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Biol. Life Sci. Forum, 2023, Cells 2023

Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions

Online | 6–8 March 2023

Volume Editor: Alexander E. Kalyuzhny, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, USA

Number of Papers: 33

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Cover Story (view full-size image): This forum is for scientists carrying out research on different fields of cell science, including, but not limited to, stem cells, autophagy, aging, intracellular organelles, proteomics, genomics, [...] Read more.
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2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
New Approaches Targeting the Invasive Phenotype of Prostate Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
by Marzia Di Donato, Pia Giovannelli, Antimo Migliaccio and Gabriella Castoria
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021001 - 16 Mar 2023
Viewed by 715
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most widespread malignancies among males worldwide. The androgen receptor (AR) drives its development and progression and still represents the main target of PC therapy. Second-generation antiandrogens have, indeed, improved the patient’s management. Nonetheless, hormone resistance and [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most widespread malignancies among males worldwide. The androgen receptor (AR) drives its development and progression and still represents the main target of PC therapy. Second-generation antiandrogens have, indeed, improved the patient’s management. Nonetheless, hormone resistance and tumour progression frequently develop. While the majority of drugs currently used in PC target the AR functions in epithelial PC cells, the role of the receptor in PC-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and PC progression remains unresolved, and only a few therapeutics affecting the stromal AR functions have been developed so far. By combining several approaches, we have shown that AR associates with Filamin A (FLNa), thus promoting migration and invasion of androgen-challenged CAFs from PC patient’s specimens at different Gleason’s scores. By using 2D and 3D cultures, we have demonstrated that CAFs move towards epithelial PC cells and promote the increase in PC organoid size. The stapled peptide Rh-2025u disrupts the androgen-triggered AR/FLNa complex assembly and impairs these responses in monolayer cells as well as 3D models. Furthermore, it reduces the overall tumour area in androgen-treated 3D co-culture. Mechanistically, our findings posit that AR/FLNa complex recruits β1 integrin and the membrane type-matrix metalloproteinase 1 upon the androgen challenging of CAFs. The activation of a protease cascade leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling then follows. Rh-2025u peptide interferes in the assembly of this multimolecular complex and impairs ECM remodelling. As such, CAFs can no longer navigate through ECM. In summary, we propose the Rh-2025u peptide as a new drug, which alone or in combination with other emerging therapies may allow a more rational treatment of PC. Pharmacological blockade of AR functions in CAFs is indeed neglected and the approach we propose would improve the treatment’s outcome in PC patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 202 KiB  
Abstract
Microgravity Exposure Alterations of Cellular Junctions Proteins in TCam-2 Cells: Localization and Interaction
by Marika Berardini, Luisa Gesualdi, Francesca Ferranti, Maria Addolorata Mariggiò, Caterina Morabito, Simone Guarnieri, Giulia Ricci and Angela Catizone
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021002 - 16 Mar 2023
Viewed by 573
Abstract
One of the most important hazards of the space environment is microgravity, which causes an alteration in the physiology of different systems, including the reproductive one. It is widely accepted that cytoskeleton is the microgravity-sensitive apparatus of the cells, and that cytoskeletal modifications [...] Read more.
One of the most important hazards of the space environment is microgravity, which causes an alteration in the physiology of different systems, including the reproductive one. It is widely accepted that cytoskeleton is the microgravity-sensitive apparatus of the cells, and that cytoskeletal modifications are responsible for microgravity-triggered cell alterations. We established a 3D free-floating culture system from TCam-2 cell, a human seminoma cell line, and then exposed the obtained TCam-2 spheroids for 24 h at unitary gravity (UG), or under a simulated microgravity condition (SM), using the random position machine (RPM). We tested the cytoskeletal and junctional features of these samples using Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis to elucidate the impact of microgravity on the adherent and occluding junctions of TCam-2 spheroids. The junctional ultrastructure was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM analysis revealed the presence of occluding junctions both in UG or SM samples. Even if Western blot revealed no quantitative difference in actin and occludin proteins both in UG and SM exposed samples, fluorescence colocalization analysis showed a significative increase in the colocalization area of occludin and actin proteins in the superficial layer of TCam-2 spheroids grown in RPM conditions. This result let us speculate that tight junction functionality is different in UG and SM exposed spheroids. As far as adherent junctions are concerned, TEM analysis revealed adherent junctions both in UG or SM samples. Moreover, we observed by Western blot a trend in terms of the increase in the vimentin expression in SM exposed spheroids. Confocal microscopy analyses confirmed this significant increase. All together, these data suggest that simulated microgravity conditions in TCam-2 spheroids alter the tight junction assembly, while the increase in the intermediate filament’s structures can in part be associated with an enrichment in the adherent junctions. A functional investigation is needed to more deeply clarify this hypothesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 188 KiB  
Abstract
Maternal High Fat Diet Multigenerationally Impairs Hippocampal Adult Neurogenesis
by Francesca Natale, Matteo Spinelli, Saviana Antonella Barbati, Lucia Leone, Salvatore Fusco and Claudio Grassi
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021003 - 17 Mar 2023
Viewed by 694
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation harms brain health. Early-life (pre- and perinatal) dysmetabolic stimuli have been demonstrated to affect central nervous system (CNS), multigenerationally impairing brain plasticity and cognitive functions in adult offsprings. In our previous work, we reported that maternal high fat diet (HFD) impaired [...] Read more.
Metabolic dysregulation harms brain health. Early-life (pre- and perinatal) dysmetabolic stimuli have been demonstrated to affect central nervous system (CNS), multigenerationally impairing brain plasticity and cognitive functions in adult offsprings. In our previous work, we reported that maternal high fat diet (HFD) impaired synaptic plasticity, learning and memory of descendants until the third generation. Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) represent the cellular source of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus, and their fate is finely modulated by metabolic signals. Epigenetic mechanisms are key factors controlling the neural fate of NSPCs and they dynamically regulate CNS development and adult neurogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that progenitor HFD altered both the proliferation of NSPCs and the hippocampal adult neurogenesis on second and third generations of progeny (F2HFD and F3HFD), leading to the depletion of neurogenic niche in the descendants. Moreover, in NSPCs isolated from the hippocampus of HFD descendants we found reduced expression of genes regulating stem cell proliferation and neuro-differentiation (i.e., Hes1, NeuroD1, Bdnf). Furthermore, maternal HFD-related metabolic stress induced a rearrangement of STAT3/5 transcription factors occurring on the regulatory sequences of NeuroD1 and Gfap genes, causing the epigenetic repression of pro-neurogenic and the activation of pro-glial differentiation genes. Collectively, our data indicate that maternal HFD multigenerationally impairs hippocampal neural stem cell niche via epigenetic inhibition of pro-neurogenic gene expression in NSPCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 170 KiB  
Abstract
The Nerve-Growth Factor Signaling in Gender-Related Cancers
by Marzia Di Donato, Giovanni Galasso, Gustavo Cernera, Antimo Migliaccio and Gabriella Castoria
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021004 - 17 Mar 2023
Viewed by 624
Abstract
The nerve-growth factor (NGF) was initially identified as a promoter of neuronal survival and differentiation. As such, it has captured the interest of neurobiologists for a long time. Nowadays, NGF is considered a multifaceted molecule with pleiotropic effects in quite divergent cell types, [...] Read more.
The nerve-growth factor (NGF) was initially identified as a promoter of neuronal survival and differentiation. As such, it has captured the interest of neurobiologists for a long time. Nowadays, NGF is considered a multifaceted molecule with pleiotropic effects in quite divergent cell types, including hormone-dependent cancer cells. Many tumors exhibit derangements of nerve-growth factor and its receptors, including the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). This receptor is frequently expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), as well as prostate cancers (PC), although its role in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of these diseases is still under investigation. We now report that the treatment of TNBC as well as PC-derived cells with NGF triggers the proliferation and survival of these cells. Simultaneously, NGF fosters cell motility and induces invasiveness in these cells by acting on the release of metalloproteases-9 (MMP-9). The somatic knockdown of TrkA or its pharmacologic inhibition by the specific inhibitor GW441756 impair these effects. A strong reduction in TNBC or PC-derived spheroid size is observed upon GW441756 treatment. The relevance of our studies is based on the novelty that further exploration of NGF pathway derangements in gender-related cancers will likely offer innovative targets and treatment opportunities in the clinical management of TNBC as well as PC patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 176 KiB  
Abstract
The Role of the Androgen Receptor in Skeletal Muscle and Its Utility as a Target for Restoring Muscle Functions
by Carmela Sorrentino, Giulia Gentile, Rosa D’Angiolo, Carmela Barra, Ferdinando De Stefano, Fabrizio Licitra, Emilia Sabbatino, Viviana Tutino, Antimo Moretti, Pia Giovannelli, Giovanni Iolascon, Antimo Migliaccio, Gabriella Castoria and Marzia Di Donato
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021005 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 768
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function. This process is characterized by the decrease of sex steroid hormone levels due to andropause and menopause. The axis androgens/androgen receptor (AR) sustains muscle size through classic (also called genomic) [...] Read more.
Aging is accompanied by a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function. This process is characterized by the decrease of sex steroid hormone levels due to andropause and menopause. The axis androgens/androgen receptor (AR) sustains muscle size through classic (also called genomic) and non-classic (or non-genomic) actions to elicit various biological responses. Non-genomic androgen effects act through the crosstalk of AR with other partners. Recently, a specific interaction has been shown to occur through AR and filamin A or Src in different types of normal and malignant cells. From these interactions, the activation of several downstream effectors (paxillin, FAK, MAPK, Akt) follows. Such events induce cell proliferation and survival as well as metabolic changes. Irrespective of the sex of the individual, the more important signaling hubs linking the AR non-genomic circuit with cytoskeleton organization have been analyzed by the Western blot of lysate proteins from human skeletal muscle biopsies (obtained from both young and old patients) and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. The phosphorylation of filamin A and paxillin increases in biopsies derived from old patients (>61 years), as compared with those derived from young patients (<58 years). Furthermore, AR is weakly expressed in samples from old patients, as compared with young patients. Consistent with these findings, C2C12 cells express abundant amounts of AR that increase during the differentiation. This latter finding suggests an involvement of the androgen-triggered rapid activation of several signaling effectors (e.g., MAPK, Akt, Src, FAK) in skeletal muscle disease. Taken together, our findings suggest that the downregulation of the androgen signaling, or of the AR expression, is a key node in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle related to aging, and is thus related to excessive metabolic functions and loss of skeletal muscle. Given the important knowledge gaps with regards to the mechanism by which androgens regulate skeletal mass functions, more research is needed. Other in vitro or in vivo experiments are necessary in order to inform the utility of targeting the non-genomic AR signaling pathways with new selective androgen receptor modulators and to improve the clinical outcome of age-related frailty and sarcopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 203 KiB  
Abstract
Microgravity Exposure Induces Antioxidant Barrier Deregulation and Mitochondrial Structure Alterations in TCam-2 Cells
by Luisa Gesualdi, Marika Berardini, Francesca Ferranti, Anna Reale, Michele Zampieri, Katsiaryna Karpach, Maria A. Mariggiò, Caterina Morabito, Simone Guarnieri, Angela Catizone and Giulia Ricci
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021006 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 610
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of microgravity-induced alterations in several cell models is an alteration in oxidative balance. Notably, male germ cells, sensitive to oxidative stress, have also been shown susceptibility to changes in gravitational force. To gain more insights into the mechanisms of [...] Read more.
One of the hallmarks of microgravity-induced alterations in several cell models is an alteration in oxidative balance. Notably, male germ cells, sensitive to oxidative stress, have also been shown susceptibility to changes in gravitational force. To gain more insights into the mechanisms of male germ cells’ response to altered gravity, a 3D cell culture model was established from TCam-2 cells, a seminoma cell line and the only available in vitro model to study mitotically active human male germ cells. TCam-2 spheroids were cultured for 24 hours under unitary gravity (UG) or simulated microgravity conditions (SM), which was achieved using a random positioning machine (RPM). Apoptosis and necrosis analyses performed on the UG- and SM exposed samples revealed no significant differences in all of the cell death markers. Notably, the Mitosox assay revealed significant oxidation of mitochondria, after microgravity exposure, at least at this culture time. In the SM-treated samples, gene expression levels (evaluated by real-time PCR) of the main enzymes of the antioxidant barrier, GPX1 and NCF1, were reduced, indicating an influence of SM on mitochondrial function. Notably, the expression of HMOX, involved in the heme catabolism of mitochondrial cytochromes, was increased. The SOD, XDH, CYBA, NCF-2, TXN, and TXNRD genes were not affected. The ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that SM significantly altered TCam-2 spheroid mitochondria, which appeared swollen and, in some cases, disrupted. Indeed, mitophagy, or mitochondrial autophagy, appears to be more represented in the samples exposed to simulated microgravity. This result seems to be in line with the increase, mediated by the simulated microgravity, in the enzyme HMOX. All together, these preliminary data demonstrate TCam-2 spheroids’ sensitivity to acute SM exposure, strongly indicating a microgravity-dependent modulation of mitochondrial morphology and activity and encouraging us to perform further investigations on the chronical exposure to SM of TCam-2 spheroids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 202 KiB  
Abstract
Microgravity-Induced Metabolic Response in 2D and 3D TCam-2 Cell Cultures
by Caterina Morabito, Simone Guarnieri, Marika Berardini, Luisa Gesualdi, Francesca Ferranti, Anna Reale, Giulia Ricci, Angela Catizone and Maria A. Mariggiò
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021007 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 552
Abstract
The past few decades have seen an increasing number of both space travels and studies aimed at investigating the effects induced by space flights and the environment on humans. One of the main features of these conditions is the presence of altered gravity, [...] Read more.
The past few decades have seen an increasing number of both space travels and studies aimed at investigating the effects induced by space flights and the environment on humans. One of the main features of these conditions is the presence of altered gravity, mostly represented by microgravity experienced by astronauts. Microgravity is well known to induce deleterious effects at cellular, organ and systemic levels, including alterations in the male and female reproductive systems. In the present study, we investigated the effect of simulated microgravity on the metabolic activity of male germ cells using TCam-2 line as a cell model. These cells were cultured in the Random Positioning Machine that simulated microgravity conditions, and were grown as 2D monolayers or 3D spheroids to assay the effects on single cells or on organ-like structures. After a 24 hour-exposure to simulated microgravity, TCam-2 monolayers showed: (1) a decreased proliferation rate and a delay in cell cycle progression; (2) increased anaerobic metabolism; (3) increased levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion; (4) modifications in mitochondrial morphology. After the same 24 hour-exposure, TCam-2 spheroids showed: (1) an increased anaerobic and aerobic activity in 40% and 26% of samples, respectively; (2) alterations in the redox balance with a decrease in catalase activity in about 65% of cell samples, and therefore, a deficit in the cellular antioxidant capacity; (3) increases in oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in more than 50% of cell samples. In conclusion, these data demonstrated a clear inference of simulated microgravity on the metabolic activity of TCam-2 cells, which is expressed through the activation of an oxidative stress state, that, if not compensated for, could be deleted over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 185 KiB  
Abstract
Metabolic Activity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cells under Diclofenac-Induced Stress
by Darya Harshkova, Ivan Liakh, Pavel Hrouzek, Katerina Bisova, Bartosz Wielgomas and Anna Aksmann
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021008 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 585
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac (DCF), are detected in water bodies all over the world. Their presence in water environments pose a serious threat to non-target plant organisms, including unicellular green algae. To survive in the contaminated environments, these organisms need [...] Read more.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac (DCF), are detected in water bodies all over the world. Their presence in water environments pose a serious threat to non-target plant organisms, including unicellular green algae. To survive in the contaminated environments, these organisms need to modify their metabolism to be able to cope with NSAID-induced stress. Knowledge of the algal response to drugs is crucial for environmental protection. In the present work, we report the response of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to DCF applied at a concentration of 32.7 mg/L, corresponding to toxicological parameter EC10. The algae’s susceptibility to DCF was estimated based on the physiological parameters: population growth, oxidative stress symptoms, and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, the cell cultures were analyzed for the appearance of diclofenac transformation products. We found that DCF caused a slight decrease in the population growth rate and photosynthetic activity (quantum yield of photosynthesis) of the cells. Furthermore, some symptoms of oxidative stress (singlet oxygen overproduction) were observed. However, in the biomass and culture media, a wide range of DCF metabolites was discovered. This suggests that in the presence of relatively low concentrations of DCF, the biochemical activity of the algae was efficient enough to metabolize a part of the drug in the medium. Notably, some of the analyzed transformation products were similar to those formed during the metabolism of DCF by bacteria, while others were characteristic of eucaryotic metabolic pathways. In conclusion, C. reinhardtii exposed to DCF can keep its metabolic activity at a level sufficient for survival and biotransformation of the drug. Our results give rise to the assumption that other algae strains may also have the potential to metabolize DCF, thus contributing to the remediation of environments contaminated with pharmaceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of RAS2 Gene Mutation in Single Cell Yeast Model
by Nazela Ahmed Chowdhury, Fatema Akter Sadia, Ismat Jahan Anee and Ashfaqul Muid Khandaker
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021009 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 703
Abstract
More than 30% of all human malignancies are brought about by mutations in RAS proto-oncogenes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) that are greatly conserved in yeast RAS1 and RAS2. This makes yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) an efficient single-celled eukaryotic model organism to [...] Read more.
More than 30% of all human malignancies are brought about by mutations in RAS proto-oncogenes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) that are greatly conserved in yeast RAS1 and RAS2. This makes yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) an efficient single-celled eukaryotic model organism to study their functions. In the current investigation, the null mutation of the RAS2 gene was analyzed to find out its deleterious consequences in yeast cells based on their ability to utilize glycerol as a respiratory substrate, mtDNA mutation rate, mtDNA abundance, and distribution pattern. Mutant cells grown in YPEG plates demonstrated slight respiratory deficiency compared to the wild type. An erythromycin-resistant assay was carried out to analyze the spontaneous mitochondrial DNA mutation rate in the Δras2 mutant and it was found to be greater than that of wild type. In addition, the mitochondrial DNAs of both strains were also visualized under a fluorescence microscope using DAPI fluorescent stain. It was observed that mtDNA abundance was much lower compared to wild type cells. Thus, the present investigation revealed that deletion of the RAS2 gene resulted in mtDNA mutation and depletion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 169 KiB  
Abstract
Compartmentalization and Trafficking in Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Quality Control
by Gerardo Z. Lederkremer
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021010 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Following translocation into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory proteins undergo a series of folding, maturation, compartmentalization and trafficking events. These are finely tuned to avoid misfolded protein accumulation and the consequent ER stress. Misfolded proteins and components of the ER quality control [...] Read more.
Following translocation into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory proteins undergo a series of folding, maturation, compartmentalization and trafficking events. These are finely tuned to avoid misfolded protein accumulation and the consequent ER stress. Misfolded proteins and components of the ER quality control and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machineries concentrate in mammalian cells in the pericentriolar ER-derived quality control compartment (ERQC), a staging ground for ERAD. We have recently determined that, surprisingly, trafficking to the ERQC and delivery to ERAD are dependent on COPII-coated vesicle transport and that they can be retrieved to the peripheral ER in COPI-coated vesicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 205 KiB  
Abstract
Role of Gal-3 on Cisplatin-Induced Acute Liver Injury Model
by Diego Dias dos Santos, Nycole Morelli Belote, Rafael André da Silva, Adriana Aparecida Ferraz Carbonel, Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso and Cristiane Damas Gil
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021011 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 608
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common mechanism in the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, a widely used antineoplastic agent related to hepatotoxicity. In this context, we highlight galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding protein that regulates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and modified citrus pectin (MCP), an [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress is a common mechanism in the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, a widely used antineoplastic agent related to hepatotoxicity. In this context, we highlight galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding protein that regulates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and modified citrus pectin (MCP), an inhibitor of Gal-3. Thus, this study evaluates the effect of Gal-3 inhibition with MCP on cisplatin-induced acute liver injury in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): SHAM–intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline for 3 days; CIS–i.p. injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 days; MCP-orogastric gavage with MCP (100 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by saline via i.p.; and MCP+CIS-gavage with MCP for 7 days, followed by cisplatin via i.p. for 3 days. Cisplatin administration caused a significant weight loss in the animals from CIS and MCP+CIS, an effect corroborated by a marked reduction in the glycogen storage in hepatocytes compared to their control groups. Cisplatin also provoked a marked increase in the influx of leukocytes, liver degeneration, ROS production, and STAT3 activation in the hepatocytes, plasma levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10), and hepatic toxicity biomarkers (ARG1, GSTα, SDH). Cisplatin per se reduced Gal-3 levels, especially in the mitochondria of hepatocytes. On the other hand, the MCP+CIS group also showed increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and GOT1, as well as raised hepatic levels of MDA production and mitochondrial respiratory complex I. In conclusion, the inhibition of Gal-3 with MCP did not protect the liver against the deleterious effects of cisplatin, indicating that Gal-3 is important for tissue, cellular, and molecular maintenance of the liver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 202 KiB  
Abstract
Annexin A1 Regulates Retinal Gliosis in Diabetic Retinopathy
by Rafael André da Silva, Luiz Philipe de Souza Ferreira, Vinicius M. Paiva Roda, Daniel R. Bastos and Cristiane D. Gil
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021012 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 601
Abstract
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), Müller cell gliosis contributes to retinal degeneration and inflammation. In this context, we highlight annexin A1 (AnxA1), an anti-inflammatory protein able to regulate neurodegeneration and angiogenesis; however, its mechanisms of action were poorly explored in DR. This study evaluates [...] Read more.
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), Müller cell gliosis contributes to retinal degeneration and inflammation. In this context, we highlight annexin A1 (AnxA1), an anti-inflammatory protein able to regulate neurodegeneration and angiogenesis; however, its mechanisms of action were poorly explored in DR. This study evaluates the function of AnxA1 in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR in wild-type (WT) and knockout (AnxA1-/-) mice after 12 weeks. In addition, in silico analysis was performed with GSE111465 (whole retinas from 6-week-old STZ-diabetic or control animals) and GSE160306 (human retinas with different stages of DR). Retinas from 6-week-old STZ-diabetic mice showed raised transcripts of AnxA1 and GFAP compared to the controls. After 12 weeks, RD was associated with increased levels of AnxA1, formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) in the WT retina, as well as cleaved caspase 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to the control samples. The lack of AnxA1 caused increased glutamine synthetase expression (Müller cell marker) in the retinas from RD animals compared to the WT RD group. On the other hand, no alterations in the levels of caspase 3 and VEGF expression were showed in the AnxA1-/- groups. Despite both genotypes presenting with gliosis in the peripheral retinas, as shown by glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunostaining, the AnxA1-/- RD group exhibited decreased levels of GFAP compared to the RD WT group. In an in silico study with human retinas, the severity of DR is associated with higher levels of AnxA1 mRNA expression. Additionally, a positive correlation between AnxA1 and GFAP mRNA levels was detected. These results allow us to conclude that AnxA1 participates in the progression of RD and that this protein can regulate the expression of GFAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 193 KiB  
Abstract
The Senescence Marker p16Ink4a—A Player of Liver Endothelial Cells Physiology
by Hasan Safwan-Zaiter, Kay-Dietrich Wagner and Nicole Wagner
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021013 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 589
Abstract
P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator that has been linked to aging and senescence. In development, a potential role of p21 and of p19ARF has been postulated, but little is known about p16. Our previous results revealed a highly dynamic [...] Read more.
P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator that has been linked to aging and senescence. In development, a potential role of p21 and of p19ARF has been postulated, but little is known about p16. Our previous results revealed a highly dynamic expression pattern of p16 in development and in different organs and cell types assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, we also noticed through IHC observation that p16 expression in old liver is mainly in the endothelial cells (ECs) compared to parenchymal cells. Therefore, we aimed at better understanding the role of p16 in biological processes of liver ECs, such as proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tube formation. We also performed RNA sequencing to identify genes differentially expressed between young and old ECs. We used small hairpin (shRNA) constructs and a p16 cDNA-GFP vector to knockdown and overexpress p16 in vitro, in two types of liver ECs, CD31+ vascular ECs and CD146+ sinusoidal endothelial cells. Afterwards, we assessed p16’s down- and up-regulation effect on ECs function. Brdu incorporation assays showed that p16 upregulation was associated with slower proliferation compared to control cells, whereas its downregulation induced higher proliferation compared to control cells. Scratch assay and transwell migration assays showed attenuated migration in p16 overexpressed cells compared to baseline expression, while only transwell assays showed the ameliorated migration of p16 knockdown cells compared to controls. Similar migration between p16 knockdown and control was observed in scratch assays. We also observed in β-gal staining, a marker of senescence, a higher number of stained cells in p16 overexpression conditions compared to controls, while less cells were stained in the case of knockdown. Additional experiments that aim to further decipher p16’s effect in ECs’ tube formation, apoptosis, and telomeres shortening are ongoing, which might contribute to the invention of more specialized anti-aging therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
An Unveiled Cell Death Mechanism Exclusive to Human Cancer Cells
by Malka Cohen-Armon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021014 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 575
Abstract
The modified phenanthridine PJ34 blocks the post-translational modifications of specific proteins highly expressed in human malignant cells. This exclusively arrests mitosis in human malignant cells by inserting flaws in their mitotic spindle structure. Cancer cells were efficiently eradicated by Mitotic Catastrophe cell death, [...] Read more.
The modified phenanthridine PJ34 blocks the post-translational modifications of specific proteins highly expressed in human malignant cells. This exclusively arrests mitosis in human malignant cells by inserting flaws in their mitotic spindle structure. Cancer cells were efficiently eradicated by Mitotic Catastrophe cell death, while similarly treated healthy proliferating cells were spared and continued to proliferate as untreated cells. This cytotoxic effect was examined in a variety of human epithelial cancer cells in tissue culture and in xenografts. Three affected proteins were identified out of all tested proteins implicated in mitosis in epithelial malignant cells compared to healthy epithelial cells. Two kinesins, KifC1/HSET and Kif18A, as well as NuMA were identified. The identified kinesins are already examined for their potential implication in cancer therapy. Blocking the post-translational modifications of NuMA by PJ34 exclusively prevented the protein binding capacity of NuMA in cancer cells. This prevented its clustering in the spindle poles, which stabilizes the spindles and enables alignment of chromosomes in spindle mid-zone. Un-aligned chromosomes and dispersed NuMA and centrosomes were detected in distorted spindles of human cancer cells treated with PJ34. Mitosis was arrested in the anaphase and this lead to cell death via cytochrome-c leakage from the mitochondria membrane. Thus, the cytotoxic activity of PJ34 unveiled a new mechanism causing self-eradication of human cancer cells during mitosis, including cancer cells that are not responsive to current therapies and regardless of specific mutations. The more rapidly cells proliferate, the more rapidly they are eradicated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 191 KiB  
Abstract
Untangling the Microscopic World of Organelles, Cells, Tissues, and Organs: A Focus on the Dysfunctional Golgi Apparatus in Disease Research
by Daniel Joseph Gómez
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021015 - 21 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1215
Abstract
Emerging techniques in organelle structural biology have revolutionized our understanding of disease mechanisms and opened new possibilities for developing targeted therapies. In particular, dysfunctions of the Golgi apparatus (GA) have been implicated in a wide range of neurological disorders and cancer, making it [...] Read more.
Emerging techniques in organelle structural biology have revolutionized our understanding of disease mechanisms and opened new possibilities for developing targeted therapies. In particular, dysfunctions of the Golgi apparatus (GA) have been implicated in a wide range of neurological disorders and cancer, making it a key area of focus in organelle structural biology. The GA plays a crucial role in regulating the transport and modification of proteins and lipids, and dysfunction of this organelle can lead to mislocation and accumulation of proteins and impaired glycosylation, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Inhibition of vesicular trafficking by α-synuclein may affect dopamine-producing neurons and neuromodulators, while fragmentation and defects within the GA can lead to apoptotic pathways during pathological mechanisms. Additionally, defects and fragmentation of the GA have been implicated in cancer progression, making it a key area of interest for cancer researchers. Advances in imaging technology, such as cryogenic electron tomography, soft-X-ray tomography (SXT), and multiplex correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), have enabled high-resolution visualization of the GA and its dysfunctions in neurological diseases and cancer. These techniques provide detailed insight into the structure and function of the GA and have the potential to inform new treatments for diseases associated with GA dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that molecular zippers hold the Golgi membrane together, providing further insight into the mechanisms underlying GA dysfunction in diseases such as Parkinson’s, NDDs, and cancer. Cryo-CLEM and nanobody-assisted tissue immunostaining for volumetric EM (NATIVE) techniques enable high-resolution visualization of the GA and its native environment, aiding in understanding its function in health and disease. In addition, novel techniques such as Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enable rapid, accurate, and high-resolution in vivo imaging of the mouse cortex, providing 3D visualization of cortical microarchitecture using a feature segmentation algorithm. OCT enables label-free, micron-scale 3D imaging of biological tissues’ fine structures with significant depth and a large field of view. A 3D CNS segmentation mask of brain neural networks in a living mouse can be visualized at micron-level resolution using OCT. Overall, the organelle structural biology field, specifically the study of the Golgi apparatus dysfunction in neurological disorders and cancer, has significant implications for developing new therapeutic targets, gene therapy, and drug design. With continued research and advancements in imaging technologies, we can expect to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GA dysfunction in neurological disorders and cancer, paving the way for innovative new treatments and therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
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1 pages, 168 KiB  
Abstract
Building Implantable Human Liver Tissue from Pluripotent Stem Cells
by David Hay
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021016 - 21 Mar 2023
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to the shortage of donor organs. Therefore, developing renewable sources of human liver tissue is attractive. Pluripotent stem cell-derived liver tissue [...] Read more.
Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to the shortage of donor organs. Therefore, developing renewable sources of human liver tissue is attractive. Pluripotent stem cell-derived liver tissue represents a potential alternative to cadaver derived hepatocytes and whole organ transplant. At present, two-dimensional differentiation procedures deliver tissue lacking certain functions and phenotypic instability. Efforts to overcome these limiting factors have led to the building of three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates. Although enabling for the field, their widespread application and adoption is limited due to the reliance on variable biological components. Our study focus on developing 3D liver tissue under defined conditions. We demonstrate that 3D derived tissue can be generated at scale and implanted underneath the skin of mice. Excitingly, implanted human tissue provides support to mice with metabolic liver disease. This includes immunocompetent recipients. In addition to their clinical application, in vitro generated 3D tissues have important roles to perform in developing safe and efficacious medicines to treat human diseases. We demonstrate that stem cell derived 3D liver tissue exhibits liver cell phenotype for over one year in culture, providing an attractive resource for long-term disease modelling and screening studies. In conclusion, stem cell derived liver tissue has great potential for in vitro and in vivo endeavours. Our most recent advances will be presented at the meeting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 204 KiB  
Abstract
CAVPENET Decreases Prostate Cancer Cells Proliferation and Invasion through Modulation of Protein Phosphatase Activity
by Bárbara Matos, John Howl, Carmen Jerónimo and Margarida Fardilha
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021017 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 653
Abstract
Despite advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression, the development of effective therapeutic approaches remains a major challenge. In this context, the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its complexes have been recognized as potential drug targets. Herein, we designed and [...] Read more.
Despite advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression, the development of effective therapeutic approaches remains a major challenge. In this context, the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its complexes have been recognized as potential drug targets. Herein, we designed and synthetized a peptide sequence based on the PP1-binding motif of CAV1, which was coupled with penetratin to improve cellular uptake. To evaluate the effect of the synthetized peptide, named CAVPENET, prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LnCaP) were incubated with CAVPENET for 48 h, and several parameters were analyzed. We found that CAVPENET significantly decreased the LnCaP and PC-3 cells viability and invasive ability. A significant decrease in the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 was also observed after 48 h of incubation with CAVPENET. Moreover, a slight recovery of AKT phosphorylation levels after the simultaneous incubation of CAVPENET (10 µM) with tautomycin (10 nM)—a highly specific PP1 inhibitor—suggested the role of PP1 in the CAVPENET-induced alterations in AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, incubation with CAVPENET (10 µM) + cantharidin (0.5 µM), a potent and selective PP2A inhibitor, almost completely recovered the phosphorylation levels of AKT, suggesting the role of PP2A in the effect of CAVPENET. Altogether, these results highlight the potential of the synthesized peptide to negatively impact the PCa cells’ proliferation and invasive ability by interfering with the interaction of CAV1 with PP1 and/or PP2A. Further analyses are now required to confirm the disruption of the interactions and to better elucidate the mechanisms of cell death. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Mechanistic Insights on the Anticancer Effects of Metformin in Primary Breast Cancer Cells
by Francesca Cirillo, Domenica Scordamaglia, Marianna Talia, Maria Francesca Santolla, Lucia Muglia, Azzurra Zicarelli, Salvatore De Rosis, Asia Spinelli, Francesca Giordano, Anna Maria Miglietta, Marcello Maggiolini and Rosamaria Lappano
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021018 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 703
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome, have been implicated in breast cancer (BC) progression. In this regard, insulin has been shown to promote mitogenic and metastatic responses in BC through diverse signaling pathways. Moreover, high levels of [...] Read more.
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome, have been implicated in breast cancer (BC) progression. In this regard, insulin has been shown to promote mitogenic and metastatic responses in BC through diverse signaling pathways. Moreover, high levels of insulin and elevated expression of its cognate receptor, namely insulin receptor (IR), have been associated with increased BC incidence, resistance to treatments and poor outcomes. Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) is the most commonly prescribed drug for T2D treatment worldwide. Metformin has been shown to interfere with BC cell growth. In order to provide novel insights through which metformin can elicit anti-cancer responses in BC, we performed bioinformatics analysis as well as TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunoblots, 2D and 3D proliferation assays and motility experiments. A naturally immortalized BC cell line (namely BCAHC-1) and important components of the tumor microenvironment, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) derived from BC patients, were used as model systems. We found that metformin inhibits the activation of main transduction pathways, the gene expression changes and the proliferative effects induced by insulin in BCAHC-1 cells. Moreover, metformin prevented the insulin-stimulated induction of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which has been involved in BC metastatic dissemination. Next, metformin suppressed the invasion of CAFs triggered through CXCR4 via insulin stimulated BCAHC-1 cells. Our findings may suggest novel transduction mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effects elicited by metformin in both BC cells and CAFs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Implication of Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity on Colorectal Cancer Response to MEK Inhibition
by Christian Regenbrecht
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021019 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) poses a major obstacle in cancer therapy. In colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations in the transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) pathway, especially in the SMAD4 gene, have been correlated with decreased overall survival and are suspected to modulate chemoresistance. We [...] Read more.
Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) poses a major obstacle in cancer therapy. In colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations in the transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) pathway, especially in the SMAD4 gene, have been correlated with decreased overall survival and are suspected to modulate chemoresistance. We have previously shown that SMAD4R361H is associated with differential drug response towards EGFR, MEK and PI3K inhibitors. Here, we analyzed the mechanistic role of SMAD4R361H using oncoproteomics in CRISPR-engineered SMAD4R361H and CRC patient-derived organoids (PD3D®). Utilizing DigiWest® multiplex protein profiling analysis, we confirmed a stronger response to MEK inhibition in organoids harboring SMAD4R361H as compared to SMAD4wt PD3D. After 24 h of incubation with 0.03 µM trametinib, we observed a more pronounced decrease in proliferation markers, such as cyclin B1 and aurora kinase A in SMAD4R361H cells. Interestingly, there was no noticeable accumulation of caspases 3 and 9 in any organoid culture; however, there was a conspicuous trend in the accumulation of Bcl-xL in presence of SMAD4R361H. To understand the underlying mechanism of such a discrepancy, we analyzed the protein levels and phosphorylation status of other SMADs, as SMAD4R361H disrupts TGF-β/BMP signal transduction. Out of all SMADs, only SMAD5 showed significant changes in protein level and phosphorylation status in response to the treatment only in SMAD4wt organoids. As previously published, BMP signaling promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. It is plausible to assume that functional loss of SMAD4 and thus loss of SMAD5 signaling renders the SMAD4R361H subpopulation of cells more sensitive to MEK inhibitors. Loss of SMAD4 was previously shown to promote chemoresistance and was associated with a higher recurrence rate in colorectal cancer. The heterogenic landscape of mutated SMAD4 within the same tumor, in this light, can give rise to multi-drug resistant disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 175 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of the Synergistic Combination of Vitamin D and Doxorubicin on the MCF-7 Line Breast Cancer Cells
by Kamila Sobczak, Agnieszka Mlicka, Paweł Niewiadomski, Oliwia Abramczyk, Wioletta Zielińska, Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska and Magdalena Izdebska
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021020 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 831
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the female population. The prolonged action of estrogen may affect tumor proliferation. Additionally, a fat-rich diet may have various effects on cancer proliferation, depending on the type of fat. Vitamin D, similarly to estrogen, is [...] Read more.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the female population. The prolonged action of estrogen may affect tumor proliferation. Additionally, a fat-rich diet may have various effects on cancer proliferation, depending on the type of fat. Vitamin D, similarly to estrogen, is a fat-soluble cholesterol derivative. The deficiency of vitamin D correlates with an increased proliferation of breast cancer cells. In turn, doxorubicin is commonly used as a cytostatic in chemotherapy. The study aimed to assess whether vitamin D enhances the anticancer effect of doxorubicin (DOX) in the MCF-7 cell line. The cells were divided into four groups: untreated control, DOX- and vitamin D-treated cells, and cells treated with the combination of compounds in a 1:1 ratio. We applied the MTT colorimetric assay (cell viability analysis), Annexin V/PI assay (cell death analysis), flow cytometry (cell cycle distribution), and fluorescence staining of cytoskeletal proteins (F-actin and vimentin). The type of DOX and vitamin D interaction was estimated based on the Chou–Talalay method. Our results showed that vitamin D and doxorubicin in a 1:1 ratio act synergistically. We observed a decrease in the survival of MCF7 cells. The combination of DOX and vitamin D enhanced the changes in morphology and organization in F-actin and the vimentin network compared to the treatment with the substances separately. In summary, we suggest that natural compounds such as vitamin D may be useful in anticancer treatment in the context of enhancing the cytostatic effects of drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 183 KiB  
Abstract
Huge Modification of the Cell Theory by the Recent Discovery of the Widespread Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
by Irène Tatischeff
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021021 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 563
Abstract
The aim of this work is to discuss the necessity to strongly modify the powerful well-acknowledged cell theory by taking into account the recently discovered universal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). In a great breakthrough, EVs are now known to mediate important cell interconnections, [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to discuss the necessity to strongly modify the powerful well-acknowledged cell theory by taking into account the recently discovered universal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). In a great breakthrough, EVs are now known to mediate important cell interconnections, with many still unknown mechanisms. There is a missing step between the accumulated biological knowledge about EVs during the past two decades and the many recent preclinical searches, dealing with a few human patients compared to controls, for the applications of EVs in oncology. In this case, the huge amount of different cell-derived EVs generates an inextricable complexity. To evidence unknown EV-mediated mechanisms, a simple cell model would be much more convenient. The microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) is ideal to achieve this goal as a wonderful eukaryotic in vitro and in vivo cell model. In 1998, we discovered Dd EVs to be involved in mediating a new multidrug resistance mechanism, and also the normal and physiological release of different EVs during the well-separated growth and starvation-induced differentiation of Dd cells. Moreover, Dd cells have many other advantageous characteristics. Axenic Dd cells are very well suited for conditioned-medium experiments to study the influence of specifically generated Dd EVs upon naive Dd cells, as will be shown in this presentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 168 KiB  
Abstract
Electrical Stimulation Causes Activation of c-Src and Focal Adhesion Kinase in Fibroblasts
by Kazuo Katoh
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021022 - 22 Mar 2023
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Stimulation of the skin and muscles in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion has been shown to increase local blood flow and metabolism or maintain the body in a sustained healthy state. However, little is known about cellular structural changes in response to [...] Read more.
Stimulation of the skin and muscles in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion has been shown to increase local blood flow and metabolism or maintain the body in a sustained healthy state. However, little is known about cellular structural changes in response to the electrical stimulus or how the localization of specific proteins is regulated by such stimulation. Cultured fibroblasts were subject to periodic electrical stimulation for 0 min (the unstimulated control), 2 h, 5 h, and 20 h. After 2 h, cell stress fibers and focal adhesions became enlarged, and the stress fibers exhibited an increase in thickness. Within 20 h of periodic stimulation, both the stress fibers and focal adhesions gradually became larger and thicker. An anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (PY-20) was used to stain the cells after electrical stimulations, which showed the increased staining of focal adhesions. They also exhibited the increased staining of the active form of a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (pY397) and c-Src (pY418), indicating that electrical stimulation had affected certain proteins associated with signal transduction. An ELISA analysis showed that 20 h of electrical stimulation gradually increased the amount of the active form of c-Src until it was approximately tripled, whereas 5 h of electrical stimulation approximately doubled the amount of the active form of FAK, this being the maximum reached. These findings indicate that electrical stimulation stimulates the activity of c-Src and FAK signaling proteins and alters the structure of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 177 KiB  
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 Is Involved in the Functional Liaison between Breast Tumor Cells and the Surrounding Stroma
by Marianna Talia, Francesca Cirillo, Domenica Scordamaglia, Maria Francesca Santolla, Asia Spinelli, Salvatore De Rosis, Lucia Muglia, Azzurra Zicarelli, Anna Maria Miglietta, Marcello Maggiolini and Rosamaria Lappano
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021023 - 27 Mar 2023
Viewed by 863
Abstract
Current advances in molecular profiling methodologies and the accessibility of multi-omics datasets are paving the way toward a better understanding of heterogeneous diseases, including breast cancer (BC). In this regard, we sought to uncover the transcriptional changes triggered by estrogen and insulin in [...] Read more.
Current advances in molecular profiling methodologies and the accessibility of multi-omics datasets are paving the way toward a better understanding of heterogeneous diseases, including breast cancer (BC). In this regard, we sought to uncover the transcriptional changes triggered by estrogen and insulin in a primary BC cell line (BCAHC-1), which expresses the 46kDa isoform of the estrogen receptor (ER)α and the insulin receptor, as we have previously ascertained. Raw data from RNA sequencing of BCAHC-1 cells were processed by the Bcl2Fastq 2.20 version of the Illumina pipeline, while in silico analyses were performed in R Studio using the TCGA dataset. Real-time PCR, immunoblotting, ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were used to identify the molecular events triggered by estrogen and insulin in BCAHC-1 cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Furthermore, migration and invasion assays allowed us to ascertain the mechanisms triggering these biological responses in the presence of the aforementioned hormone treatments. First, we determined that 17β-estradiol (E2) and insulin stimulate a peculiar IL-11 expression and IL-11 secretion in BCAHC-1 cells. Thereafter, bioinformatics analyses confirmed the up-regulation of IL-11 in ER-positive BCs, with respect to adjacent normal tissues, and its association with worse survival. Next, the involvement of IL-11 in pro-metastatic transduction signaling was established via pathway enrichment analyses. Notably, we found that the secretion of IL-11 by BCAHC-1 cells prompts an invasive phenotype of CAFs through the up-regulation of genes belonging to the extracellular matrix organization pathway, namely, the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and integrin alpha 5. Overall, our findings indicate that IL-11 secretion by BC cells may elicit a paracrine action on the surrounding stroma and introduce invasive properties, suggesting that IL-11 could be considered a valuable target in comprehensive treatments of ER-positive BC patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 173 KiB  
Abstract
Identification of an Inherent Bioenergetic and Metabolic Phenotype in Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
by Kai-Christian Sonntag, Woo-In Ryu, Mariana K. Bormann, Eunjung Koh and Bruce M. Cohen
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021024 - 23 Mar 2023
Viewed by 666
Abstract
The pathology of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is still poorly understood, but it is multifactorial and closely related to changes with aging. We developed a cellular platform for collecting skin fibroblasts or blood cells from LOAD patients and non-demented control individuals, which are [...] Read more.
The pathology of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is still poorly understood, but it is multifactorial and closely related to changes with aging. We developed a cellular platform for collecting skin fibroblasts or blood cells from LOAD patients and non-demented control individuals, which are then used in an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) paradigm to produce brain cells for determining LOAD pathogenic processes in the context of age, disease, genetic background, cell development, and cell type. This model has provided evidence for an innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD that is associated with alterations of cellular transcriptomes and lipid compositions, and interconnected cause-and-effect linkages, such as impaired insulin/IGF-1 signaling, bioenergetic substrate deficiencies, diminished glucose metabolism, and disruption of autophagic flux, among others. In addition, a testing of compounds revealed some restoration of these altered bioenergetic and metabolic processes in LOAD cells. Altogether, our studies have identified an inherent LOAD-associated cellular metabolic phenotype as a potential risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases with aging. We propose that our cellular model allows for patient-oriented examination of numerous mechanisms and interactions in LOAD pathogenesis, which can be used as a basis for a personalized medicine approach to predict altered aging and risk of developing dementia, and to test or implement (customized) therapeutic or disease-preventive intervention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 209 KiB  
Abstract
New Insights on Signaling Pathways Deregulated in LAP1-Deficient Cells: A Proteomics Study
by Cátia D. Pereira, Guadalupe Espadas, Filipa Martins, Anne T. Bertrand, Laurent Servais, Eduard Sabidó, Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva and Sandra Rebelo
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021025 - 24 Mar 2023
Viewed by 665
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, despite being rare, represent a major threat to cell homeostasis by compromising nuclear integrity and function as well as nucleocytoplasmic communication. In the last decade, several diseases have been associated to mutations in the TOR1AIP1 [...] Read more.
Mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, despite being rare, represent a major threat to cell homeostasis by compromising nuclear integrity and function as well as nucleocytoplasmic communication. In the last decade, several diseases have been associated to mutations in the TOR1AIP1 gene that codes for lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), a NE protein ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. Although this is suggestive of an important physiological role of LAP1, it remains unclear which cellular activities are regulated by this protein. To address this, we investigated the molecular repercussions of its deficiency in patient-derived skin fibroblasts carrying a pathological LAP1 mutation (p.E482A), previously reported in a case of severe dystonia, cerebellar atrophy and cardiomyopathy. Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), a quantitative proteome analysis was performed to identify up-/downregulated proteins in LAP1 E482A fibroblasts relative to age-matched control fibroblasts. A subsequent functional characterization of the LC–MS/MS-identified differentially expressed proteins using bioinformatics tools unraveled various signaling pathways/biological processes potentially deregulated in LAP1 E482A fibroblasts, such as DNA repair, neurodevelopment and myogenesis, among others. This work sheds light on dysfunctional molecular mechanisms in LAP1-deficient cells, which will contribute to a better understanding of LAP1’s physiological relevance for the maintenance of cell homeostasis and, hopefully, allow the identification of potential therapeutic targets for LAP1-associated pathologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 188 KiB  
Abstract
Impaired Nuclear and Mitochondrial Cross-Talk Might Alter mtDNA Epigenetic Regulation in Maternally Inherited Diabetes- and Deafness-Affected Patients
by Luigi Donato, Concetta Scimone, Simona Alibrandi, Maria Vadalà, Massimo Castellucci, Domenico Mordà, Carmela Rinaldi, Rosalia D’Angelo and Antonina Sidoti
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021026 - 24 Mar 2023
Viewed by 682
Abstract
Mitochondrial pathologies are clinically composite and show highly variable phenotypes amongst all inherited disorders, mainly due to their heteroplasmic nature. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nuclear genome (gDNA), or both, have been reported in mitochondrial diseases, suggesting common pathophysiological pathways. Nuclear [...] Read more.
Mitochondrial pathologies are clinically composite and show highly variable phenotypes amongst all inherited disorders, mainly due to their heteroplasmic nature. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nuclear genome (gDNA), or both, have been reported in mitochondrial diseases, suggesting common pathophysiological pathways. Nuclear gene mutations identified in mitochondrial diseases are mostly involved in mtDNA replication, transcription and translation, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the biosynthesis of mtDNA, nucleoside transport, salvage or synthesis, and the homeostasis of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pool. The m.3243 A>G mtDNA mutation in the MT-TL1 gene coding for the tRNALeu (UUR) is one of the most common mitochondrial disease-causing mutations, with a carrier rate as high as 1:400. Recent studies suggest that patients with the m.3243 A>G mutation present a huge clinical heterogeneity supporting the necessity to investigate the nuclear genome to improve the knowledge on composite mitochondrial disorders, such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) and myopathy. MIDD is a multi-system disorder characterized by diabetes, hearing impairment, and maculopathy but can present several other clinical manifestations. The present study aimed to analyze the whole mitochondrial genome and the whole exome of a clinically characterized MIDD family, negative to the m.3243 A>G variant, and identify mutations in both gDNA and mtDNA, as well as their biological role in their heterogeneous phenotype. The obtained results permitted us to hypothesize that the mitochondrial defects might be due to the epigenetic deregulation of the mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded genes coding for mitochondrial structure and functions. Thus, epigenetic modifications in the context of mitochondrial dysfunctions represent an emerging area of research, possibly useful for innovative mtDNA-related disease differential analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 212 KiB  
Abstract
Modulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling Pathway via All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cells
by John Charles Rotondo, Chiara Mazziotta, Giampaolo Morciano, Christian Felice Cervellera, Giada Badiale, Giulia Tonnini, Giulia Di Mauro, Paolo Pinton, Antoine Touzé, Pauline Gaboriaud, Mauro Tognon and Fernanda Martini
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021027 - 24 Mar 2023
Viewed by 755
Abstract
The biological activity of retinoic acid or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is mediated by retinoic receptors, which are ligand-dependent transcription factors that activate genes crucial for cell differentiation. Dysregulations of retinoic receptor signaling pathway led to carcinogenesis. A strong in vitro/in vivo antitumor [...] Read more.
The biological activity of retinoic acid or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is mediated by retinoic receptors, which are ligand-dependent transcription factors that activate genes crucial for cell differentiation. Dysregulations of retinoic receptor signaling pathway led to carcinogenesis. A strong in vitro/in vivo antitumor activity of ATRA by modulating the retinoic pathway has been proved in carcinoma of different histotypes. However, the effect of this molecule in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin neoplasm of viral origin in 80% of cases, is unknown. Herein, we investigated the antineoplastic effect of ATRA in Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)-positive/-negative MCC cells and in human fibroblasts as controls. The antineoplastic effect of ATRA was evaluated at day 3 of treatment by testing MCC cell proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity. Apoptosis/cell death and cell cycle were evaluated via Annexin-V/propidium iodide (P.I.) and TALI assays, respectively. Apoptotic and retinoic pathways were evaluated by RT2 Profiler PCR mRNA array, which allows the analysis of pro/anti-apoptotic and retinoic pathway genes (84 + 84 genes), as well as by Western blot (WB) analysis. ATRA treatment led to a strong reduction in MCC cell proliferation, migration and clonogenicity, while inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis/death in MCC cells, with a more pronounced effect in MCPyV-positive MCC cells. A significant overexpression of various pro-apoptotic markers in ATRA-treated MCC cells compared to untreated cells was determined by gene expression array and WB analyses. No phenotypic and molecular effects were identified in ATRA-treated fibroblast control cells. Upon ATRA treatments in MCC cells, numerous retinoic signaling genes, such as BMP2, FOXA1, MAFB, RBP4, OLIG2, UCP1 were found to be differentially expressed compared to untreated cells. Our in vitro data indicate that ATRA is effective in reducing MCC cell growth while presenting strong pro-apoptotic effects and favoring cell cycle arrest/death via retinoic receptor signaling pathway regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 175 KiB  
Abstract
Maternal Hyperhomocysteinemia Disturbs the Brain Development and Maturation in Offspring
by Dmitrii S. Vasilev, Anastasiia D. Shcherbitskaia, Natalia L. Tumanova, Yulia P. Milyutina, Anna A. Kovalenko, Nadezhda M. Dubrovskaya, Anastasiia V. Mikhel, Daria B. Inozemtseva, Irina V. Zalozniaia and Alexander V. Arutjunyan
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021028 - 27 Mar 2023
Viewed by 655
Abstract
The effect of the homocysteine toxicity on both mother and embryo is known to induce disruption of placental blood flow and disturbances of the brain formation in offspring. The mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood and should be studied. The effects of [...] Read more.
The effect of the homocysteine toxicity on both mother and embryo is known to induce disruption of placental blood flow and disturbances of the brain formation in offspring. The mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood and should be studied. The effects of prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia (pHHC) on the expression of some neuronal genes, neural tissue maturation and neuronal migration were analyzed in this study. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in female rats by per os administration of 0.15% aqueous methionine solution during pregnancy. On P5–P20 some features of developmental delay were observed in both cortical and hippocampus tissue ultrastructure in pHHC pups, accompanied by a retardation in body weight and motor development. In hippocampus tissue of P20 pHHC pups of synaptic glomeruli were absence suggesting more essential tissue immaturity compared to the cortical one. In pHHC pupst was shown decreased number and disturbed positioning of the neuronal cells labeled on E14 or E18, suggesting decrease in generation of cortical neuroblasts and disturbance in their radial migration into the cortical plate. On E14 the expression of the Kdr gene (an angiogenesis system component) was decreased in pHHC fetus brains. The content of SEMA3E and the MMP-2 activity level was increased. On E20 the increase in proBDNF/mBDNF ratio was also shown in pHHC pups, it might affect positioning maturation and viability of neuronal cell. The activation of caspase-3 accompanied by decrease in the level of procaspase-8 in the brain tissue of E20 pHHC fetuses may suggest the presence of cell apoptosis. It can be concluded that pHHC disturbs the mechanisms of early brain development and delay in brain tissue maturation in both neocortex and hippocampus of pups during early postnatal ontogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 179 KiB  
Abstract
The Rab11 Family Controls Signalling to the Cytoskeleton for Cell Migration and Invasion
by Patrick Caswell, Jakub Gemperle, Chloe Flett and Beverley Wilson
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021029 - 27 Mar 2023
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Abstract
Endocytic recycling controls the return of internalised cargos to the plasma membrane to coordinate their positioning, availability and downstream signalling. The Rab4 and Rab11 small GTPase families regulate distinct recycling routes, broadly classified as fast recycling from early endosomes (Rab4) and slow recycling [...] Read more.
Endocytic recycling controls the return of internalised cargos to the plasma membrane to coordinate their positioning, availability and downstream signalling. The Rab4 and Rab11 small GTPase families regulate distinct recycling routes, broadly classified as fast recycling from early endosomes (Rab4) and slow recycling from perinuclear recycling endosomes (Rab11), and both routes handle a broad range of overlapping cargos to regulate cell behaviour. We have previously shown that Rab11 regulates the recycling of integrins to promote cancer cell migration and invasion, at least in part by controlling RhoGTPase activity at the leading edge, but the mechanisms that underpin cytoskeleton regulation by Rab11 family members are still unclear. We adopted a proximity labelling approach, BioID, to identify and compare the protein complexes recruited by Rab4a, Rab11a and Rab25 (a Rab11 family member implicated in cancer aggressiveness), revealing robust protein–protein interaction networks of well-characterised, new cargos and trafficking machinery in migratory cancer cells. Gene ontological analysis of these interconnected networks revealed that these endocytic recycling pathways are intrinsically connected to cell motility and cell adhesion, and we demonstrate that several of these new Rab11 and Rab25 associated proteins are required for efficient cancer cell migration in a 3D matrix. Rab11 and Rab25 vesicles are found at the perinuclear recycling compartment but also in the tips of protrusions in cells moving in a 3D matrix. This leads us to speculate that these recycling pathways deliver cargos to directly promote protrusion formation and extension. To test this, we established a magneto-genetic approach to physically re-localise Rab25 vesicles in cells in 2D and 3D matrices. Using this technique, we are able to show that repositioning of Rab25 vesicles to the cell cortex promotes the formation of protrusions in a manner dependent on actin-polymerising protein formins, but not Arp2/3. Together, these data reveal a direct role for Rab11 family members in directing cytoskeletal signalling to promote cancer cell invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Regulation of Extrasynaptic Glutamatergic Signaling by Polysialylated NCAM in Health and Disease
by Alexander Dityatev
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021030 - 03 Apr 2023
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Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is known to mediate cell–to–cell and cell–to–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion via homophilic and heterophilic interactions. During brain development, NCAM and the associated glycan, polysialic acid (polySia), play important roles in cell migration proliferation, neurite outgrowth and fasciculation, [...] Read more.
The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is known to mediate cell–to–cell and cell–to–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion via homophilic and heterophilic interactions. During brain development, NCAM and the associated glycan, polysialic acid (polySia), play important roles in cell migration proliferation, neurite outgrowth and fasciculation, and synaptogenesis. In the adult rodent brain, NCAM regulates synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Dysregulated cortical expression of NCAM and polySia has been reported in Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. Our data demonstrate i) the importance of polySia–NCAM in the balancing of signaling through synaptic/extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and ii) the therapeutic value of short defined-length polySia fragments to restrain GluN2B-mediated signaling in several animal models of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
1 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Probiotic Engineering: Resolving How Fermentable Sugars Affect Aggregation, Adhesion, and Aggression in Lactobacillaceae
by Ronit Suissa, Michael Meijler, Omry Koren and Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021031 - 04 Apr 2023
Viewed by 842
Abstract
Lactobacillaceae are Gram-positive and lactic acid-positive (LAB) bacteria that frequently serve as probiotics. LAB strains vary in their responses to different carbohydrates as free-living and biofilm communities. We previously found that fermentable sugars triggered an altered carrying capacity with strain specificity during planktonic [...] Read more.
Lactobacillaceae are Gram-positive and lactic acid-positive (LAB) bacteria that frequently serve as probiotics. LAB strains vary in their responses to different carbohydrates as free-living and biofilm communities. We previously found that fermentable sugars triggered an altered carrying capacity with strain specificity during planktonic growth, calling for adding a buffering system during the formulation of probiotics. In addition, a heterogeneous response to fermentable sugars was manifested in microbial aggregation (measured by image-stream flow cytometry), colony development, and attachment to mucin. Of all the probiotic strains, L. rhamnosus GG (LGG), a prevalent probiotic species, manifested an enhanced survival of self-imposed acid stress, consistent with the enhanced cell wall modulation observed by transmitting electron microscopy and proteomic analysis. A comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic study revealed that the formation of biofilms and aggregation capacity is a specific response to glucose independent of self-imposed acid stress. In contrast, the increased competitiveness and aggression of LGG and other LAB strains towards enteric pathogens were a synergistic outcome of a change in organic acid production, glucose-dependent bacteriocin production, and fermentation-specific volatile production. Our improved resolution into the cellular circuits (metabolome, proteome, and volatilome) of probiotic strains and their interactions can lead to developing novel therapeutic approaches to combat GI tract infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
2 pages, 179 KiB  
Abstract
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells from Diabetic and Nondiabetics Improve Retinal Pathology in Diabetic Mice
by Chang-Hyun Gil, Dibyendu Chakraborty, Cristiano P. Vieira, Nutan Prasain, Sergio Li Calzi, Seth D. Fortmann, Ping Hu, Kimihiko Banno, Mohamed Jamal, Chao Huang, Micheli S. Sielski, Yang Lin, Xinxin Huang, Mariana D. Dupont, Jason L. Floyd, Ram Prasad, Ana Leda F. Longhini, Trevor J. McGill, Hyung-Min Chung, Michael P. Murphy, Darrell N. Kotton, Michael E. Boulton, Mervin C. Yoder and Maria B. Grantadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021033 - 14 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1084
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) cells have the proliferative potential and ability to differentiate into numerous cell types [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)

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2 pages, 176 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Exploring the Effect of PAK Inhibition in a 3D Pancreatic Cancer Invasion Model
by Marianne Best, Debashis Sarker and Claire M. Wells
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 21(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023021032 - 14 Apr 2023
Viewed by 871
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer, with over half of patients presenting with metastatic PDAC at diagnosis. Most patients receive conventional chemotherapy which invariably faces resistance, and a key facilitator in this is the PDAC stroma which acts as a functional [...] Read more.
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer, with over half of patients presenting with metastatic PDAC at diagnosis. Most patients receive conventional chemotherapy which invariably faces resistance, and a key facilitator in this is the PDAC stroma which acts as a functional mediator of disease progression through bilateral crosstalk between stromal cells and cancer cells. ‘Migrastatics’ are a new drug class which target cell migration pathway effector proteins to attenuate cancer cell invasion. Improvement in PDAC treatment strategy is well-overdue and migrastatics as adjuvant therapy is one avenue gaining traction. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family is frequently overexpressed and/or amplified in PDAC where it regulates cytoskeletal actin contractility as well as transcription. Pre-clinical PAK inhibitors have shown reduced PDAC cell invasion in vitro, yet it is unknown how the PDAC stromal cells would respond to a PAK inhibitor and how this could consequently affect PDAC invasion. My PhD project investigates the Pancreatic stellate cell response to PAK inhibition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Cells, Cells and Nothing but Cells: Discoveries, Challenges and Directions)
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