and Genetics
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Proceeding Paper

Diaphragm Bone in Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius L., 1758): Anatomy and Investigation Using Computed Tomography Imaging †

1
Laboratory of Health Management and Animal Production, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, El khroub, University Frères Mentouri of Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
2
Department of Natural Sciences, Superior Normal School of Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria
3
Laboratory of Ecosystems Protection in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria
4
Comparative Anatomy Unit, National Veterinary School of Food and Agrifood, Nantes Atlantique-Oniris, Gachet Street, Cs 40706, CEDEX 3, 44307 Nantes, France
5
S.a.r.l. IMAGE ET, Image ET, 101B Avenue André Bonnin, 35135 Chantepie, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Presented at the 10th International Seminar of Veterinary Medicine: Camelids in Algeria & Maghreb, Constantine, Algeria, 20–21 December 2022.
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 22(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022017
Published: 10 April 2023

Abstract

:
The aim of this work is to provide some anatomical data using a non-invasive method. Nine entire diaphragms of adult dromedaries were collected randomly at the slaughterhouse, and the bones prepared at the anatomy laboratory of Ouargla (Algeria). The CT examinations were performed on a 16-section CT device made by Siemens (Sensation 16, dedicated to the environment and the veterinary industry by Image-ET (Mordelles, France)). This bone is flat on one side and protruding on the other. The central part of the bone has an average HU value of −176 (−684 to 88), which clearly corresponds to the cancellous bone, and the external surface of the bone has an average HU value of 2320 (1979 to 2664), which corresponds to the compact bone. This study allows us to have a better understanding of the variability and structure of the dromedary diaphragm bone.

1. Introduction

In arid regions, the dromedary is a domestic animal raised in the same way as other farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, etc.) for its production of milk and meat, and for its ability to bat [1]. Its hardiness in a low productivity environment, its milk, its meat, and its work are very appreciated by breeders, whose life depends on it in the desert [2], even if this species has long remained marginal for scientific studies [3]. The bone of the diaphragm in the dromedary has always been present (Figure 1). Few studies about this bone exist [4,5], and nearly no morphometric study has evaluated its characteristics. Namshir [5] just indicates that the diaphragm bone is 0.6–1.4 cm thick, 1.7–2.2 cm wide, and 3.3 cm long. The aim of this work is to provide some anatomical data using a non-invasive method, i.e., CT scanning. The scanner is widely used in human and veterinary medicine as a complementary examination. It allows 3D reconstructions of the organs. Here, it allows access to the internal structure of the bones without damaging them.

2. Materials and Methods

A total of nine entire diaphragms of the dromedary were collected randomly at a slaughterhouse and prepared at the anatomy laboratory of Ouargla. The diaphragm bones (Figure 2) were sent to France for CT scan analysis. CT examinations were performed on a 16-slice computed tomography device manufactured by Siemens (Sensation 16, dedicated to the veterinary environment and industry by Image-ET (Mordelles, France)). The CT scanning was performed with a thickness of 750 μm per acquisition. Herein, 3D reconstructions were made from 100 to 200 images according to the bone size.

3. Results and Discussion

This bone is flat on one side and protuberant on the other. The central part of the bone has a mean HU value of −176 (−684 to 88), which corresponds clearly to the spongious bones, and the external surface of the bone has a mean HU value of 2320 (1979 to 2664), corresponding to a compact bone (Table 1). Few studies about this bone exist [4,5], and nearly no morphometric study presents its characteristics. These results are the first obtained on this bone using CT scans. No comparison studies have been published to our knowledge.
It consists of a central part with the marrow and a peripheral compact cortex. The size of the bone is 0.81–1.40 cm thick, 1.55–2.45 cm wide, and 1.75–4.49 cm long.

4. Conclusions

These preliminary results give us a better understanding of the variability and the structure of the dromedary diaphragm bone.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.G. and B.B.; methodology, C.G.; software, K.A.; validation, C.T., A.P. and C.G.; formal analysis, E.B.; investigation, B.B.; resources, A.A., A.B. and L.B.-M.; data curation, R.R.; writing—original draft preparation, C.G.; writing—review and editing, F.T.-Z.; visualization, F.T.-Z.; supervision, C.G.; project administration, C.G.; funding acquisition, R.R. and F.T.-Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The works consulted are detailed in the bibliography.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Guintard, C.; Babelhadj, B. Morphotypes et force animale développée. Comparaison de deux populations de dromadaires algériens: La Sahraoui et la Targui (Camelus dromedarius, L.). In Animal Source D’énergie: Enquêtes dans l’Europe Pré-Industrielle; Guizard, F., Beck, C., Eds.; Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes: Valenciennes, France, 2018; pp. 133–147. [Google Scholar]
  2. Faye, B. Statut Nutritionnel du Bétail Dans la République de Djibouti; Ministère de la Coopération: Paris, France, 1989. [Google Scholar]
  3. Narjisse, H. Nutrition et production laitière chez le dromadaire. Options Méditerranéennes-Série Séminaires 1989, 2, 163–166. [Google Scholar]
  4. Maskar, U. Bones of the diaphragm in camels. Acta Anat. 1957, 30, 461–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Namshir, N. Regional anatomy of camel internal organs. J. Agric. 1982, 3, 25. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1. Dromedary diaphragm bone.
Figure 1. Dromedary diaphragm bone.
Blsf 22 00017 g001
Figure 2. Cranial (left side) and caudal (right side) views of the nine diaphragm bones.
Figure 2. Cranial (left side) and caudal (right side) views of the nine diaphragm bones.
Blsf 22 00017 g002
Table 1. Size (CC [thickness], PD [length] and LR [width]) in cm and CT scan density in Hounsfield Unit (UH).
Table 1. Size (CC [thickness], PD [length] and LR [width]) in cm and CT scan density in Hounsfield Unit (UH).
BoneCC (cm)PD (cm)LR (cm)UH max (ext.)UH max (int.)UH min (int.)UH mean (int.)
10.992.451.752664584−981−60
21.001.551.782334654−1024−65
31.091.612.391979381−1024−263
41.402.382.452470509−1024−684
50.891.782.432597915−1012−58
61.241.922.652315605−1024−274
71.061.952.212328526−1024−325
80.812.224.492063761−100759
91.082.343.212127938−88488
Mean1.062.022.592320653−1000−176
Max1.402.454.492664938−88488
Min0.811.551.751979381−1024−684
SD0.180.340.8423418746240
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tekkouk-Zemmouchi, F.; Babelhadj, B.; Ridouh, R.; Betti, E.; Adamou, A.; Benhamza-Manssar, L.; Poisson, A.; Benaissa, A.; Altoama, K.; Tavernier, C.; et al. Diaphragm Bone in Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius L., 1758): Anatomy and Investigation Using Computed Tomography Imaging. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 22, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022017

AMA Style

Tekkouk-Zemmouchi F, Babelhadj B, Ridouh R, Betti E, Adamou A, Benhamza-Manssar L, Poisson A, Benaissa A, Altoama K, Tavernier C, et al. Diaphragm Bone in Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius L., 1758): Anatomy and Investigation Using Computed Tomography Imaging. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2023; 22(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tekkouk-Zemmouchi, Faiza, Baaissa Babelhadj, Rania Ridouh, Eric Betti, Abdelkader Adamou, Louiza Benhamza-Manssar, Archibald Poisson, Atika Benaissa, Kassem Altoama, Christian Tavernier, and et al. 2023. "Diaphragm Bone in Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius L., 1758): Anatomy and Investigation Using Computed Tomography Imaging" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 22, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022017

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop