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Biol. Life Sci. Forum, 2022, IECPS 2021

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants

Online | 1–15 December 2021

Volume Editors:
Adriano Sofo, The University of Basilicata, Italy
Feibo Wu, Zhejiang University, China
Carmen Arena, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Fulai Liu, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Iker Aranjuelo Michelena, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB-CSIC), Spain
Suresh Awale, University of Toyama, Japan
Giedrė Samuolienė, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Lithuania
Dimitris L. Bouranis, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece

Number of Papers: 96
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Science was held from 1 to 15 December 2021 in Sciforum. The Conference deepened plant research at all levels, from the molecular through to the [...] Read more.
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1 pages, 166 KiB  
Abstract
Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Tomato Foliar and Fruit Diseases
by Panagiota Ntasiou, Eleftherios Vellis, Antreas Giannopoulos and George S. Karaoglanidis
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11987 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 631
Abstract
Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea and Late Blight caused by Phytophthora infestans are the most important foliar and fruit diseases that affect tomato. The application of fungicides is the main control measure for these diseases. However, the development of resistance to single-site [...] Read more.
Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea and Late Blight caused by Phytophthora infestans are the most important foliar and fruit diseases that affect tomato. The application of fungicides is the main control measure for these diseases. However, the development of resistance to single-site inhibitors by both pathogens necessitates research for the development of alternative products. Initially, four novel nano-copper (Cu-NPs) formulations were evaluated in vitro. The two most efficient formulations (CN_S4_X1 and CC_S4_X2) from the in vitro assay were further evaluated for their efficacy against B. cinerea and P. infestans on tomato seedling plants (cv. Belladona) during the fourth true leaf growth stage under controlled environmental conditions. To evaluate the protective and curative activity of the Cu-NPs that were tested, spray treatments were conducted 24, 48, and 96 h before (protective treatments) or after (curative treatments) the inoculation of the plants. For each plant, the disease severity value was measured as follows: 0 = no disease symptom; 1 = disease symptoms covered 20% of the leaf; 2 = disease symptoms covered 50% of the leaf; 3 = disease symptoms covered 70% of the leaf; and 4 = dead leaf. For both pathogens, disease severity on the plants that were treated curatively was higher than it was in plants that had been treated preventively. The applications of the two Cu-NPs against B. cinerea 24 h prior the inoculation led to lower disease severity with means of 1.5 and 1.3, respectively, compared to 48 h and 96 h before or after inoculation. Disease severity was significantly higher on plants treated with the commercial copper products. Similarly, the two Cu-NPs that were tested were found to be highly effective against P. infestans and resulted in lower disease severity at 24 h and 48 h pre-/post-inoculation. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the optimization of tomato disease control and to reduce the yield losses caused through the use of a new generation of biocides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
2 pages, 208 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Essential Oil on Metabolite Profile of Solanum tuberosum 
by Milena Nikolova, Boryanka Traykova and Strahil Berkov
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11940 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 625
Abstract
Essential oils are intensively studied in recent years as promising bio-herbicides. A strong inhibitory activity on seed germination and phytotoxic effect on seedling growth has been reported for Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart essential oil. It has also been found that the [...] Read more.
Essential oils are intensively studied in recent years as promising bio-herbicides. A strong inhibitory activity on seed germination and phytotoxic effect on seedling growth has been reported for Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart essential oil. It has also been found that the phytotoxic effect is weaker in the treatment of plants at a more advanced stage in their development. Thus, when treating potato plants with a height of 30–40 cm with aqueous solutions of essential oil, the effect manifests by the appearance of single spots on the leaves, which does not disturb the growth of the plants. In the present study, a comparative analysis was performed regarding the metabolic profiles of healthy leaves of control potato plants and leaves with spots formed as a result of processing with aqueous solutions of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum essential oil. The metabolite analysis was made by GC–MS. Potato plants were treated with concentrations of essential oil—5 and 10 µL/mL. The leaves were collected 7 days after treatment. Metabolites representing basic groups of substances—namely, amino acids, organic and phenolic acids, and mono- and disaccharides—were identified. In the damaged leaves, higher contents of monosaccharides (fructose and glucose), pyroglutamic acid, and amino acids (proline, serine, aspartic acid) were found, compared with control leaves. Fewer differences were found in terms of the accumulation of chlorogenic, ferulic, and quinic acids, sucrose. The results presented in this study contribute to the knowledge of plants’ reactions to abiotic stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
1 pages, 161 KiB  
Abstract
Formulation of Biocontrol Agents: A Patent Landscape Analysis
by Ahmed Fatimi
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12053 - 07 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 570
Abstract
This form of patent analysis includes information that could be used as a reference by researchers in the fields of agriculture and plants, as well as those interested particularly in biological control (biocontrol) agents for agriculture. The state has been reviewed by introducing [...] Read more.
This form of patent analysis includes information that could be used as a reference by researchers in the fields of agriculture and plants, as well as those interested particularly in biological control (biocontrol) agents for agriculture. The state has been reviewed by introducing what has been patented concerning biocontrol agents. During a search, 2260 patent documents have been found. The United States was ranked first with 658 patent documents; 2015 was the year with the maximum number of patent documents (277). The patent classification codes reveal that most inventions are intended for biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, or substances produced by or obtained from microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, or animals; as well as biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant, or the plant growth regulatory activity of chemical compounds or preparations, such as insecticides and fungicides. Knowledge clusters and expert driving factors of this patent analysis indicate that research and development are based on the formulation of biocontrol agents that are concentrated in most patents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
2 pages, 207 KiB  
Abstract
Determination of CBD in Ethanol Extracts Prepared from Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivar Beniko Using Dynamic Maceration and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction
by Milena Szalata, Mariola Dreger, Grażyna Mańkowska, Małgorzata Górska-Paukszta, Marcin Ożarowski and Karolina Wielgus
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12038 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 843
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been known as a source of fibres, oil and medicines since ancient times (4000 B.C.). Currently, there is an increasing interest in fibrous hemp as a source of compounds with pharmacological activity. Cannabis is rich in biologically [...] Read more.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been known as a source of fibres, oil and medicines since ancient times (4000 B.C.). Currently, there is an increasing interest in fibrous hemp as a source of compounds with pharmacological activity. Cannabis is rich in biologically active compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, sugars, alkaloids and the most well-known unique cannabinoids including psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Quickly increasing interest in using low-THC (<0.2%) hemp requires the development of efficient methods for extracting bioactive substances. Conventional methods of cannabinoid extraction, such as Soxhlet extraction or maceration, require longer extraction times and large amounts of solvent. The addition of ultrasounds or mixing may support the process of extracting bioactive compounds. The aim of the study was to compare CBD extraction methods for Cannabis sativa. For extraction with ethanol (40%, 60% and 80%), fresh panicles of monoecious hemp variety Beniko (2.55% CBD and 0.06% THC), allowed for cultivation in Europe, were selected. After harvesting, the panicles were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer (−20 °C). For extraction, dynamic maceration was used, during which, the plant material was shaken in the dark (100 rpm, 72 h), and ultrasound-assisted extraction was carried out (45 Hz, 0.5 h). Analysis showed the highest content of CBD (361.3 µg/mL) during extraction with 80% ethanol combined with ultrasound. On the other hand, dynamic extraction with 60% ethanol allowed us to obtain 352.7 µg/mL of CBD. In the case of ultrasound-assisted extraction, a significantly lower content of CBD was observed at the 303.4 µg/mL level for extraction, with 40% and 301.4 µg/mL for 60% ethanol in comparison with the higher content of CBD (361.3 µg/mL) obtained during extraction with 80% ethanol. In contrast, dynamic maceration with 40% ethanol showed a significantly low content of CBD at the 252.6 µg/mL level, and the application of 60% ethanol increased CBD content to 352.7 µg/mL, which was significantly high, whereas extraction with 80% ethanol provided 331.9 µg/mL of CBD. In addition, extraction with dynamic maceration revealed significant differences in level of THC, and in 40% ethanol, the lowest content THC (10.0 µg/mL) was observed, and in 80% ethanol, the highest content of THC (17.7 µg/mL) was observed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction showed unimportant changes in the level of THC from 11.4 µg/mL in 40% ethanol to 15.6 µg/mL in 80% ethanol, respectively. The use of ultrasound supported the extraction by faster mass transfer and uniform mixing, which accelerated the extraction of compounds, which was shown in the extraction with 80% ethanol. A similar effect at a lower ethanol concentration (60%) was observed when dynamic maceration was used. The obtained results indicate that the most efficient method of extraction is ultrasound-assisted extraction; however, dynamic maceration with shaking may be an alternative method. These methods can be used to obtain high-quality extracts containing bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical purposes and food production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
7 pages, 581 KiB  
Abstract
Differential Tolerance of Cowpea Cultivars to Osmotic Stress in Germinative Phase: A Multivariate Approach
by Letícia Kenia Bessa de Oliveira, Maria Lílian dos Santos Silva, Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira, Aiala Vieira Amorim, Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias and Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11994 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 613
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the behavior of different cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. to osmotic stress, from germination to vigor parameters. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 14 × 4 factorial arrangement, with fourteen cultivars and four levels [...] Read more.
This study aimed to characterize the behavior of different cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. to osmotic stress, from germination to vigor parameters. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 14 × 4 factorial arrangement, with fourteen cultivars and four levels of osmotic potential (0, −0.1, −0.2, and −0.4 MPa) of the germination solution. BRS-Novaera and BRS-Pajeú cultivars were characterized with possible tolerance at both the −0.1 and −0.2 MPa levels. The study pointed to the BRS-Pujante cultivar as the most sensitive to the −0.4 MPa level. The multivariate technique used allowed for a satisfactory characterization of the treatments adopted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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2 pages, 222 KiB  
Abstract
Comparison between Different Extraction Methods in the Recovery of Bioactive Molecules from Melissa officinalis L. under Sustainable Cultivation: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization
by Izamara de Oliveira, Sandrina Heleno, Márcio Carocho, Maria José Alves, Josiana Vaz, Maria Inês Dias, Celestino S. Buelga, Spyridon Petropoulos, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, Antonios Chrysargyris, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira and Lillian Barros
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12020 - 12 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1212
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L., from the Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants with potential in the market. With the passing of time, the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of some illness has gone from [...] Read more.
Melissa officinalis L., from the Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants with potential in the market. With the passing of time, the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of some illness has gone from the simplest forms of local treatment to the industrial manufacture of phytotherapics. In addition to their medicinal effect, they can also be used in the form of infusions and decoctions and in various food preparations. In this sense, the objective of this work was to compare three different extraction methods: infusion (100% water), maceration (80:20 ethanol: water v:v) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) under previous optimized extraction conditions (33.0 ± 3.2 min, 371.7 ± 19.3 W and 39.9 ± 1.4% ethanol), in plants grown under sustainable cultivation under full irrigation in June. The parameters studied included bioactive evaluation by antioxidant (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances—TBARS), cytotoxicity (sulforhodamine B) and anti-inflammatory (RAW cells) assays. The composition of phenolic compounds and organic acids was also studied by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD, respectively. According to the obtained results, eight phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, being rosmarinic acid the main one for the three extraction methods (infusion: 107.1 ± 0.9 mg/g extract; maceration: 155.7 ± 0.3 mg/g extract; UAE: 118.7 ± 0.6 mg/g extract). For Lithospermic acid A isomer (25.25 ± 0.01 mg/g) and Hydroxylsalvianolic E (111.70 ± 2.20 mg/g), the UAE revealed the lowest content of individual polyphenols, whereas maceration recorded the highest extractability. On the other hand, the content of six of the eight polyphenols detected for the ultrasound-assisted extraction was similar to the infusion and maceration methods. In terms of antioxidant activity, the infusions showed the highest capacity (3.00 ± 0.14 μg/mL), followed by maceration (5.33 ± 0.30 μg/mL) and UAE (12 ± 0.15 μg/mL). The highest anti-inflammatory activity was verified for the infusion (244 ± 11 μg/mL), followed by UAE (305 ± 9 μg/mL), with no activity recorded for the maceration extract (>400 μg/mL). The antitumor properties were evaluated in five cell lines, with the best results being recorded for infusion, except AGS (24 ± 1 μg/mL) where the best results were for the UAE; being the maceration extract more active against NCI-H460 (190 ± 7 μg/mL). It is therefore concluded that the extraction method that contributes to the highest obtainment of phenolic compounds is maceration, followed by infusion and ultrasound-assisted extraction. As for the bioactive and antioxidant compounds, infusion is the most efficient method, followed by maceration and ultrasound. Overall, these natural extracts are interesting ingredients, capable of replacing counterparts of synthetic origin, and can find wide applications in the industrial sector (e.g., food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies). Additionally, emphasizing the high contents in rosmarinic acid and the obtained bioactivity make these samples of great interest to increase their production to obtain extracts enriched with this bioactive molecule. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
2 pages, 188 KiB  
Abstract
Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.): A Promising Biosaline Crop. Extraction, Purification and Chemical Characterization of Polar Extracts
by Diletta Piatti, Simone Angeloni, Giovanni Caprioli, Filippo Maggi, Massimo Ricciutelli, Lolita Arnoldi and Gianni Sagratini
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12033 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 792
Abstract
Crithmum maritimum known by several popular names such as finocchio marino, critmo, cretamo, spaccasassi, bacicci, basiggia, erba di San Pietro and salissia, is a perennial halophyte that thrives on coastal cliffs and sometimes in sandy beaches [...] Read more.
Crithmum maritimum known by several popular names such as finocchio marino, critmo, cretamo, spaccasassi, bacicci, basiggia, erba di San Pietro and salissia, is a perennial halophyte that thrives on coastal cliffs and sometimes in sandy beaches along the Mediterranean, Pacific and Atlantic coasts [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
1 pages, 159 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Plant-Based Biostimulants, Used Alone or in Combination, on Yield and Quality of Rocket Plants
by Maria Giordano
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11997 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 464
Abstract
The climatic conditions over the last few decades were estimated to be the warmest of any previous decade using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change refers to anomalous, intense, and catastrophic climatic events directly linked to an increase in temperature [...] Read more.
The climatic conditions over the last few decades were estimated to be the warmest of any previous decade using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change refers to anomalous, intense, and catastrophic climatic events directly linked to an increase in temperature on Earth. These include hurricanes, floods, melting glaciers, etc. In this context, agriculture is subject to strong abiotic stresses that compromise food safety. It is therefore necessary to resort to agricultural practices that reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment and guarantee crop production. An important answer to this problem comes from the use of biostimulants in agriculture. These are microorganisms and molecules of natural origin able to increase fertilizer effectiveness by limiting their use. In this study, two different plant-based biostimulants were used alone and in combination to test their effectiveness on production, mineral content, and some quality parameters of greenhouse-grown rocket plants. Biostimulant treatments showed an average increase of 48.1% in the total yield and of 37.2% in the dry biomass of the plants compared with control plants without significant differences among treatments. Increases in chlorophyll, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were also detected in the presence of the two biostimulants. The vitamin C content increased compared with the control when the two biostimulants were combined. This study focused on biostimulants as eco-sustainable products able to increase the yield and quality of crops such as rocket plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
1 pages, 183 KiB  
Abstract
The Impact of Aphids’ Herbivory on the Expression of Subtilisin-like Protease Gene in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings
by Hubert Sytykiewicz, Magdalena Ruszczyńska, Paweł Czerniewicz and Monika Adamczyk
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11932 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 475
Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) feeding on the expression of the subtilisin-like protease gene (LOC100285183) in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The plant material included 14-day-old seedlings of two selected [...] Read more.
The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) feeding on the expression of the subtilisin-like protease gene (LOC100285183) in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The plant material included 14-day-old seedlings of two selected maize cultivars: Ambrozja and Tasty Sweet (relatively resistant and susceptible to the aphids, respectively). The maize plants were artificially infested with adult apterae females of R. padi (0, 30, 60 and 90 aphids per plant) for 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Gene expression quantification was performed using the real-time qRT-PCR technique. The obtained results were normalized to the actin-2 gene, and the relative expression of the subtilisin-like protease gene was assessed by the comparative Ct (ΔΔCt) method. Overall, the relatively aphid-resistant (Ambrozja cv.) maize seedlings were characterized with up to 2.5-fold higher upregulation of the examined gene compared with the aphid-susceptible (Tasty Sweet cv.) plants. In addition, the magnitude of the gene expression increase was dependent on insect abundance and duration of infestation time. The performed survey unveiled the crucial involvement of the subtilisin-like protease gene in perception of the biotic stress signal linked to the bird cherry-oat aphids’ feeding on tissues of maize host plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
1 pages, 180 KiB  
Abstract
Phenotypic Characterization of Lentil Genotypes for P Uptake and Utilization Efficiency at Seedling Stage
by Vinita Ramtekey, Ruchi Bansal, Harsh Kumar Dikshit, Gyan Prakash Mishra and Sanjay Kumar
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11942 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential, non-renewable nutrient for crop productivity worldwide. P is immobilized in the soil, which limits its uptake and utilization by the plants. Breeding for P uptake and utilization efficiency is the most sustainable strategy for employing available resources in [...] Read more.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential, non-renewable nutrient for crop productivity worldwide. P is immobilized in the soil, which limits its uptake and utilization by the plants. Breeding for P uptake and utilization efficiency is the most sustainable strategy for employing available resources in the best possible way. The present study was carried out to identify P uptake and utilization efficient lines under low p condition at seedling stage in lentil. A set of diverse lentil genotypes (85) belonging to six different Lens species was screened under normal and low P condition in hydroponics under controlled environment. Significant reduction in root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) was evident under low P condition. TDW, SDW and RDW were significantly correlated to P uptake efficiency (PupE) and P utilization efficiency (PutiE) in lentil. PupE ranged from 19.50 to 266.49 mg plant−1 under low P and PutiE ranged from 30.53% to 97.50%. Based on the TDW under low P, EC718309, EC718348, and EC718332 were found promising for PupE, while PL06 and EC718332 exhibited better PutiE. EC718332 was observed as an efficient and responsive genotype for both P uptake and utilization. These identified genotypes can be used as a trait donor for breeding lentil varieties in a low P environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)

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7 pages, 1350 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Exogenous Nitric Oxide Promotes Growth and Enhances Tolerance against Drought Stress in Banana
by Su-Ee Lau and Boon Chin Tan
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11943 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 829
Abstract
Drought stress is a major factor limiting crop yield. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signal molecule that plays diverse roles in plant growth and defensive responses. However, little is known about the role of NO produced by plants under drought stress. In [...] Read more.
Drought stress is a major factor limiting crop yield. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signal molecule that plays diverse roles in plant growth and defensive responses. However, little is known about the role of NO produced by plants under drought stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, on root growth and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress in bananas. Exogenous supply of NO improved root growth. We then applied a gel-based proteomic approach to investigate the root responses of bananas to define the role of NO. Ten proteins from 26 protein spots were identified using mass spectrometry. The majority of these proteins were stress-response and carbohydrate and energy metabolism-related proteins. An exposure to PEG led to a significant reduction in plant growth. However, the application of SNP significantly alleviated the inhibiting effect of the drought stress in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the cPTIO (an NO scavenger) at a concentration equimolar to the SNP reversed the effect, suggesting that the promotive effects may be due to NO itself. These findings suggest that exogenously applied NO can appreciably improve drought tolerance in bananas, affirming its role in this stress-survival mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 507 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Rapid Assessment of Protein Structural Changes from Frost Damage: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Pittosporum spinescens (Apiales)
by Joel B. Johnson
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11945 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Frost damage remains an important driver of floral ecological dynamics in certain areas of the Australian landscape. However, the responses of native Australian species to frost damage remain largely understudied. Here, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, conducted on intact leaves, [...] Read more.
Frost damage remains an important driver of floral ecological dynamics in certain areas of the Australian landscape. However, the responses of native Australian species to frost damage remain largely understudied. Here, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, conducted on intact leaves, was used to monitor changes in the protein secondary structures of Pittosporum spinescens upon exposure to below-zero temperatures. The dominant secondary structures present in fresh leaves were the inter-molecular aggregates (40%), α-helices (20%), β-sheets (15%) and random coil structures (14%). During simulated severe frost (−18 °C), a reduction in α-helices and increase in the amount of inter-molecular structures were observed, followed by transmutation of the latter into anti-parallel β-sheets or another form of inter-molecular structures. After 6 h, the dominant protein secondary structures were anti-parallel β-sheets and inter-molecular aggregates (ca. 64% and 17%, respectively), with only small amounts of α-helices (4%), β-sheets (9%) and random coil structures (5%) present. Overall, this indicates a reduction in the organisation level of protein secondary structures, resulting in a probable loss of function and considerable damage to the functional activity of any proteins in the leaves. The technique of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy should be considered by future researchers interested in investigating responses to frost damage in other species, particularly at an ecological level. Portable FTIR instrumentation would greatly expand the potential range of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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10 pages, 273 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Spirotetramat Application on Salicylic Acid, Antioxidative Enzymes, Amino Acids, Mineral Elements, and Soluble Carbohydrates in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
by Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Sajjad Reyhani Haghighi, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Khalil Talebi, Ute Roessner and Ana Winters
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11921 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163
Abstract
Pesticide application may have adverse effects on crop plants. This study provides initial evidence on the effect of spirotetramat, an insecticide, on plant physiological characteristics as a non-target organism. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) exposed to spirotetramat were studied 10 days after [...] Read more.
Pesticide application may have adverse effects on crop plants. This study provides initial evidence on the effect of spirotetramat, an insecticide, on plant physiological characteristics as a non-target organism. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) exposed to spirotetramat were studied 10 days after treatment. There was an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The amounts of malondialdehyde, total chlorophyll, and hydrogen peroxide in addition to electrolyte leakage index were not affected by spirotetramat. Further biochemical analyses revealed an increase in the content of some amino acids, as well as sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The concentration of salicylic acid and also minerals like calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, nitrogen, and magnesium were elevated in spirotetramat-treated plants. Results have shown that spirotetramat can manipulate cucumber plant physiology by inducing biochemical responses that are reflected in changes in antioxidative enzymes, amino acids, soluble carbohydrates, salicylic acid, and mineral elements. Contrary to previous documents suggesting that plants are less influenced by insecticides in conducted conditions, our results show that cucumber plants can be affected by spirotetramat at the recommended rate in different biochemical aspects in greenhouses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
6 pages, 8456 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
MicroRNA-Based and Proteomics Fingerprinting of Avena sativa L. Genotypes
by Katarína Ražná, Zdenka Gálová, Želmíra Balážová, Milan Chňapek and Ľubomír Harenčár
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11917 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 839
Abstract
Regulatory potential of microRNAs in growth, metabolism, and stress adaptation is well known. In total, 15 common oat genotypes were performed by miRNA-based markers. Markers involved in MiRNAs sequences provide an effective type of putative functional markers. Markers involved to photosynthesis regulation, growth, [...] Read more.
Regulatory potential of microRNAs in growth, metabolism, and stress adaptation is well known. In total, 15 common oat genotypes were performed by miRNA-based markers. Markers involved in MiRNAs sequences provide an effective type of putative functional markers. Markers involved to photosynthesis regulation, growth, and biomass production (miR408, miR156) generated 40% of all amplified loci. Those associated with nutrition accumulation and homeostasis (miR827 and miR399) generated 29% and stress-responsive markers (miR398 and miR858) 31%. Proteomics approaches (SDS and A-PAGE electrophoresis) detected sufficient diversity between the analyzed samples and genetic-related dendrograms were constructed based on the electrophoretic profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 242 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Does Cryopreservation Improve the Quality of Tomato Seeds?
by Nadiia Shevchenko, Tetiana Miroshnichenko, Anna Mozgovska, Natalia Bashtan, Galyna Kovalenko and Tetiana Ivchenko
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11995 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 791
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetables with world economic importance. However, a large number of viruses that damage tomato plants can lead to enormous crop losses. In our work, we investigated the effect of liquid nitrogen on the growth [...] Read more.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetables with world economic importance. However, a large number of viruses that damage tomato plants can lead to enormous crop losses. In our work, we investigated the effect of liquid nitrogen on the growth and development of plants of three tomato cultivars in the field. An increase in the total and marketable yields of the plants grown from cryopreserved seeds was obtained. The height of the plants and the number of internodes for all the cultivars did not change significantly. A decrease in the total number of viral and fungal plants was observed for two cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
9 pages, 3759 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
ER Mutations Affect the Localization of Plant-Specific Insert (PSI) B in Arabidopsis
by Tatiana Cardoso, Susana Pereira, José Pissarra and Cláudia Pereira
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11930 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1100
Abstract
The ER is considered the hub of the secretory pathway, as newly synthesized proteins are distributed to other organelles from this location. Accordingly, alterations of ER structure or organization may have an impact on protein trafficking or, at least, the way proteins exit [...] Read more.
The ER is considered the hub of the secretory pathway, as newly synthesized proteins are distributed to other organelles from this location. Accordingly, alterations of ER structure or organization may have an impact on protein trafficking or, at least, the way proteins exit the ER. In this work, we intended to explore this problem by combining Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered ER structure with the expression of known vacuolar markers. The mutants nai GFP-h and leb-2 GFP-h, both involved in ER body biogenesis, were selected from the NASC database and were transiently transformed with the vacuolar marker PSI B–mCherry. Our results showed that PSI B is more secreted in the nai GFP-h mutant, whereas, in the leb-2 GFP-h mutant, PSI B–mCherry is less secreted and mainly accumulated in the vacuole, showing an opposite behavior when comparing to PSI B expression in wildtype. Therefore, the nai mutation increased the secretion to the cell wall, whereas the leb mutation increased the accumulation in the vacuole. We discuss whether the alterations in the ER may play a role in these processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 3353 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Crown Position and Rootstock Genotype Influence Leaf Stomatal Density in Macadamia sp.
by Sam Wakefield, Bruce Topp and Mobashwer Alam
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11922 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 932
Abstract
We investigated the effects of three rootstocks (Beaumont, Daddow, and WJMAS-29) and two crown positions (north and south) on abaxial leaf stomatal density (SD) of a common macadamia scion ‘HAES741’. Manual counting and artificial intelligence (AI) image processing methods were used to measure [...] Read more.
We investigated the effects of three rootstocks (Beaumont, Daddow, and WJMAS-29) and two crown positions (north and south) on abaxial leaf stomatal density (SD) of a common macadamia scion ‘HAES741’. Manual counting and artificial intelligence (AI) image processing methods were used to measure SD from the leaves of the scion grafted onto each rootstock. In both methods, rootstock and crown position showed significant effects on scion SD (352 stomata mm−2 in WJMAS-29,310 stomata mm−2 in Beaumont, and 332 stomata mm−2 in Daddow; 358 stomata mm−2 in north and 305 stomata mm−2 in south). We discussed that variability in SD due to genotype (rootstock) and environment (differential solar irradiance due to crown position) can be used to improve productivity of future orchard systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 18320 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Quantification and Immunolocalization of Auxin in Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Micrografts
by Sandra Caeiro, Tércia Lopes, Ana Pedrosa, André Caeiro, Rita Costa Pires, Ana Faustino, Armindo Rosa, António Marreiros, Jorge Canhoto, Liliana Marum and Sandra Correia
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11919 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 691
Abstract
Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is a traditional culture in Portugal, which gained a renewed interest due to the installation of new orchards. Grafting remains the main method used for almond propagation. The successful establishment of a graft union between [...] Read more.
Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is a traditional culture in Portugal, which gained a renewed interest due to the installation of new orchards. Grafting remains the main method used for almond propagation. The successful establishment of a graft union between two parts (scion and rootstock) requires auxins, which are involved in wound response and vascular regeneration. This work aimed at the quantification and immunolocalization of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in almond micrografts before micrografting (T0) and 21 days after micrografting (T2). The results are a step forward to understand of how auxin is involved in graft compatibility in almond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 949 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nicotiana benthamiana γ-Thionin Synthesis Is Induced in Response to Foreign Nucleus-Targeted Proteins
by Ekaterina Sheshukova, Natalia Ershova, Fedor Lipskerov and Tatiana Komarova
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12006 - 30 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria secrete protein factors—nucleomodulins—to affect the host cell nucleus. During evolution, plants have acquired a great variety of defense mechanisms, including the synthesis of such antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as defensins. We have demonstrated that the transient production of a foreign [...] Read more.
Pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria secrete protein factors—nucleomodulins—to affect the host cell nucleus. During evolution, plants have acquired a great variety of defense mechanisms, including the synthesis of such antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as defensins. We have demonstrated that the transient production of a foreign protein containing nuclear localization signal (NLS) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves leads to the increased expression of the γ-thionin (NbγThio) that belongs to the defensin group of AMPs. We hypothesized that NbγThio is induced by the nucleomodulins of pathogenic bacteria and, in particular, in response to their NLSs. We used artificial nuclear proteins based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with the human prothymosin α NLS or VirE3 NLS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens as mimetics of bacterial effectors. We demonstrated that the super-production of these NLS-containing reporters in the transient expression system in N. benthamiana leaves resulted in the increase in the NbγThio mRNA level. We isolated the NbγThio gene promoter (PrγThio) and created an expression vector (PrγThio-GUS) directing GUS synthesis in agroinfiltrated leaves. The co-expression of PrγThio-GUS with 35S-GFP:NLS variants led to the significant stimulation of GUS synthesis. We concluded that NbγThio gene expression is activated in response to bacterial nucleus-targeted proteins in the cell and is regulated both at the level of transcription and post-transcription stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 920 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Germination Performance of Different Sorghum Cultivars under Saline Conditions
by Ana Beatriz Pereira Batista, Letícia Kenia Bessa de Oliveira, Késsia Vanessa Gomes de Lima, Matheus Carlos de Freitas and Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11993 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 649
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of salinity in the germination of four sorghum cultivars. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, with four sorghum cultivars (BRS-373, BRS-380, BRS-658, and BRS-716) and five NaCl concentrations [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of salinity in the germination of four sorghum cultivars. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, with four sorghum cultivars (BRS-373, BRS-380, BRS-658, and BRS-716) and five NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM). The variables investigated were final germination percentage, first count, mean germination time, germination speed index, and sodium and potassium contents (radicle and aerial part). The findings demonstrated that the salinity levels interfered negatively in the germination performance of all cultivars, showing an expressive reduction, mainly in the highest concentration of NaCl. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 1251 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Dissecting Protein-Protein Interaction Networks of Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis halleri to Get Insights into Heavy Metal Tolerance Strategies
by Sayyeda Hira Hassan, Gabriella Sferra, Daniele Fantozzi, Melissa Simiele, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Domenico Morabito and Dalila Trupiano
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11959 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 712
Abstract
To gain insight into two different plant strategies (hyperaccumulation and phytostabilization) for managing heavy metals, we conducted a network based functional enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interactions of A. halleri root and shoot were derived by weighted gene co-expression analysis. While, in the case of [...] Read more.
To gain insight into two different plant strategies (hyperaccumulation and phytostabilization) for managing heavy metals, we conducted a network based functional enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interactions of A. halleri root and shoot were derived by weighted gene co-expression analysis. While, in the case of A. thaliana, protein-protein interactions characterizing the organs were derived from STRING database based on genes known to be expressed in root and shoot. Protein-protein interaction clusters of root and shoot networks of both species were analyzed to identify enriched pathways. Thus, we provide a first clear analysis of the biological peculiarities of different organs of both species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 656 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Physiological Assessment of Rocha Pear Trees to Agronomic Enrichment with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 
by Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Diana Daccak, José C. Ramalho, Maria José Silva, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo, Maria Manuela Silva, José Carlos Kullberg, Maria Graça Brito, Paulo Legoinha, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Manuela Simões, Fernando H. Reboredo and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11999 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 596
Abstract
The exponential increase of the world’s population is a major concern for the food sector because the quantity and quality of food products need to be ensured for consumers. Thus, in an orchard of pears located in Portugal, a total of seven foliar [...] Read more.
The exponential increase of the world’s population is a major concern for the food sector because the quantity and quality of food products need to be ensured for consumers. Thus, in an orchard of pears located in Portugal, a total of seven foliar sprays, using CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, were performed; the first two sprays with three different concentrations each (CaCl2—0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 kg·ha−1; Ca(NO3)2—0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 kg·ha−1), the third with CaCl2 4 kg·ha−1, and the remaining four with CaCl2 8 kg·ha−1. During the workflow, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was attained with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and was later correlated with photoassimilates synthesis (assessed by a portable open-system infrared gas analyzer) and Ca content in leaves and fruits (assessed by X-Ray fluorescence analysis). Regarding NDVI values, the exclusive use of CaCl2 presented slightly inferior values; however, no major signs of disrupted vegetation were detected. For leaf gas exchange, only minor changes occurred (namely E and iWUE parameters), while calcium content in leaves during the workflow and fruits at harvest increased. In conclusion, smart farming techniques can be correlated with in situ analysis to monitor Rocha pear trees, and the concentrations used in this study increased Ca content in fruits without reaching toxicity levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 1164 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Within-Canopy Variation in the Ascorbic Acid Content of Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) Fruits
by Joel B. Johnson, Janice S. Mani and Mani Naiker
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11979 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 632
Abstract
Although fruit canopy position is known to affect phytochemical composition in a number of commercial crops, there is limited information on its impact on the nutritional quality of native Australian fruit. This study is the first to quantify ascorbic acid in tuckeroo ( [...] Read more.
Although fruit canopy position is known to affect phytochemical composition in a number of commercial crops, there is limited information on its impact on the nutritional quality of native Australian fruit. This study is the first to quantify ascorbic acid in tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) fruit and investigate the impact of canopy position in this species. High levels of ascorbic acid were found in the skin (mean of 423 ± 61 mg/100 g on a dry weight basis) and arils (60.0 ± 18.8 mg/100 g), but not in the seeds (mean of 15.6 ± 4.3 mg/100 g). The tree, side and height all significantly affected fruit mass, with larger fruit located on the northern bottom side of the canopy. Skin ascorbic acid content also varied significantly with the tree (responsible for 50.8% of the total variance observed in vitamin C content) and canopy height (accounting for 0.9% of the total variance), with a marginal impact of the side (compass direction). Fruit from the top of the southern side of the tree typically had the highest ascorbic acid content. This inter-tree and within-canopy variation in the nutritional content of C. anacardioides fruit may have implications for sampling protocols and potential harvesters of this fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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8 pages, 648 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Ozone Effects on the Quality of Swiss Chard. Peri-Urban Crops a Case Study
by Susana Elvira, Javier Sanz, Ignacio Gonzalez-Fernandez and Victoria Bermejo-Bermejo
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12016 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 855
Abstract
The results of this open-top chamber study show that the variety of chard cv. Fuenlabrada, cultivated on the outskirts of Madrid, can be considered moderately sensitive to ozone. A significant loss of marketable production, the alteration of pigment concentration and alteration of nutritional [...] Read more.
The results of this open-top chamber study show that the variety of chard cv. Fuenlabrada, cultivated on the outskirts of Madrid, can be considered moderately sensitive to ozone. A significant loss of marketable production, the alteration of pigment concentration and alteration of nutritional quality was measured in the plants exposed to different ozone levels. Swiss chard has a high nutritional value due to its high macronutrient content and the presence of micronutrients essential for human health. The results of this study showed a significant reduction in the concentration of Mg and Ca in commercial chard leaves of the local variety Fuenlabrada. These results suggest that ozone can induce a loss of nutritional quality in leafy crops with negative consequences for human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 480 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Cachrys ferulacea (L.) Calest. Extracts as Natural Photosensitizers: An In Vitro Photobiological Study
by Mariangela Marrelli, Maria Rosaria Perri, Valentina Amodeo, Filomena Conforti, Francesca Giordano, Maria Luisa Panno and Giancarlo Statti
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11998 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 697
Abstract
The Cachrys genus (Apiaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin. Previous studies have highlighted the photobiological properties of different Cachrys species, such as C. pungens Jan, C. libanotis L. and C. sicula L. Based on these previous promising results, and in order [...] Read more.
The Cachrys genus (Apiaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin. Previous studies have highlighted the photobiological properties of different Cachrys species, such as C. pungens Jan, C. libanotis L. and C. sicula L. Based on these previous promising results, and in order to continue exploring such an interesting genus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the photocytotoxic activity of extracts from Cachrys ferulacea (L.) Calest. Aerial parts were collected in Calabria (southern Italy) and extracted through three different techniques: traditional maceration, supercritical CO2 and pressurized cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction using Naviglio extractor®. The phytochemical composition was assessed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the photocytotoxic potential of samples was evaluated on a UVA-irradiated C32 melanoma cell line. The apoptotic responses on treated cells were also assessed. Furthermore, the phenolic and flavonoid contents and the in vitro antioxidant activity were also estimated. Different coumarins were identified and quantified. All the extracts affected cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner after irradiation with UVA light for 1 h at a dose of 1.08 J/cm2. Samples obtained through supercritical CO2 extraction showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value equal to 4.91 μg/mL. This study could provide a starting point for further research focusing on new photosensitizing agents useful in cancer photochemotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 7960 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Case Study: Characterizing the Response of Young Glyphosate-Susceptible and Glyphosate-Resistant Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer Amaranth) after Being Sprayed with a Ten Percent Acetic Acid Solution to Control Growth
by Yolander Youngblood, Ineceia Carter and Ayanna Montegut
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12009 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 804
Abstract
In this case study, we investigated the responses of glyphosate-susceptible and glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri to an organic 10% acetic acid herbicide solution instead of the standard 20% acetic acid solution. We showed that, although both forms respond differently to glyphosate-based herbicides, both will [...] Read more.
In this case study, we investigated the responses of glyphosate-susceptible and glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri to an organic 10% acetic acid herbicide solution instead of the standard 20% acetic acid solution. We showed that, although both forms respond differently to glyphosate-based herbicides, both will respond in the same way to organic-based herbicides that contain acetic acid. After treatment with the 10% acetic acid solution, eighty-five percent (85%) of the glyphosate susceptible plants died within 24 h, while 100% of the glyphosate-resistant plants died within 24 h. Using a lower concentration may be better for the environment since there will be less buildup over time, and it is more cost-effective for the farmer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 457 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Wheat Shoot Al, Fe, Mn and Zn Levels Are Influenced by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Extraradical Mycelium Associated to Ornithopus compressus in Acidic Soils
by Jorge M. S. Faria, Dora Martins Teixeira, Ana Paula Pinto, Pedro Barrulas, Isabel Brito and Mário Carvalho
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12018 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 729
Abstract
In the present study, the levels of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn in wheat shoots were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Wheat was grown in an acidic soil with toxic levels of Mn and with intact or disrupted extraradical mycelium [...] Read more.
In the present study, the levels of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn in wheat shoots were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Wheat was grown in an acidic soil with toxic levels of Mn and with intact or disrupted extraradical mycelium (ERM) as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum source, resulting from the previous growth of O. compressus. In the presence of an intact ERM, toxic Mn levels were reduced, and the concentrations of Al, Fe and Zn decreased 2.3, 1.5 and 2.3-fold, respectively. Disruption of ERM, that leads to a later and slower AM colonization, induced higher wheat shoot Mn and Zn levels (55% and 28%, respectively), but not Al and Fe. Under Mn toxicity, the colonization of wheat by intact ERM of AMF associated with O. compressus in an acidic soil appears to influence the uptake of Al, Fe and Zn, and positively influence plant growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 870 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Physicochemical Characterization and Effect of Additives of Membrane Vesicles from Brassica oleracea L. to Be Used in Nanofertilization
by Lucía Yepes-Molina, Juan José Ríos and Micaela Carvajal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11954 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 614
Abstract
Traditional fertilizers and their intensive use cause different environmental problems and new strategies are necessary to deal with these aspects. In this sense, foliar nanofertilization is a new technology postulated as one of the most promising for use in the near future. This [...] Read more.
Traditional fertilizers and their intensive use cause different environmental problems and new strategies are necessary to deal with these aspects. In this sense, foliar nanofertilization is a new technology postulated as one of the most promising for use in the near future. This type of fertilization has many environmental advantages but there are different factors that require a solution, as it needs to be compatible with other additives. Membrane vesicles derived from plant material have been shown in preliminary studies to have great potential as nanocarriers of different micronutrients such as iron (Fe) or boron (B). A complete optimization of the fertilizer system based on nanocarriers encapsulating different elements from different approaches is key to obtaining a system that is suitable and profitable from an economic point of view. In this work, different physicochemical parameters such as size, potential Z or osmotic water permeability were measured in membrane vesicles obtained from Brassica oleracea L. to check the integrity of vesicles for further biotechnological application. Furthermore, different additives (polyether-modified-polysiloxane [PMP], Tween-20 and polyethylene glycol [PEG]) were added to vesicles at different concentrations of application to determine the effect on the integrity and functionality of the membranes. The results show that the functionality of the membrane vesicles was only reduced with polyether-modified-polysiloxane [PMP], but not altered by the rest of the additives. These analyses serve to support subsequent research to advance the implementation of this nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 455 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Plant-Insect Pollination Network—A Case Study on the Exotic Plants as Nectar Resource of Butterflies across Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India
by Panchali Sengupta and Narayan Ghorai
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11970 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 761
Abstract
In bipartite ecological networks involving higher and lower trophic levels, these components are a reflection of community interaction. The present investigation of butterflies and exotic nectar plant communities across the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, is a significant event in generating awareness [...] Read more.
In bipartite ecological networks involving higher and lower trophic levels, these components are a reflection of community interaction. The present investigation of butterflies and exotic nectar plant communities across the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, is a significant event in generating awareness for the protection of such plant communities. Analysis of these bipartite networks characterizing butterfly-plant community interaction could help in elaborating different aspects of species assemblage. Different indices (based on unweighed links and weighed links) were used for the exploration of such networks. A total of 28 exotic plant species served as nectaring resources for 44 butterfly species. Some ecologically significant descriptors of this network include the network dimension (no. of species in higher trophic level: 44; no. of species in lower trophic level: 28), links per species (1.042), connectance (0.061) and network asymmetry (−0.222), generality (3.608), vulnerability (3.166), linkage density (3.387) and Shannon’s evenness of network interaction (0.441). Thus, the above predictions provide a probable clue to the involvement of exotic plant species in the maintenance of community structure. Significantly, exotic plants serve as key service providers to a community’s pollinator assemblages, thereby attempting to fill up an otherwise “empty coevolutionary niche”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 709 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) from Italy: Threatened Endemisms
by Enrico Vito Perrino and Robert Philipp Wagensommer
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11925 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 566
Abstract
The study presents an updated overview of the 29 endemic threatened Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) in Italy: Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense, Barbarea rupicola, Brassica baldensis, Brassica glabrescens, Brassica macrocarpa, Brassica rupestris subsp. hispida, Brassica rupestris subsp. rupestris, Brassica tardarae, Brassica trichocarpa, Brassica tyrrhena, [...] Read more.
The study presents an updated overview of the 29 endemic threatened Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) in Italy: Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense, Barbarea rupicola, Brassica baldensis, Brassica glabrescens, Brassica macrocarpa, Brassica rupestris subsp. hispida, Brassica rupestris subsp. rupestris, Brassica tardarae, Brassica trichocarpa, Brassica tyrrhena, Brassica villosa subsp. bivonana, Brassica villosa subsp. brevisiliqua, Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis, Brassica villosa subsp. tineoi, Brassica villosa subsp. villosa, Daucus broteroi, Daucus carota subsp. rupestris, Daucus nebrodensis, Diplotaxis scaposa, Festuca centroapenninica, Lathyrus apenninus, Lathyrus odoratus, Malus crescimmanoi, Phalaris arundinacea subsp. rotgesii, Vicia brulloi, Vicia consentina, Vicia giacominiana, Vicia ochroleuca subsp. ochroleuca, and Vicia tenuifolia subsp. elegans. Geographical distribution, ecology (with plant communities and habitat 92/43/EEC aspects), genetics (focused on gene pools), property, and in situ and ex situ conservation were analyzed. In addition, with the aim of their protection and valorization, specific actions are recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 1140 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Case Study on Minerals Interaction in the Soil and Se Enrichment in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
by Ana Coelho Marques, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Paula Scotti Campos, Manuela Simões, Ana Sofia Almeida, Maria F. Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, Carlos Galhano, José C. Ramalho, Lourenço Palha, Maria Manuela Silva, Paulo Legoinha, Karliana Oliveira, Isabel P. Pais and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11953 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 561
Abstract
Selenium plays an important role in regulating soil–plant ecosystem functions. It is an essential element with antioxidative activity; however, its presence in plants is scarce. In this context, a technical itinerary was implemented in the rice variety (Ariete) through foliar pulverization with two [...] Read more.
Selenium plays an important role in regulating soil–plant ecosystem functions. It is an essential element with antioxidative activity; however, its presence in plants is scarce. In this context, a technical itinerary was implemented in the rice variety (Ariete) through foliar pulverization with two selenium concentrations (50 and 75 g Se·ha−1) of sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Regarding the interaction of Se with other nutrients, namely Zn, the contents were analyzed in paddy and white grains. It was found that in the white grains there was an antagonistic relationship with the element Zn: an increase in Se in the grain, 29.9 to 77.9 g Se·ha−1., and a decrease in Zn content from 16.6 to 9.01 g Se·ha−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 287 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Selected Mineral Interactions in Two Varieties of Lycopersicum esculentum L. Produced Organically and Enriched Naturally with Fe and Zn
by Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, Maria Manuela Silva, Manuela Simões, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria F. Pessoa, Paulo Legoinha, José C. Ramalho, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11935 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 556
Abstract
Plants need certain micronutrients for normal and healthy growth, namely iron and zinc. However, Fe and Zn have low kinetic mobility in soils and in plants. In fact, in tomato plants, Fe shows low mobility in phloem due to soil interactions that can [...] Read more.
Plants need certain micronutrients for normal and healthy growth, namely iron and zinc. However, Fe and Zn have low kinetic mobility in soils and in plants. In fact, in tomato plants, Fe shows low mobility in phloem due to soil interactions that can reduce Fe uptake. Foliar spraying is one of the most effective strategies to deal with this soil–plant interaction. Foliar spraying with Zn causes an increase in Zn content in the edible part of plants. In this context, mineral interactions were monitored in two commercial varieties (“maçã” and “chucha”) of Lycopersicum esculentum L. after two foliar sprays with a mix of two products of Fe and Zn (treatment 1 and 2), following an organic production mode. In leaves of the two varieties, Zn showed a higher content in treatment 1. Considering Fe, the “maçã” variety showed a higher content in treatment 1, unlike the “chucha” variety, which presented a higher content in treatment 2. Regarding tomatoes of the “maçã” variety, Zn showed an antagonistic trend with Ca, K and S. In conclusion, after two foliar sprays of Fe and Zn on tomatoes, it was possible to identify a nutrient interaction between other minerals mainly in the “maçã” variety, although both varieties were produced under the same soil conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
5 pages, 435 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Metagenomics of Distant Hybrids in the Genus Ribes (Grossulariaceae)
by Eduard Machs, Olga Gavrilova and Olga Tikhonova
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11933 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Currant–gooseberry intersectional hybrids were created artificially using the polyploidy method. In terms of morphological, palynomorphological, karyological and other characteristics, currant–gooseberry hybrids are contrasting. We performed a comparative metagenomic analysis of three distant hybrids of known origins and their parental forms using locus-specific NGS [...] Read more.
Currant–gooseberry intersectional hybrids were created artificially using the polyploidy method. In terms of morphological, palynomorphological, karyological and other characteristics, currant–gooseberry hybrids are contrasting. We performed a comparative metagenomic analysis of three distant hybrids of known origins and their parental forms using locus-specific NGS sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The ribotypes of hybrids correspond to those of the parental forms. Ribotypes of unknown origin highly homologous to other currants were found. It has been shown that most pseudogenes are not conserved in hybrids. Comparative plant metagenomics is an informative method for studying hybrids of unknown origin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 854 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Detection of Celiac Active Polypeptides in Wheat, Oat and Buckwheat Using Immunochemical Methods
by Milan Chňapek, Dana Rajnincová, Želmíra Balážová, Katarína Ražná, Martin Vivodík, Janka Drábeková, Zuzana Hromadová, Lucia Mikolášová and Zdenka Gálová
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11976 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 784
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the proteome of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) genotypes using immunochemical methods and to detect the presence of celiac active polypeptides. The results [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to analyze the proteome of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) genotypes using immunochemical methods and to detect the presence of celiac active polypeptides. The results of ELISA confirmed a high gluten content in wheat (43,278.51 mg·kg−1). The buckwheat varieties (average 2.03 mg·kg−1) fulfill the criteria for labeling as gluten-free food. The results confirm the oat varietal dependence on the content of allergenic proteins. The Western blot analysis revealed the strongest reactions of the polyclonal antibody with wheat proteins of 25 kDa to 50 kDa and with oat proteins of 20 kDa and 40–55 kDa. No signal was detected in buckwheat, which was confirmed by ELISA results. Buckwheat can be recommended as a safe crop for the preparation of gluten-free foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 516 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Natural Enrichment of Solanum tuberosum L. with Calcium—Monitorization of Mineral Interactions in Plant Tissues
by Ana Rita F. Coelho, Ana Coelho Marques, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Maria Manuela Silva, Manuela Simões, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria F. Pessoa, Paulo Legoinha, José C. Ramalho, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11972 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 606
Abstract
Calcium is an essential nutrient for plants and is required for the maintenance of plant structures (such as the membranes and the cell wall). Although most of the Ca is obtained via the xylem (taken up by roots from the soil), in potatoes [...] Read more.
Calcium is an essential nutrient for plants and is required for the maintenance of plant structures (such as the membranes and the cell wall). Although most of the Ca is obtained via the xylem (taken up by roots from the soil), in potatoes the accumulation of minerals also depends on phloem transport. Thus, it is crucial to deepen our knowledge on the interactions of calcium with other minerals in tuber tissues. In this context, this study aimed to monitor the mineral interactions in the tubers and leaves of Solanum tuberosum L. (Agria variety) after two foliar sprays with solutions of calcium chloride (1, 3, 6 and 12 kg.ha−1) and calcium nitrate (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kg.ha−1), in order to improve the Ca content naturally. Calcium content was assessed and presented different increases regarding the two fertilizers. Considering the leaves, Ca content was higher with calcium nitrate 2 kg.ha−1 treatment and in tubers with calcium chloride 12 kg.ha−1 treatment. Moreover, Ca accumulation showed (in some treatments) a synergetic interaction with Mg in leaves, and with P, K, and S in tubers. In conclusion, in tubers and leaves, there was a heterogeneous interaction between minerals in the middle of a natural enrichment with Ca in Solanum tuberosum L. plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 562 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Genetic Diversity of Oat Genotypes Using SCoT Markers
by Milan Chňapek, Lucia Mikolášova, Martin Vivodík, Zdenka Gálová, Zuzana Hromadová, Katarína Ražná and Želmíra Balážová
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11926 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 873
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 22 oat genotypes, of which 20 genotypes were common oats and 2 were naked oats, using 7 SCoT primers. Out of 40 fragments that were totally amplified, 26 were polymorphic, with [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 22 oat genotypes, of which 20 genotypes were common oats and 2 were naked oats, using 7 SCoT primers. Out of 40 fragments that were totally amplified, 26 were polymorphic, with an average number of 3.71 polymorphic fragments per genotype. The average percentage of polymorphism was 65.67%. The value of the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.305 (SCoT12) to 0.674 (SCoT8), with an average value of 0.506. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, a dendrogram was constructed. The genotypes of oats were divided into two main groups. Two naked oats (Avena nuda L.), Czech genotype Izak and Slovak genotype Hronec, grouped side by side in subcluster Ia. The used SCoT markers showed the ability to identify and differentiate genotypes of the common and naked oats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 618 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Athamanta turbith (L.) Brot Collected from Serbia
by Sofija N. Kilibarda, Sandra Z. Vuković, Danijel D. Milinčić, Marina P. Mačukanović-Jocić, Snežana Jarić and Aleksandar Ž. Kostić
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11947 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 764
Abstract
Athamanta turbith (L.) Brot. is the endemic flowering plant from the Apiaceae family originated from Đetinja Canyon (Serbia). The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected plant bioactive compounds present in rhizome, vegetative shoot, and inflorescence. Extraction was performed [...] Read more.
Athamanta turbith (L.) Brot. is the endemic flowering plant from the Apiaceae family originated from Đetinja Canyon (Serbia). The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected plant bioactive compounds present in rhizome, vegetative shoot, and inflorescence. Extraction was performed in 80% methanol as a solvent with two different approaches: powdered plant material was extracted with solvent for 3 h in ratio 1:10 without (classical solvent extraction, SE,) and with application of ultrasound (ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE). Analysis of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total hydroxycinnamic acid derivative content (HCA) was performed via spectrophotometric methods. The inflorescence had the highest TPC in UAE obtained-extract (2.73 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g), as well as the highest TFC (1.56 ± 0.02 mg/g QE) and HCA (1.45 ± 0.11 mg/g CGAE) in SE-prepared extract where GAE, QE and CGAE are gallic acid equivalents, quercetin equivalents and chlorogenic acid equivalents respectively. The lowest amount of TPC, TFC and HCA was detected in the rhizome regardless of extraction methods. Additionally, antioxidant properties of extracts were determined with five assays: ABTS·+, DPPH·, ferric reducing power (FRP), in vitro phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). The inflorescence had the highest antioxidant activity in both quencher assays (at γ = 0.1 g/mL) with 92.1% of inhibition for ABTS·+ (UAE extract,) and 77.7% inhibition of DPPH· (for both extracts). In addition, it exhibited the highest FRP (18.4 mg/g AAE, SE extract and CUPRAC (~40 mg/g AAE for both extracts) values where AAE stands for ascorbic acid equivalents, whereas the rhizome had the lowest values for all antioxidant assays concerning both SE and UEA. In conclusion, exhibited antioxidant properties are mostly in line with the determined content of selected bioactive compounds. Further statistical analysis is applied to confirm/oppose this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 341 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of Salinity Stress on Plants and Their Molecular Mechanisms
by Usman Khalid Chaudhry, Zahide Neslihan Öztürk Gökçe and Ali Fuat Gökçe
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12017 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major threats to sustainable agriculture, as it is considered as an external environmental constraint that limits the growth and productivity of plants. It is more common in arid regions due to excessive evaporation, which causes the accumulation [...] Read more.
Salt stress is one of the major threats to sustainable agriculture, as it is considered as an external environmental constraint that limits the growth and productivity of plants. It is more common in arid regions due to excessive evaporation, which causes the accumulation of inorganic salts that disrupts plant metabolism. It also makes as plants unable to absorb water due to higher Na+ ions in the root zone. It disrupts the normal functioning of the plants and triggers secondary stresses resulting in oxidative bursts., Plants exposure to salt stress stimulate signaling pathways that help the plants to establish cellular ionic homeostasis. Additionally, stress-responsive transcription factors play crucial roles in salt-stress responses and tolerance. The main transcription factors include bZIP, AP2/ERF, WRKY, NAC, bHLH, and MYB families, for the mediation of stress response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 564 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Mineral Quantification of Triticum aestivum L. Enriched in Zinc—Correlation between Minerals in Soils and Whole Wheat Flours
by Inês Carmo Luís, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Manuel Patanita, José Dôres, Ana Sofia Almeida, Maria Manuela Silva, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, Manuela Simões, Paulo Legoinha, Carlos Galhano, Isabel P. Pais, Paula Scotti Campos, José C. Ramalho and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11952 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Triticum aestivum L. is one of the most produced staple crops worldwide in which its zinc biofortification is of the utmost importance to diminish malnutrition. In addition, the pronounced increase in the human population demands higher food production within quality standards. Zinc plays [...] Read more.
Triticum aestivum L. is one of the most produced staple crops worldwide in which its zinc biofortification is of the utmost importance to diminish malnutrition. In addition, the pronounced increase in the human population demands higher food production within quality standards. Zinc plays an important role, not only in promoting the maintenance of human health, but is also linked with plant growth. Under this framework, a zinc agronomic biofortification of Triticum aestivum L. was implemented in an experimental field with two varieties (Paiva and Roxo) in Beja, Portugal. This itinerary comprised two ZnSO4 foliar sprayings along the plant cycle with three different concentrations (control—0; 8.1 and 18.2 kg ha−1). Soil analyses (moisture, organic matter, pH, electrochemical conductivity and mineral quantification) and atomic absorption with the mineral quantification (Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu and Zn) of whole wheat flours were carried out. Zinc foliar spraying enhanced the Zinc content in both varieties in the flours in which no significant differences between ZnSO4 treatments were observed. P and K presented higher values in the flours, contrasting with Ca and Mg. In general, there were no significant differences between the soil samples in the respective analyses. It was concluded that wheat flour biofortified in zinc can be used as a product to help overcome malnutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
2 pages, 197 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Content of Sterols in In Vitro Propagated Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Plants
by Mariola Dreger, Agnieszka Gryszczyńska and Milena Szalata
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12005 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 627
Abstract
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub (syn. Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae family) is a medicinal plant used as a component of drugs, nutraceuticals and cosmetic products. Ch. angustifolium extracts have shown anti-androgenic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. C. angustifolium herb contains ellagitannins, flavonoids [...] Read more.
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub (syn. Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae family) is a medicinal plant used as a component of drugs, nutraceuticals and cosmetic products. Ch. angustifolium extracts have shown anti-androgenic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. C. angustifolium herb contains ellagitannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids, triterpenes and fatty acids. Campesterol, cholesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol and its derivatives have been identified in plants. Phytosterols are synthesized and accumulated in plant in vitro cultures; in this way, in vitro cultures could be an alternative source for the production of phytosterols. The aim of this study was to determine the content of campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in Ch. angustifolium plants cultivated in vitro. The plants (shoots) grown in vitro were subjected to the high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The mean content of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was: 216.06 ± 82.74 mg/100 g, 464.93 ± 69.56 mg/100 g, 156.08 ± 49.13 mg/100 g, respectively. The investigated genotypes differed in sterol content, particularly in β-sitosterol content: 69.79–222.49 mg/100 g DW. In this study, the effect of genotype on sterol accumulation under in vitro conditions was demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
7 pages, 232 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Use of Native Geophytes of Ornamental Interest: The Case Study of Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker. Gawl. Ex Spreng
by Giovanna Potenza, Francesco Vairo, Donato Castronuovo, Simonetta Fascetti and Vincenzo Candido
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11934 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 631
Abstract
This study presents the first research results aimed to evaluate the potential use of Mediterranean wild geophytes for ornamental purposes. This work is based on previous research carried out in 2013 that consisted of a screening of native geophytes, whose bulbs were collected [...] Read more.
This study presents the first research results aimed to evaluate the potential use of Mediterranean wild geophytes for ornamental purposes. This work is based on previous research carried out in 2013 that consisted of a screening of native geophytes, whose bulbs were collected in highly natural contexts. The present work is focused on a pot trial on Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker. Gawl. Ex Spreng bulbs. In particular, the trials were carried out on 204 samples of S. lutea, collected from uncultivated lands near Irsina (Matera province, Southern Italy). The propagating material was split into 4 diameter classes: <20 mm, 20–25 mm, 25–30 mm, and >30 mm. The bulbs of each size class were subjected to 3 cutting methods: (1) deep cross incisions, (2) superficial cross incisions, and (3) emptying of the basal plate; uncut bulbs were considered as a control. At the end of September 2014, the bulbs were planted in 4.5 L pots at a density of 3 bulbs pot−1. Pots were arranged in a completely randomised factorial design with 3 replicates of each combination of the 16 experimental treatments (4 diameters × 4 cutting modalities). Some phenological (emergence, anthesis, senescence) and morphological (number of leaves, leaf size, number of flowers, number of bulblets, number of capsules) parameters were evaluated during the trial. Results for the different cutting modalities were similar regardless of the diameter class; deep cutting gave significantly lower values for most of the morphological parameters, except for the number of bulblets, which was higher. A delay of senescence was also observed. The basal plate emptying method generated a higher number of flowers and a larger number of capsules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
8 pages, 856 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Overexpression of Plant-Specific Insert from Cardosin B (PSI B) in Arabidopsis Correlates with Cell Responses to Stresses
by Inês Moura, Susana Pereira, Ana Séneca, José Pissarra and Cláudia Pereira
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11938 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 752
Abstract
Under abiotic stress, several changes occur in cells regarding both their physiology and cellular mechanisms. Plants have developed modifications in the production and trafficking of proteins and the remodeling of endomembranes to overcome stress conditions. The alteration in the targeting of proteins to [...] Read more.
Under abiotic stress, several changes occur in cells regarding both their physiology and cellular mechanisms. Plants have developed modifications in the production and trafficking of proteins and the remodeling of endomembranes to overcome stress conditions. The alteration in the targeting of proteins to the vacuole by shifting their transport towards an unconventional, Golgi-independent route is a good example. Plant-specific inserts (PSIs) are known to mediate such routes, and our goal was to evaluate if transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PSI B respond differently when subjected to different abiotic stresses (osmotic, oxidative, saline and by metals). The results obtained point to a differential expression of PSI B-mCherry depending on the type of stress and a decrease of cellular and cytoplasmatic movement in all stress conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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12 pages, 11222 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Role of PME2 and PME3 in Arabidopsis Stomatal Development and Morphology †
by Amalia Tsakali, Ioannis-Christos Asitzoglou, Vassiliki Basdeki, Varvara Podia, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, Eleni Giannoutsou and Kosmas Haralampidis
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12010 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are enzymes, encoded by multigene families, that catalyze the demethylesterification of cell wall homogalacturonans. The removal of methyl groups, if performed block-wise in large series of methylesters, leads to the production of homogalacturonans that can be cross-linked with calcium bridges. [...] Read more.
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are enzymes, encoded by multigene families, that catalyze the demethylesterification of cell wall homogalacturonans. The removal of methyl groups, if performed block-wise in large series of methylesters, leads to the production of homogalacturonans that can be cross-linked with calcium bridges. This fine modulation of the methylesterification status of the pectin network alters the mechanical properties of the cell wall and has been proven crucial for stomatal complex ontogenesis and function. Considering this significant role of PMEs, as well as their involvement in numerous plant development processes, we investigated the phenotypic implications of two Arabidopsis thaliana PME compromised mutants (pme2 and pme3) and the corresponding double mutant (pme2 pme3) in stomatal development and morphology. The cotyledons of the double mutant were larger and wider, while the ratio of length/width was smaller compared to that of WT plants. The stomatal patterning was also affected since the pme2 pme3 mutant displayed a higher number of mature stomata as well as a higher percentage of stomatal clustering. Furthermore, the guard cells of the double mutant displayed a lower ratio of cell length to width, indicating alterations in the morphology of mature stomata. As far as the cell wall matrix composition is concerned, callose and pectins’ epitope distribution displayed significant differences in pme single and double mutants compared to WT plants. Taken together, our results underline the indispensable role of PME2 and PME3 in stomatal development, since their functional disruption affects not only stomatal patterning but also the morphology and function of the guard cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 193 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Molecular Responses of Plant Due to Stress Induced by Salt
by Shilpi Mishra, Sunil K. Raman, Devendra Kumar Mishra and Areesh Zehra
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12054 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 655
Abstract
Numerous changes in environmental conditions are becoming the main cause of plant stress in the current scenario. Abiotic stress is the most concerning among those, as it may affect the efficiency of crops, decrease plant yield, deteriorate the quality of crops and their [...] Read more.
Numerous changes in environmental conditions are becoming the main cause of plant stress in the current scenario. Abiotic stress is the most concerning among those, as it may affect the efficiency of crops, decrease plant yield, deteriorate the quality of crops and their vigor, and affect plant germination. The regulation of these effects comprises transcriptional factors that control the expression of a gene by requisite to an explicit supporter of DNA sequences. Stress-induced responses due to salt involve transcription factors such as AP2/EREBP, bZIP/HDZIPs, myb proteins, putative zinc finger proteins, leucine zipper DNA binding proteins, and DRE-associated binding aspects. Principally, AP2/ERF domain proteins consist of DREB or CBF proteins binding to C-repeats or dehydration response elements (DRE). These transcription factors aim for genetic resistance to abiotic stress in crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
7 pages, 1491 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effects of Waterlogging on Growth and Development of Bread Wheat Genotypes
by Isabel Pereira Pais, Rita Moreira, José Nobre Semedo, Fernando Henrique Reboredo, Fernando Cebola Lidon, Benvindo Maçãs and Paula Scotti-Campos
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11989 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 747
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a widely cultivated crop. Annually 10–15 million ha of this crop are affected by flooding leading to large production losses (20 to 50%). Intensive and unpredictable rainfall episodes are expected to increase due to global warming [...] Read more.
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a widely cultivated crop. Annually 10–15 million ha of this crop are affected by flooding leading to large production losses (20 to 50%). Intensive and unpredictable rainfall episodes are expected to increase due to global warming and more adapted varieties may help to cope with climatic changes. This work focused the effects of waterlogging on growth and development of four bread wheat genotypes from different origins. Plants were grown in climatized chambers. Waterlogging was imposed at the tillering stage and maintained for two weeks. Phenological observations through Zadoks scale, and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) measurements, were performed during stress. Stress promoted different responses such as growth arrest, early senescence and no fertile tiller production, or growth enhancement through increased main shoot height and stable SPAD values, reflecting maintenance of photosynthetic ability. Each genotype’s capacity to contain progressive senescence induced by waterlogging was assessed through senescent biomass after stress and recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 1016 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Changes of Secondary Metabolites during Tamarillo Somatic Embryogenesis
by André Caeiro, Filipa Ventura, Sandra Correia and Jorge Canhoto
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12051 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a Solanaceae tree cultivated for its edible fruits. Under specific stimuli, indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE) originates distinct calli: embryogenic (EC) and non-embryogenic (NEC). Both types proliferate, but only EC originates somatic embryos. The presence of secondary metabolites [...] Read more.
Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a Solanaceae tree cultivated for its edible fruits. Under specific stimuli, indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE) originates distinct calli: embryogenic (EC) and non-embryogenic (NEC). Both types proliferate, but only EC originates somatic embryos. The presence of secondary metabolites is known to influence induction and embryogenic competence. The objective of this work is to study some of these compounds on SE. Results showed highest dedifferentiation rates (>90%) in the control and when rutin and caffeic acid were tested, whereas lower concentrations inhibit dedifferentiation. In contrast, the compounds seem to inhibit growth of established calli without affecting protein, phenolic acids and flavonoid levels, measured by spectrophotometric methods. Anthranilic acid completely inhibited both induction and calli growth. The results seem to present a correlation of some secondary metabolites with dedifferentiation rates during induction and a tendency to inhibit growth of established calli, probably related to metabolic effects. Further studies are underway to further characterize the dose–response relation of these compounds and molecular mechanism underlying this phenotypic effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 1010 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Different Strategies to Tolerate Salinity Involving Water Relations
by Alberto Martinez-Alonso, Micaela Carvajal and Gloria Barzana
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12035 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Salinity is one of the main limiting factors in agriculture, which can affect plant growth and development as a result of a disruption of the homeostasis. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of plants for tolerating salinity stress is essential in order to develop new [...] Read more.
Salinity is one of the main limiting factors in agriculture, which can affect plant growth and development as a result of a disruption of the homeostasis. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of plants for tolerating salinity stress is essential in order to develop new techniques that may improve the tolerance for optimizing crop yields. In this paper, we compare the response of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), grown by hydroponic cultures, to a moderate salinity of NaCl 60 mM. For that, root hydraulic conductance, the relative water content of leaves (RWC), stomatal conductance, fresh weight and dry weight ratios, and Na concentrations in the shoot and root were measured. The results showed a significant decrease of root hydraulic conductance in both species treated with NaCl, revealing a higher resistance to water passage from root to shoot, probably influenced by the increase of the Na content after the treatment. In addition, the stomatal conductance in cucumbers was reduced, accompanied by a decrease of the fresh/dry weight ratio in the roots. Conversely, neither of those parameters changed in tomatoes. These experiments confirm the evidence that cucumbers and tomatoes follow different strategies in their adaptation to salinity, tomatoes being more resistant probably due to the role of membrane water transporters. Despite that, more specific studies would be needed in order to support this conclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 234 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effects of Processing Methods on Phytochemical Compositions of Selected Plant Materials with Animal Nutrition Potentials
by Oluwatobi Oyedeji, Oluseyi Oluwatosin, Adebayo Jegede, Adeboye Fafiolu, Isaac Samuel, Olusegun Folorunso and Vasil Pirgozliev
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11988 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 747
Abstract
Plants contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds that have potential benefits for livestock and humans. This study evaluated the phytochemicals of some plant materials that have potential nutritional value for animals. In this study, fresh samples (six samples per plant material) of four [...] Read more.
Plants contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds that have potential benefits for livestock and humans. This study evaluated the phytochemicals of some plant materials that have potential nutritional value for animals. In this study, fresh samples (six samples per plant material) of four leaves of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.); African basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.); waterleaf (Talinum triangulare Jacq. Willd); and Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A. Gray) were either air-dried (between 27 and 31 °C), oven-dried (at 65 °C) or freeze-dried (at −80 °C). The leaves were milled in a 1.0 mm sieve and the phytochemical contents of each leaf sample (in triplicates) were quantified. The quantified phytochemicals were flavonoids, tannins, beta carotene and xanthophylls for each of the leaves. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means separated using the Duncan multiple range test. Flavonoids, tannins and xanthophylls were found to be the highest (p < 0.05) in most air-dried leaf samples compared to oven-dried and freeze-dried ones. Flavonoids, tannins, beta carotene and xanthophylls in the leaves showed that all leaf samples appear to have good potential for being used as natural feed additives such as egg yolk colourants in laying chicken feed. In vivo studies using birds are recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
4 pages, 555 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Technology for the Production of Somatic Seeds Useful for the Storage of Valuable Genotypes of Salvia officinalis
by Aleksandra Deja
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12057 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 611
Abstract
Current research has attempted to produce and convert somatic seeds that would enable the long-term preservation of valuable sage genotypes. The creation of artificial seeds consists of placing explants capable of regenerating into plants in a protective casing. The method of obtaining somatic [...] Read more.
Current research has attempted to produce and convert somatic seeds that would enable the long-term preservation of valuable sage genotypes. The creation of artificial seeds consists of placing explants capable of regenerating into plants in a protective casing. The method of obtaining somatic seeds used in this study allowed us to obtain a high level of conversion of seeds into plants using apical buds (85%), which was slightly lower in the case of axillary buds (62.5%). The results concerning the formation and conversion of somatic seeds allowed us to obtain a high level of plant viability, which may prove the usefulness of the method of storing valuable Salvia officinalis genotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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3 pages, 216 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Phenotypic Reactivity of Passiflora incarnata L. on Various Content of Mineral Salts and Regulators during Micropropagation and Acclimatization
by Marcin Ożarowski, Elżbieta Bilińska, Mariola Dreger, Milena Szalata, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Artur Adamczak and Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11992 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 676
Abstract
Passiflora incarnata is ornamental and medicinal plant that contains a valuable active chemical derivatives of apigenin and luteolin. Conventional cultivation of this plant in Poland is a very problematic, caused by the low percentage of seed germination, viability of seedlings, and plant diseases [...] Read more.
Passiflora incarnata is ornamental and medicinal plant that contains a valuable active chemical derivatives of apigenin and luteolin. Conventional cultivation of this plant in Poland is a very problematic, caused by the low percentage of seed germination, viability of seedlings, and plant diseases which can seriously reduce the productivity of P. incarnata. An alternative and promising way to solve these problems may be used the technique of micropropagation, which may have applied for the plant multiplication under controlled conditions and have offered the production of healthy, pathogen-free and true-to-type plants. The aim of this study was to detrmine (1) the influence of IAA (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), and IBA (0.1–1.0 mg L−1) on Brasilian seed germination, and (2) the influence of various concetrations of mineral salts in Murashige and Shoog (MS), Gamborg (B-5), Shenk-Hildebrandt (SH) and Phytamax media on growth, development and condition of plant in vitro, (3) induction of adventitious shoots using nodal fragments under influence of BAP (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), TDZ (0.1–1.0 mg L−1), KIN (0.1–1.0 mg L−1) with IAA (0.1 mg L−1). Results showed that (1) MS medium with IAA (1.0 mg L−1) has been most efective in induction of seed germination (60%); (2) Gamborg (B-5) medium has been more favorable for plant growth and development, and (3) SH with BAP (1.0 mg L−1) and TDZ (0.1 L−1) with IAA induced more adventitious buds and new regenerated plantlets. After rooting, 100% obtrained plants have been actimatizared to ex vitro conditions and have been observed in greenhaouse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
7 pages, 1190 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
How to Improve Already Improved Cowpea—Terminal Drought
by Rita Moreira, Cátia Nunes, Isabel Pais, José Semedo, Joana Bagoin Guimarães, Fernanda Simões, Maria Manuela Veloso and Paula Scotti-Campos
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11967 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 750
Abstract
Cowpea’s (Vigna unguiculata) heat and drought resistance, high protein content, and nitrogen-fixing ability place this crop within the three dimensions of sustainable development; social, economic, and environmental. Modern disregard for landrace causes genetic variability loss, compromising breeding efforts in the context [...] Read more.
Cowpea’s (Vigna unguiculata) heat and drought resistance, high protein content, and nitrogen-fixing ability place this crop within the three dimensions of sustainable development; social, economic, and environmental. Modern disregard for landrace causes genetic variability loss, compromising breeding efforts in the context of climate changes. To contribute to the evaluation of Portuguese cowpea germplasm, several landraces were compared with a commercial variety (CV) in terms of productivity and physiological responses to drought. Despite a clear effect of stress in photosynthesis, there were no differences between the CV and landraces. However, under drought, higher relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) was kept for longer in the CV. All showed a marked decrease in productivity (60–70%) under stress, but the CV produced bigger and heavier seeds. The similar results between CV and landraces reflect the significance of the pragmatic selection of on-farm conserved landraces under Mediterranean climate. Molecular characterization of genetic diversity is on course using microsatellites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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12 pages, 2337 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Transcriptomic Diversity of Solanum tuberosum Varieties: A Drive towards Future Analysis of Its Polyploidy Genome
by Timothy P. C. Ezeorba, Emmanuel S. Okeke, Innocent U. Okagu, Ekene J. Nweze, Rita O. Asomadu, Wisdom F. C. Ezeorba, Ifeoma F. Chukwuma, Chidinma P. Ononiwu, Chinonso A. Ezema, Ekezie M. Okorigwe, Valentine O. Nwanelo and Parker E. Joshua
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12058 - 08 Dec 2021
Viewed by 859
Abstract
Despite the significance of potatoes in combating hunger and ensuring global food security, their potential for fostering a sustainable society has not been fully exploited due to potatoes’ complex biological system as a polyploid. Therefore, there is a need for a more gene-informed [...] Read more.
Despite the significance of potatoes in combating hunger and ensuring global food security, their potential for fostering a sustainable society has not been fully exploited due to potatoes’ complex biological system as a polyploid. Therefore, there is a need for a more gene-informed potato breeding program to improve yields, nutrient content and other market characteristics. This study aimed at analysing the RNA-seq data from leaf samples of four potato varieties annotated as HJ, HL, LS and V7, to understand the transcriptomic diversity among the varieties. A pipeline was developed and used for the analyses of the fragments reads from each potato variety. A significant amount (>85%) of fragment reads in all samples were mapped to the reference genome. Out of 27,356 gene features obtained from this study, 65.93% were expressed in all samples, and 4.5% were unique to individual potato species. Although all potato varieties’ top 10 expressed genes were associated with chloroplastic proteins/enzymes, other highly unique genes are yet to be fully annotated. Furthermore, the result from fold-change analysis, hierarchical-cluster plot and heatmap showed potato varieties HJ as the most distant species, whereas potato varieties HL and V7 are most similar. More so, the heatmap showed that genes expressed in HJ had the most similar cluster among themselves. Although limited by the unavailability of phenotype information and sample replicates, this study has shown that potato varieties, even with the same polyploid number, express a significant level of diversity in their transcriptome under the same condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 851 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Establishment and Optimization of Micrografting Assays with Almond (Prunus dulcis) Portuguese Varieties
by Ana Faustino, Rita Costa Pires, Sandra Caeiro, Armindo Rosa, António Marreiros, Jorge Canhoto, Sandra Correia and Liliana Marum
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11918 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 810
Abstract
In recent years, almond culture has increased in Portugal with the introduction of new orchards neglecting the traditional varieties. Micrografting, grafting in in vitro conditions, is a technique that has been established for commercial almond trees, but no studies have been described with [...] Read more.
In recent years, almond culture has increased in Portugal with the introduction of new orchards neglecting the traditional varieties. Micrografting, grafting in in vitro conditions, is a technique that has been established for commercial almond trees, but no studies have been described with Portuguese varieties. In this work, an efficient protocol for almond micrografting with traditional almond trees was established. The effect of plant growth regulators (BAP and IBA) and activated charcoal on culture medium were also evaluated during micrografting assays. Furthermore, the effect of auxin IBA on root induction was analysed during rooting assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 1936 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Yield-Related Traits of Soybean Using Haplotype-Based Framework
by Kehinde Adewole Adeboye, Javaid Akhter Bhat, Showkat Ahmad Ganie, Rajeev K. Varshney and Deyue Yu
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12036 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1098
Abstract
Haplotype-based breeding involving multi-marker association analysis is a promising approach to developing custom-designed, high-yielding crop varieties. Here, we reported multi-marker association analysis for the number of pods per plant (PNP), the number of seeds per plant (SNP), 100-seed weight (HSW), and seed yield [...] Read more.
Haplotype-based breeding involving multi-marker association analysis is a promising approach to developing custom-designed, high-yielding crop varieties. Here, we reported multi-marker association analysis for the number of pods per plant (PNP), the number of seeds per plant (SNP), 100-seed weight (HSW), and seed yield per plant (SYP) using 211 cultivated soybean accessions. The field experiment was conducted across six environments following a randomized complete block design with three replications. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) explored 12,617 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from NJAU 355K SoySNP array to identify significant marker associations for the studied traits across the six environments. Six markers that were consistently associated with the yield traits in two or more environments were considered stable and selected as the reference markers for building haplotype block/loci. The multi-marker association analysis within the haplotype-based framework revealed various allelic combinations regulating the phenotypic variations for the studied yield-related traits in soybean. These haplotype alleles may serve as genomic resources in breeding programs aimed at improving the yield potential of soybean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 1349 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Altitudinal Variation on Phenology and Herbivory in Trifolium repens 
by Mylena Cabrini, Alessandra Pinto, Amanda Alencar and Catarina Fonseca Lira
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12048 - 06 Dec 2021
Viewed by 729
Abstract
Phenology is an important ecological feature that can be influenced by many aspects. Mountainous regions are great sites to perform studies to help the understanding of the reproductive cycle of plants and herbivores. In this work, the phenological cycle and leaf damage rate [...] Read more.
Phenology is an important ecological feature that can be influenced by many aspects. Mountainous regions are great sites to perform studies to help the understanding of the reproductive cycle of plants and herbivores. In this work, the phenological cycle and leaf damage rate caused by herbivores in Trifolium repens were observed among three different altitudes in the Itatiaia National Park from June to August 2021, and statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models. The preliminary results show that altitude affected vegetative phenophases and herbivory (p < 0.01). The highest altitude sampled stands out for having less open and damaged leaves and for being the only altitude without any flowering events. Nevertheless, the influence of growing season climate on phenology is often observed in transplanting experiments, in which at lower altitudes plants typically develop earlier than those in their higher altitude native sites. As for the damage caused by herbivores, it is known that environmental conditions of higher altitudes can reduce the aptitude of various insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 241 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigation of the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Echinacea purpurea under Salinity Stress
by Mahsa Taghipour, Majid Shokrpour and Yousef Hakimi
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12001 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 717
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is an important medicinal plant that contains valuable medicinal compounds that have a tremendous effect on stimulating the body’s immune system to fight off viral and bacterial agents. To evaluate salinity stress tolerance in Echinacea purpurea, an experiment was conducted [...] Read more.
Echinacea purpurea is an important medicinal plant that contains valuable medicinal compounds that have a tremendous effect on stimulating the body’s immune system to fight off viral and bacterial agents. To evaluate salinity stress tolerance in Echinacea purpurea, an experiment was conducted using a diverse population. The seeds used in this experiment were the result of selecting superior genotypes in terms of chicoric acid content and drought tolerance. Considering the medicinal value of Echinacea purpurea and the high area of saline soils in Iran, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of cultivating this plant in saline soils. In this experiment, salinity stress at two levels of 0 and 60 mM of NaCl started when the plant was at the six-leaf stage and continued for 14 days. The results showed a significant decrease in the amounts of photosynthetic pigments and potassium under salinity stress. Under saline conditions, the amount of sodium ions in the shoots, ion leakage, and total phenols increased, but there was no significant change in the amount of proline, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It seems that among the genotypes under salinity stress, based on the results obtained under stress, Genotypes 34, 46, 90, 89, 79, and 165 have high levels of proline and phenolic compounds, and strong antioxidant properties. These genotypes were in a better position in terms of these parameters and were placed in a separate cluster in cluster analysis, so these can be selected as tolerant genotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
5 pages, 502 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Phenolic Compounds as Biomarkers of Interactions between the Endophyte Klebsiella oxytoca and the Common Duckweed, Lemna minor L.
by Olga Radulović, Uroš Gašić and Marija Marković
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11924 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 788
Abstract
The common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as a model organism is experiencing a form of a renaissance. In this study, our focus was on the interactions between duckweeds and a rhizosphere-associated bacterial strain, Klebsiella oxytoca (Access. No. MK212915). Five distinct phenolic compounds [...] Read more.
The common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as a model organism is experiencing a form of a renaissance. In this study, our focus was on the interactions between duckweeds and a rhizosphere-associated bacterial strain, Klebsiella oxytoca (Access. No. MK212915). Five distinct phenolic compounds were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: luteolin 6,8-di-C-hexoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin 6-C-(2′′-pentosyl)hexoside and p-coumaric acid. All of the identified compounds reflect the colonization of the plant by K. oxytoca. This paper is another call for all plant physiologists to focus their research on L. minor and to analyze different aspects of complex plant/bacterium interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 225 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate on Stress Indices in Papaver bracteatum Lindl
by Yousef Hakimi, Reza Fatahi, Mohammad Reza Naghavi and Zabihollah Zamani
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12039 - 03 Dec 2021
Viewed by 686
Abstract
The Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family endemic to the mountainous areas of Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. In this study, the effects of [...] Read more.
The Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family endemic to the mountainous areas of Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. In this study, the effects of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitors on stress indices were investigated. For this purpose, three concentrations of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate were applied in three different populations of Persian poppies. The interactions of population×salicylic acid×methyl jasmonate were significant (level of 1%) for chlorophyll fluorescence, ion leakage, malondialdehyde, and proline indices. The highest Fv/Fm (0.838) was observed in the German population with 100 μM salicylic acid treatment. The lowest ion leakage (20.51%) was observed in the Polour region population with 100 μM methyl jasmonate treatment. The lowest amount of malondialdehyde (19.36 μmol/g fresh weight) was observed in the Fil Zamin region population with 100 μM salicylic acid treatment. The highest amount of proline (6.29 μmol/g fresh weight) was also observed in the Polour population with 100 μM salicylic acid treatment. In general, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments were shown to improve stress-related indices. It seems that the best treatments by means of which to increase plant capacity to deal with environmental stresses are 100 μM salicylic acid and 100 μM methyl jasmonate in the Persian poppy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
11 pages, 1615 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Novel Formula as Mosquito Larvicide
by Faika Hassanein, Osama Awad, Fathallah M. Harraz, Hesham Saeed and Ahmed Hussein
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12070 - 15 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1033
Abstract
Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms are promising in the discovery of synthetic analogs with improved efficacy, potency, and safety. Our study attempts to examine the effect of a new formula as a mosquito larvicide. Methods: Isolation and [...] Read more.
Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms are promising in the discovery of synthetic analogs with improved efficacy, potency, and safety. Our study attempts to examine the effect of a new formula as a mosquito larvicide. Methods: Isolation and characterization of prodigiosin and essential oil from Thuja orientalis and purification of PDG. The dose response bioassay, the synergistic effect, and the mode of action are investigated for each preparation. Results: The treatment of the 3rd larva stage of Cx. pipiens reveals that the LC50 of PDG and T. orientalis leaves’ E.O are 39.5 ± 0.341 ppm and 102.9 ± 0.46 ppm, respectively, after 24 h. The combination of LC10 of PDG with LC25 and LC50 of the E.O. shows a synergistic effect resulting in 33.3% and 100% death, respectively. Individual and combination treatment show a reduction in the activity of acetylcholine esterase, total protein, and AChE specific gravity as compared to the untreated 3rd larva stage of Cx. pipiens. PDG and E.O. result in a reduction in midgut pH leading to cellular respiration inhibition as compared to untreaded larvae that show alkaline medium. Conclusions: PDG and the T. orientails leaves’ oil combination show a promising synergistic potency against the 3rd larva stage of Cx. pipiens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 726 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Changes in the Differentiation Program of Phloem Derivatives of Birch Cambium after Trunk Girdling
by Aleksandra A. Serkova, Tatiana V. Tarelkina, Natalia A. Galibina, Yulia L. Moshchenskaya, Irina N. Sofronova, Diana S. Ivanova and Ludmila I. Semenova
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11928 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 588
Abstract
The processes of cambial activity and secondary xylem and phloem differentiation are completely dependent on the influx of photoassimates. Trunk girdling is a frequently used method for studying cambial growth under conditions of different assimilate supply. We girdled 20-year-old birch trees (Betula [...] Read more.
The processes of cambial activity and secondary xylem and phloem differentiation are completely dependent on the influx of photoassimates. Trunk girdling is a frequently used method for studying cambial growth under conditions of different assimilate supply. We girdled 20-year-old birch trees (Betula pendula Roth) and took samples 1 cm (AG1) and 35 cm above the girdle (AG35). Tissues of ungirdled trees served as a control. A sharp increase in carbohydrates level (AG1) inhibited xylogenesis and stimulated phloemogenesis. A moderate increase (AG35) also stimulated phloemogenesis; however, xylogenesis continued. The activity of the APL gene encoding a phloem-specific transcription factor correlates with the active phloemogenesis, as it was 2.18 (AG1) and 3 (AG35) times higher than in the control. The SUC gene encoding the transmembrane sucrose transporter was up-regulated in the AG1 and AG35 zones by 2.24 and 2.51 times, respectively, compared with the control, which indicates an active sucrose loads into the cells and correlates with the preferential differentiation of parenchyma. The activity of the PIN1 gene encoding the auxin transporter was highest in zone AG35 (2.1 times higher than in the control). In zone AG1, the PIN1 activity was 1.7 times lower than that of AG35, which corresponds to the impaired differentiation of the phloem sieve tubes. The data obtained can be useful for a better understanding of physiological processes and predicting changes in the forest’s productivity under conditions of a changing climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 987 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Getting into Structure-Activity Relationships of Ecdysteroids for Plant Protection Strategies against Insect Pests
by Juan Enrique Tacoronte Morales, Roddy Quiñonez, Mirna Bedoya Flores, Narcisa Espinal Santana and Joseph Cruel Sigüenza
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11968 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 646
Abstract
The transformations of insects and typical invertebrates during the larval state (metamorphosis) in their life cycle is an example of the chemical signal systems in cell-internal control mechanisms. The ecdysone, following the classic steroids’ action mechanism, controls the morphogenesis and metamorphosis and its [...] Read more.
The transformations of insects and typical invertebrates during the larval state (metamorphosis) in their life cycle is an example of the chemical signal systems in cell-internal control mechanisms. The ecdysone, following the classic steroids’ action mechanism, controls the morphogenesis and metamorphosis and its chemical reactivity, as a quantitative term, depends on optimum geometric, electronic and chemical properties. Ecdysteroid activity of several naturally occurring and synthetic steroidal derivatives have been studied previously, and notable results have been achieved. This paper intends to achieve the following: (1) quantitatively determine which key structural points of the ecdysone molecule and analogues trigger the bio-functional action, starting from the structure–activity relationship and the analysis of electronic properties, using a very simple protocol; (2) propitiate a mathematical-statistic tool that allows the discrimination of the most active molecules from the less active ones, optimizing the synthesis of steroidal analogs with defined ecdysteroid action, useful for applying in field conditions for controlling insect pests which affect crop yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 1147 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Plant Disease Symptomatology: Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV)-Infected Cucumber Plants Exposed to Fluctuating Extreme Temperatures
by Ori Molad, Elisheva Smith, Neta Luria, Noa Sela, Oded Lachman, Elena Bakelman, Diana Leibman and Aviv Dombrovsky
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11991 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1512
Abstract
Greenhouse-grown cucumber plants inspected during and following extreme variations in environmental temperatures showed new characteristics of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease manifestations. An increasing occurrence of CGMMV disease recovery has been associated with a new phenotype, identified at early stages of [...] Read more.
Greenhouse-grown cucumber plants inspected during and following extreme variations in environmental temperatures showed new characteristics of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease manifestations. An increasing occurrence of CGMMV disease recovery has been associated with a new phenotype, identified at early stages of a reemerging disease. Symptoms of bright yellow islands (BYIs), conspicuous amid a dark green surrounding tissue (DGS), were detected in up to 10% of symptomatic plants in net-houses showing 50–60% recovery following an extreme temperature wave. Importantly, similar CGMMV disease initiation stages were observed in infected cucumber plants exposed to low temperatures of ~16 °C, under conditions of both controlled growth chambers and a net-house exposed to environmental temperature fluctuations. Apparently, a wide range of fluctuating temperatures evoked gradual manifestations of a reemerging disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 938 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Study of Osmotic Behavior of Astasia longa and Dunaliella salina Cells as an Important Stage in Developing Their Cryopreservation Protocol
by Nadiia Chernobai, Nataliya Kadnikova, Krystyna Vozovyk and Leonid Rozanov
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11939 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 766
Abstract
The study of osmotic parameters of cells is an important step in successful cryopreservation. The aim of this work is to study the osmotic reactions of cells of different taxonomic groups (euglenoid Astasia longa, microalga Dunaliella salina) in response to complementing [...] Read more.
The study of osmotic parameters of cells is an important step in successful cryopreservation. The aim of this work is to study the osmotic reactions of cells of different taxonomic groups (euglenoid Astasia longa, microalga Dunaliella salina) in response to complementing with promising cryoprotectants (Me2SO, glycerol, ethanol) under normothermic conditions. Studies have shown that D. salina cells are osmotically tolerant to different concentrations of promising cryoprotectant solutions, whereas A. longa is more vulnerable to osmotic stress and can withstand only short-term exposure with 1–5% solutions of ethanol and glycerol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 1285 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Chemical and Genetic Relationships of Cynara cardunculus L. (Cardoon) in Southern Portugal
by Ana Paulino, Teresa Brás, Daniela Rosa, Rita Costa Pires, Jacqueline Santos, Margarida Pereira, Octávio S. Paulo, Liliana Marum and Mª Fátima Duarte
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12011 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 706
Abstract
Southern Portugal has high natural variability of Cynara cardunculus L. (Cc) at biochemical and morphological levels, creating a need for genetic diversity studies. Cc represents a natural source of sesquiterpene lactones (SL), particularly cynaropicrin. Previously, 175 wild Cc individuals (generation F0) from different [...] Read more.
Southern Portugal has high natural variability of Cynara cardunculus L. (Cc) at biochemical and morphological levels, creating a need for genetic diversity studies. Cc represents a natural source of sesquiterpene lactones (SL), particularly cynaropicrin. Previously, 175 wild Cc individuals (generation F0) from different geographical locations in the Alentejo region were identified, collected and chemically and genetically characterized. To improve the biotechnological benefits of the cardoon, a transcriptomic analysis based on the SL chemical profile is ongoing to select the best genotypes for cynaropicrin production. This knowledge is crucial for identifying molecular markers related to characteristics of interest for future cardoon breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 731 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Micronutrient Fertilization Amplified the Antioxidant Capacity in Tomato Plants with Improved Growth and Yield
by Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Ehssan Torabi, Khalil Talebi, Hossein Allahyari and Jamasb Nozari
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12008 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 652
Abstract
Micronutrients play a critical role in plant growth and development, and their deficiency can have adverse effects on plant performance. These elements can also influence plant physiological processes as they are incorporated into the molecular structure of enzymes as cofactors. In this study, [...] Read more.
Micronutrients play a critical role in plant growth and development, and their deficiency can have adverse effects on plant performance. These elements can also influence plant physiological processes as they are incorporated into the molecular structure of enzymes as cofactors. In this study, the impact of a micronutrient solution containing manganese (125 ppm), iron (200 ppm), zinc (60 ppm), and copper (20 ppm) was investigated on the growth parameters, yield, and antioxidant enzyme activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Greenhouse tomatoes (cultivar Jet Star F1) were irrigated with the above-mentioned concentrations of elements in a completely randomized design, with five independent biological replicates. The micronutrient treatment increased the specific activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, as well as the phenol and salicylic acid contents in tomato leaves. However, the malondialdehyde level and electrolyte leakage index were unaffected. Analysis of the plant growth parameters revealed that the micronutrients increased the stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, stem height, and fruit’s fresh weight in the treated plants. Overall, our results indicated that micronutrients positively affected the growth and development of tomato plants without adverse effects on the health indices. Moreover, the application of micronutrients can magnify the antioxidant capacity of tomato plants through increasing enzyme activity, as well as the phenol and salicylic acid levels. These changes would benefit those plants under abiotic/biotic stress conditions, where elevated levels of antioxidant activities are crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 241 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effects of Alkalinity-Induced Iron Deficiency on Physiological and Growth Variables of Some Upland Rice Cultivars under Laboratory Condition
by Olayinka Oyedeji, Olalekan Sakariyawo, Kehinde Adeboye, Mamadou Fofana and Oludayo Daniel
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12052 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 801
Abstract
The prevalence of iron deficiency in upland rice under alkalinity stress is capable of constraining its production. This investigation aimed to explicate the physiological basis of iron deficiency tolerance in some upland rice genotypes. Eighty upland rice genotypes were characterized for iron deficiency [...] Read more.
The prevalence of iron deficiency in upland rice under alkalinity stress is capable of constraining its production. This investigation aimed to explicate the physiological basis of iron deficiency tolerance in some upland rice genotypes. Eighty upland rice genotypes were characterized for iron deficiency tolerance at seedling growth stage in sand-culture hydroponics with varying NaHCO3 concentrations (0, 15 and 25 mM). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design with three replicates. A significant decrease was observed on leaf iron concentration, SPAD meter readings, leaf photosynthetic efficiency, quantum yield and growth variables with increasing concentration of NaHCO3. The iron tolerance index was further estimated based on these parameters and used for ranking the genotypes. Based on iron tolerance index, genotypes were divided into six groups, with Caipo and NERICA 7 identified as the most and least tolerant to iron deficiency, respectively. The basis of iron deficiency tolerance is discussed in relation to the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus and the plan growth under alkalinity stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
4 pages, 569 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Molecular Analysis in Cactus Fruit (Opuntia sp.) Development
by Olvera-Martínez Fernando, Daira Aceves-Monreal, Sergio Guerrero-Garibay, Christopher A. Cedillo-Jiménez, Pedro Luís López de Alba and Andrés Cruz-Hernández
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11915 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Nopal is a plant from Mexico. This plant can grow under extreme conditions, and it is also an ancestral crop that helped to establish the Mexican civilization. Prickly pear (cactus fruit) shows a great variability in its morphology; however, there are two disadvantages: [...] Read more.
Nopal is a plant from Mexico. This plant can grow under extreme conditions, and it is also an ancestral crop that helped to establish the Mexican civilization. Prickly pear (cactus fruit) shows a great variability in its morphology; however, there are two disadvantages: the number and size of the seeds and thorns. It will be interesting to identify the molecular processes associated with these characteristics. The main objective of this work is to identify the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of prickly pear. Tissues from four stages were collected: flowers, fertilized button, green and ripe fruit from an intermediate ripening morphospecie. miRNA expression at these stages was analyzed with a microarray and a transcriptome expression assays, and computational analysis helped to identify and select unique miRNAs from each developmental stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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8 pages, 1086 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Bioinformatics-Assisted Proteomics of Metal(Loid) Tolerance in Arabidopsis
by Melissa Simiele, Gabriella Sferra, Manhattan Lebrun, Giovanni Renzone, Sylvain Bourgerie, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Domenico Morabito, Andrea Scaloni and Dalila Trupiano
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12050 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 730
Abstract
In recent years, the restoration of metal(loid) polluted soils through the combined use of plants-amendments-microorganisms is a strategy that is receiving great attention. However, the molecular processes underlying this synergy are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this work was to provide [...] Read more.
In recent years, the restoration of metal(loid) polluted soils through the combined use of plants-amendments-microorganisms is a strategy that is receiving great attention. However, the molecular processes underlying this synergy are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this work was to provide insight into the biological mechanisms used by Arabidopsis thaliana to grow in soil contaminated by arsenic and lead and amended with biochar and/or Bacillus sp. inoculum. To accomplish this goal, a pot experiment was set up and the effects of the biochar amendment and the bacterial isolate were evaluated, both alone and in combination. The effects of the plant-biochar-bacteria synergy were assessed on soil physicochemical characteristics, plant growth and ability to stabilize or accumulate metal(loid)s. In addition, a bioinformatics-assisted proteomics approach was used to understand the molecular processes underlying A. thaliana growth in the different tested conditions. Results showed that the use of biochar and/or Bacillus inoculum resulted in improvements in soil properties and plant growth. Bioinformatics-assisted proteomic analysis showed that, on the one hand, the use of biochar alone led to an over-representation of proteins involved in nutrient metabolism providing plants with essential nutrients for growth. However, biochar alone induced plant defense mechanism dysfunction and increased susceptibility to pathogen attack. On the other hand, the use of bacterial inoculation helped plants to grow thanks to the activation of molecular pathways involved in the defense against biotic stress. Only the combined use of biochar and bacteria ensured the correct balance between molecular processes associated with growth and metal(loid) stress response in Arabidopsis plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 6221 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Identification and Characterization of PHT1 Transporters Family and Differential Expression Patterns in Control and Blindness Broccoli Plants
by Juan Nicolas-Espinosa and Micaela Carvajal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11950 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 600
Abstract
Phosphorous is predominantly taken up by the plant from the soil in its inorganic form (Pi). This energy-consuming process is carried out by a family of high-affinity Pi transporters (PHT). The objective of the present study was the identification and characterization of the [...] Read more.
Phosphorous is predominantly taken up by the plant from the soil in its inorganic form (Pi). This energy-consuming process is carried out by a family of high-affinity Pi transporters (PHT). The objective of the present study was the identification and characterization of the PHT1 Pi transporter family in Brassica oleracea var. italica, broccoli plants. A total of 31 PHT1 gene sequences were identified in broccoli plants and were fully characterized. In addition, RNA sequencing expression of control and blinded broccoli plants was carried out with different tissues in order to understand the implication of these transporters, PHT1, in broccoli blindness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 555 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nutrient Passage in Differentially Grafted Lemon Trees
by Rafael Olmos-Ruiz and Micaela Carvajal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11944 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 907
Abstract
Spain is one of the most important producers of lemon fruits in the world (1,250,000 Tm in 2020/2021). In addition, about 80% of the Spanish production of lemons is located in the arid southeast, where fertirrigation is important to ensure the highest productivity. [...] Read more.
Spain is one of the most important producers of lemon fruits in the world (1,250,000 Tm in 2020/2021). In addition, about 80% of the Spanish production of lemons is located in the arid southeast, where fertirrigation is important to ensure the highest productivity. The aim of the present study was to determine the content of nutrients present in two differently grafted lemon trees (Citrus × limon) of the Verna variety, located on a drip-irrigation farm in Librilla (Region of Murcia, Spain). The first one was grafted in a Sweet orange rootstock (Citrus × sinensis), and the second one was grafted in a Bitter orange rootstock (Citrus × aurantium). Both were in 40-year-old trees grown in conventional agricultural practices. The Bitter orange rootstock (Citrus × aurantium) favoured the appearance of the ‘Miriñaque’ (in Spanish) or protuberance of the trunk at the union of the graft, whereas this did not appear in the Sweet orange rootstock (Citrus × sinensis). For the analysis, fresh samples of old leaf, young leaf, and root were collected from five different trees for each rootstock. Once processed after having been weighed, dried, and ground, they were analysed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis (Optima 3000, PerkinElmer). The result showed that the growth in aerial biomass was higher in Verna grafted on Sweet orange rootstock. The root samples of the lemon tree with Bitter orange rootstock contained a higher amount of Fe, Mn, and Zn than the samples of the lemon tree with Sweet orange rootstock. The rest of the nutrients did not show significant differences. The new and old leaves of Verna in Sweet orange rootstock showed a higher amount of Fe, Mn, and Zn than the new and old leaves of Verna in Bitter orange rootstock. Additionally, the rest of the nutrients did not show significant differences. The study revealed that this protuberance in the trunk prevents the passage of these elements from the root to the aerial part of the trunk. This is probably related to the cell-to-cell passage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 229 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Effect of Effective Microorganisms on the Performance of Tomato Transplants
by Margit Olle
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12007 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 722
Abstract
The goal of this study aimed to determine how effectively microorganisms affected the growth and nutrient contents of tomato transplants. There were two treatments: (1) with effective microorganism (EM) treatment; and (2) without effective microorganism treatment–control. The height of tomato transplants was higher [...] Read more.
The goal of this study aimed to determine how effectively microorganisms affected the growth and nutrient contents of tomato transplants. There were two treatments: (1) with effective microorganism (EM) treatment; and (2) without effective microorganism treatment–control. The height of tomato transplants was higher in the control treatment compared to the EM treatment. The stem diameters of tomato transplants were larger with EM treatment compared to the control variant. The nutrient content of tomato leaves was very good. The contents of nitrates, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were higher with EM treatment compared to the control treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
5 pages, 655 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nutrient and Antinutrient Composition of Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Different Substrates
by Rita N. Aguchem, Christian C. Chibuogwu, Bartholomew O. Okolo, Uchenna Oyeagu, Victoria E. Etim, Eunice N. Anaele and Obioma U. Njoku
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11955 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2348
Abstract
There is a global need for alternative sources of high-quality, protein-rich foods to combat rising food insecurity and malnutrition. This study compared the nutrient/anti-nutrient composition of Oyster mushrooms grown on different substrates (rice bran + saw dust (Ms/r) (1:2) or ground banana leaves [...] Read more.
There is a global need for alternative sources of high-quality, protein-rich foods to combat rising food insecurity and malnutrition. This study compared the nutrient/anti-nutrient composition of Oyster mushrooms grown on different substrates (rice bran + saw dust (Ms/r) (1:2) or ground banana leaves (Mb)). Ms/r had significantly higher yield as well as carbohydrate Na, Cl and Phytate contents compared to Mb. On the other hand, protein, K, vitamins B1 and D and Oxalate contents of Mb were significantly higher than those of Ms/r. The result indicated that banana leaves may be a good substrate for nutritionally beneficial mushrooms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 2060 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Elucidating the Role of Inositol Monophosphatases Gene Family in Abiotic Stress Management
by Saurabh Chandra Saxena
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12055 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Myo-inositol is considered as an important osmoprotectant, which is directly involved in abiotic stress management in plants. We have biochemically and functionally characterized the inositol monophosphatase (CaIMP1) and IMP-like proteins (CaIMPL1 and CaIMPL2) from chickpea (Cicer arietinum). We had already [...] Read more.
Myo-inositol is considered as an important osmoprotectant, which is directly involved in abiotic stress management in plants. We have biochemically and functionally characterized the inositol monophosphatase (CaIMP1) and IMP-like proteins (CaIMPL1 and CaIMPL2) from chickpea (Cicer arietinum). We had already reported the broad substrate specificity of CaIMP1 as determined through biochemical characterization. Our work also signifies the role of CaIMPL2 in the histidine pathway as it was able to catalyze the dephosphorylation of histidinol 1-P; however, IMPL1 was mostly involved in the hydrolysis of D-Ins 1-P and D Gal 1-P. As decoded by sequence similarity and phylogenetic study, CaIMP, CaIMPL1, and CaIMPL2 were found to be homologous enzymes, but we observed very contrasting differences in their substrate specificity, which may be the result of the divergent evolution of these enzymes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 681 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Influence of ZnO Fertilization of Grapes cv. Syrah on Photosynthesis
by Diana Daccak, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Inês Carmo Luís, José C. Ramalho, Maria José Silva, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo, Manuela Simões, Maria Manuela Silva, José Carlos Kullberg, Maria Graça Brito, Paulo Legoinha, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria Fernanda Pessoa and Fernando C. Lidon
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11936 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 722
Abstract
Zinc has an important role in crops; it is responsible for several physiological pathways and improving crop quality and growth. Zinc plays an important role related to enzyme activity, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, protein metabolism, and maintenance of the integrity of biological membranes. Considering [...] Read more.
Zinc has an important role in crops; it is responsible for several physiological pathways and improving crop quality and growth. Zinc plays an important role related to enzyme activity, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, protein metabolism, and maintenance of the integrity of biological membranes. Considering its importance and the deficiency observed worldwide, a workflow of foliar spraying with zinc oxide (ZnO) in vines of cv. Syrah during the production cycle was implemented at the Biscaia field in Palmela, Portugal. The treatment applied had concentrations of 150 and 450 g ha−1. At harvest, Zn concentration in grapes reached a maximum increase of 55% with the treatment ZnO- 450 g ha−1, face to control. Furthermore, leaf gas exchange after foliar spraying did not present toxic signs in both concentrations and was even observed as a positive impact on net photosynthesis and leaf instantaneous water-use efficiency, thus contributing to biomass levels. Moreover, remote detection through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles allowed us to obtain the morphology of the field, and we observed a superficial drainage capacity of 65% with water lines in the direction of NW-SE and SE sense, along the lines of the vines, also contributing to the quality of the crops. This strategy of Zn fertilization is demonstrated to have potential benefits for crops and is additionally advantageous for consumption as this micronutrient has several important functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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8 pages, 1851 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparative Taxonomic Study of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae)
by Fatma A. Hamada, Ahmed El-Banhawy, Faten Y. Ellmouni, Widad Al-Juhani, Rabab R. Makharita and Iman H. Nour
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12060 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1081
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca or Desert Date (Zygophyllaceae) is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions in Africa and South Asia. The current study aims to identify the infraspecific variation between B. aegyptiaca native to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Detailed macro- and micromorphological analyses of [...] Read more.
Balanites aegyptiaca or Desert Date (Zygophyllaceae) is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions in Africa and South Asia. The current study aims to identify the infraspecific variation between B. aegyptiaca native to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Detailed macro- and micromorphological analyses of leaflets, petioles, stems, spines, and fruits were performed using a light and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by using the relevant R- software packages. Leaflet shape and apex, leaflet length/width ratio, leaflet indumentum density, and the petiole length were recorded. Based on these traits, the present study suggests the existence of one variety, “B. aegyptiaca var. aegyptiaca” in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. At the same time, two varieties were recorded in Egypt “B. aegyptiaca var. aegyptiaca and B. aegyptiaca var. tomentosa”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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14 pages, 27030 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
α-Amylase Inhibitory Secondary Metabolites from Artemisia pallens Wall ex DC—Biochemical and Docking Studies
by Anjali A. Kulkarni and Rohit P. Kamble
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11978 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1246
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 (DM-2) has become a challenging disease worldwide as many young adults are also getting affected by it due sedentary lifestyle and wrong diets. Multiple studies have shown that control over α-amylase enzyme in the gut could be a better approach [...] Read more.
Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 (DM-2) has become a challenging disease worldwide as many young adults are also getting affected by it due sedentary lifestyle and wrong diets. Multiple studies have shown that control over α-amylase enzyme in the gut could be a better approach to treat DM-2. The secondary metabolites that are produced by plants have various biological properties and many are used as drugs. In the current study, we isolated secondary metabolites from acetone leaf and bud extracts of Artemisia pallens Wall ex DC (Family: Asteraceae) and tested them for their porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) inhibitory activity in vitro and in silico. This extract exhibited good PPA inhibition, with IC50 value of 388.05 µg/mL. The IC50 value of Acarbose (a known pancreatic α-amylase inhibitor drug/positive control) was 9.71 µg/mL. Various secondary metabolites that were detected from acetone leaf and bud extract by LC-MS analysis were used for the molecular docking studies using AutoDock 4.2.6. The co-crystallized structure of PPA and acarbose was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 1OSE). The binding energies of few metabolites were (kcal/mol): isoquercetin (−11.57), cryptochlorogenic acid (−11.17), cirsilineol (−10.24), kaempferide (−9.99), fustin (−9.86), 6-demetroxycapillarisin (−9.82), piperine (−9.45), ergometrine (−9.43), apigenin (−9.38), and artemisinin (−9.27). Acarbose had a binding energy of −17.58 kcal/mol. All the metabolites looked highly promising as α-amylase inhibitors and most of them interacted with PPA via hydrogen bonding with crucial amino acid residues: Asp197, Asp300, and Glu233. Thus, the acetone extract of A. pallens leaf and buds can potentially inhibit PPA (strong amino acid sequence similarity with human pancreatic α-amylase) and hence extrapolation of these inhibitory results could be valid for human pancreatic α-amylase as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 239 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Sulfur Application Amends Detoxification Processes in Eggplant in Response to Excessive Doses of Thiacloprid
by Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Mohammadjavad Ghamari, Khalil Talebi, Hossein Allahyari and Jamasb Nozari
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11946 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 995
Abstract
Sulfur is considered an essential macronutrient during plant growth and is found to play critical roles in xenobiotic detoxifying processes in plants. In the present study, the effects of exogenous sulfur treatment as additional fertilization on detoxifying enzyme activities and plant health indicators [...] Read more.
Sulfur is considered an essential macronutrient during plant growth and is found to play critical roles in xenobiotic detoxifying processes in plants. In the present study, the effects of exogenous sulfur treatment as additional fertilization on detoxifying enzyme activities and plant health indicators were investigated in eggplant (Solanum melongena) seedlings exposed to excessive doses of thiacloprid. Eggplant seedlings (cultivar Hansel F1) were irrigated with ammonium sulfate (140 mg L−1) 14 days after sowing in combination with the spraying of a 4-fold recommended dose of thiacloprid. In another treatment, seedlings received ammonium sulfate (70 mg L−1) as a minimum sulfur need in their growth in combination with a mentioned dose of thiacloprid. After 14 days of treatment, leaves were collected to determine their physiological parameters. Based on results, plant health indicators including malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage index were significantly lower in treatments that received additional amounts of sulfur than other ones. Moreover, the activities of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase were higher in them. Our findings suggest that sulfur can decrease membrane permeability and increase cell viability as well as magnify their detoxification capacity which consequently leads to the reduction of oxidative damage in plants. It can be concluded that the sulfur supply in eggplant farms where thiacloprid is intensively used against sap feeder insects should be considered because it can lead to reducing potential risk to the environment by decreasing pesticide damage to host plants as non-target organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
5 pages, 515 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effects of High Boron on the Nutrients Uptake of Aegilops Genotypes Differing in Their B Tolerance Level
by Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Mehmet Hamurcu, Merve Ozbek, Makbule Rumeysa Omay, Fatma Gokmen, Ali Topal and Sait Gezgin
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11996 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 736
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity is a damaging abiotic stress condition that significantly affects wheat production, especially in the dry regions of the world. Other than having several detrimental effects on the metabolic and physiological activities of wheat plants, high B may hinder the uptake [...] Read more.
Boron (B) toxicity is a damaging abiotic stress condition that significantly affects wheat production, especially in the dry regions of the world. Other than having several detrimental effects on the metabolic and physiological activities of wheat plants, high B may hinder the uptake of elements from the soil, developing a nutrient imbalance in plants. Focusing on this issue, in this experiment, we used 19 Aegilops genotypes differing in their boron (B) toxicity tolerance level along with a B toxicity tolerant cultivar, Bolal, and estimated their root–shoot nutrient concentrations under B toxic growth condition. Furthermore, the association between their root–shoot nutrient concentrations and level of B toxicity tolerance was evaluated. The experimental genotypes were grown under three different B growth conditions in hydroponic system including 3.1 μM B (Control); 1 mM B (toxic), and 10 mM B (highly toxic) treatment. The macro and micronutrient concentrations in the shoots and roots of the genotypes showed large variations and were observed to be differentially influenced by high B stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 493 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Quercus suber Transcriptome Analyses: Identification of Genes and SNPs Related to Cork Quality
by Bruna Mendes, Ana Usié, Tiago Capote, Brígida Meireles, Tânia Almeida, Liliana Marum, Sónia Gonçaves and António Ramos
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11916 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Cork is an ancestral natural material derived from the cork oak tree (Quercus suber L.) with multiple industrial applications. During the recent years, this material has been the subject of several studies. The recent sequencing of the Q. suber genome opened the [...] Read more.
Cork is an ancestral natural material derived from the cork oak tree (Quercus suber L.) with multiple industrial applications. During the recent years, this material has been the subject of several studies. The recent sequencing of the Q. suber genome opened the possibility to make new studies regarding cork quality. In this study, the transcriptomes of cork with superior and poor quality are compared to highlight new molecular pathways and identify SNPs that can be associated to cork traits, which remain one of the main concerns of the cork industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 983 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Transcriptome Characterization of Different Tissues of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.): De Novo Assembly
by Ana Usié, Bruna Mendes, Marta Antunes, Célia Leão, Liliana Marum and António Marcos Ramos
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11937 - 30 Nov 2021
Viewed by 749
Abstract
Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is an emblematic tree distributed around the whole Mediterranean basin. The species is well known for the economics of its timber, resins and edible seeds, the stone pine nuts commercialized in the food industry. Despite its relevance, [...] Read more.
Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is an emblematic tree distributed around the whole Mediterranean basin. The species is well known for the economics of its timber, resins and edible seeds, the stone pine nuts commercialized in the food industry. Despite its relevance, the genomic information available for the species is scarce, and until now no reference genome has been available. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the stone pine transcriptome of seven different tissues, by performing a de novo transcriptome assembly. A total of 55,328 genes were predicted and functionally annotated based on the SWISS-PROT and nr-NCBI databases and InterProScan signatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 892 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Transcriptome Analysis in Cork Oak Using Laser Microdissection and RNA-Seq
by Rita Costa Pires, Tiago Capote, Ana Ferro and Liliana Marum
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11914 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 731
Abstract
In order to identify specific candidate genes linked to secondary growth, a transcriptomic analysis of single cells, isolated by laser microdissection technology, of cork oak was performed. Thus, an optimized protocol for single-cell isolation laser microdissection of phellogen, lenticels and xylem was successfully [...] Read more.
In order to identify specific candidate genes linked to secondary growth, a transcriptomic analysis of single cells, isolated by laser microdissection technology, of cork oak was performed. Thus, an optimized protocol for single-cell isolation laser microdissection of phellogen, lenticels and xylem was successfully achieved, followed by RNA isolation, cDNA library preparation and RNA sequencing. Differential expression and GO term analysis clearly reveal active enzyme players on lignin and suberin critical point pathways. The scRNA-Seq analysis contributed to increasing the knowledge about potential genes associated with the development processes of secondary growth in cork oak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 583 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Protective Roles of Applied Selenium in Different Plants Grown under Boron-Deficient and Toxic Conditions
by Mehmet Hamurcu, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Evren Yildiztugay, Canan Ozdemir, Fevzi Elbasan, Zuhal Zeynep Avsaroglu, Ayse Humeyra Omay and Sait Gezgin
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12059 - 10 Dec 2021
Viewed by 642
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity or deficiency are important abiotic stress factors that limit crop productivity mainly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. High and deficient levels of B in the soil disrupt various physiological and biochemical processes in the plant. Nowadays, anti-stressors [...] Read more.
Boron (B) toxicity or deficiency are important abiotic stress factors that limit crop productivity mainly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. High and deficient levels of B in the soil disrupt various physiological and biochemical processes in the plant. Nowadays, anti-stressors are being used to alleviate the effects of different abiotic stresses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of externally applied selenium on various physiological and biochemical parameters of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants grown in B-toxic and deficient conditions. As an outcome, the externally applied selenium reduced the stress-induced damage in the experimental monocot and dicot plants, and its protective roles have been determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 687 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Determining the Response of Citrus Plants to Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization
by Pablo García-Gómez and Micaela Carvajal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11927 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 655
Abstract
It is well known that there is a greater demand for food, due to a larger global population. To cope with this situation, conventional agriculture uses various strategies, the most important of which being the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. However, inappropriate and excessive [...] Read more.
It is well known that there is a greater demand for food, due to a larger global population. To cope with this situation, conventional agriculture uses various strategies, the most important of which being the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. However, inappropriate and excessive use of these fertilizers leads to the appearance of serious environmental problems, such as the pollution of aquifers or the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs. In order to solve this problem, several studies have been conducted on various crops, seeking to find the optimization point in the use of these fertilizers, in order to guarantee high crop yields in a sustainable way. In our work, we determine the optimal amount of nitrogen for rootstock citrus crops (Citrus macrophylla) grown in controlled temperature and light conditions. Reduction to 50% of nitrogen content was studied through the analysis of several phenotypic (number of leaves, leaf area and fresh weight of roots) and biochemical (total proteins and enzymatic activities of nitrogen-fixing enzymes, such as nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase) parameters. Data obtained showed that there were no significant differences between plants grown under conditions of 100% nitrogen content and plants grown with 50% nitrogen content in all the analyzed parameters, except for the fact that plants grown with 50% of nitrogen content showed less leaf area than plants grown with 100% nitrogen content. This suggests that C. macrophylla plants are able to develop, transport and assimilate nitrogen with half nitrogen fertilization, without any symptom of plant stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 251 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Galactolipids as Potential Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Esca Complex Disease in Asymptomatic Grapevine
by Piebiep Goufo and Isabel Cortez
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11984 - 30 Dec 2021
Viewed by 781
Abstract
The Esca disease complex seriously affects grapevine yield and longevity. Because of the time delay between wood infection by the fungi and symptom expression, current disease diagnosis relies on destructive sampling of the wood. The goal of this study was to identify metabolites [...] Read more.
The Esca disease complex seriously affects grapevine yield and longevity. Because of the time delay between wood infection by the fungi and symptom expression, current disease diagnosis relies on destructive sampling of the wood. The goal of this study was to identify metabolites that could be used as biomarkers for developing a noninvasive biochemical method for early diagnosis of the disease. Results from lipidomic analysis showed a positive correlation between the level of leaf necrosis and the levels of galactolipids, suggesting a role for galactolipids in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Such information could be used to develop a method for identification of Esca-affected grapevines without the need to rely upon symptomatic descriptors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
8 pages, 1430 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Biochemical Analysis of Banana Plants in Interaction between Endophytic Bacteria Kocuria rhizophila and the Fungal Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race (Foc TR4)
by Regina Thia Candra, Vivitri Dewi Prasasty and Listya Utami Karmawan
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11990 - 04 May 2022
Viewed by 1326
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is one of the most severe banana diseases in the world. In this study, banana plants treated with endophytic bacteria Kocuria rhizophila showed increased PO enzyme activity, reaching [...] Read more.
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is one of the most severe banana diseases in the world. In this study, banana plants treated with endophytic bacteria Kocuria rhizophila showed increased PO enzyme activity, reaching the highest activity 72 h after inoculation in the shoots (0.1640 ± 0.0335 μmol/min) and 24 h after inoculation in the roots (0.0129 ± 0.0024 μmol/min). PPO enzyme activity increased significantly 24 h after inoculation in roots (0.0131 ± 0.0026 μmol/min) and 6 h after inoculation in shoots (0.0201 ± 0.0065 μmol/min). PAL enzyme activity on roots (1.776 μmol/min) and shoots (1.2170 μmol/min) inoculated with endophytic bacteria showed the highest value at 24 h. The highest total phenolic content in shoots treated with endophytic bacteria was at 72 h in roots (41.15384 mg GAE/g samples) and shoots (39.6102 mg GAE/g samples). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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8 pages, 1048 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Induction of Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Treated with Phytopathogen Filtrates
by Ana Cristina Ávila and Jorge Poveda
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11974 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860
Abstract
We address the application of phytopathogen filtrates to induce an immune response on plants that may protect them from disease. We exposed Arabidopsis thaliana plants to filtrates of necrotrophic and biotrophic phytopathogens and evaluated whether these triggered an immune response correspondent to each [...] Read more.
We address the application of phytopathogen filtrates to induce an immune response on plants that may protect them from disease. We exposed Arabidopsis thaliana plants to filtrates of necrotrophic and biotrophic phytopathogens and evaluated whether these triggered an immune response correspondent to each pathogen’s infection pathway. We show that filtrates induce a systemic immune response on plants, but this was not specific to the infection type of phytopathogens. When facing a real infection, however, the filtrates enhanced the immune response compared to the control plants. Moreover, the filtrates increased plant growth by acting either as fertilizers or chemical inducers. Our study demonstrates the biotechnological potential of phytopathogen filtrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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7 pages, 1237 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Proteomic and Genetic Approach for Lunasin Peptide and Gene Presence Detection in Various Plants
by Milan Chňapek, Dana Rajnincová, Želmíra Balážová, Katarína Ražná, Martin Vivodík, Zuzana Hromadová, Lucia Mikolášová and Zdenka Gálová
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12004 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 674
Abstract
Lunasin is a biologically active peptide, with a polypeptide chain consisting of 43 amino acids, originally discovered as a 2S albumin protein from the seed of the soybean coded by the GM2S-1 gene. The most significant health benefits include antioxidant activity, anti-hypertension activity, [...] Read more.
Lunasin is a biologically active peptide, with a polypeptide chain consisting of 43 amino acids, originally discovered as a 2S albumin protein from the seed of the soybean coded by the GM2S-1 gene. The most significant health benefits include antioxidant activity, anti-hypertension activity, and chemoprevention activity. Lunasin peptide was initially detected in many plant species, but there is controversy about its exact origins at present. Therefore, we focused on the detection of the Lunasin gene by a polymerase chain reaction and Lunasin peptide by one and two-dimensional electrophoreses, in various plants. These results confirmed that Lunasin peptide, as well as the Lunasin gene, were observed only in soybean seeds. There was also a confirmed presence of Lunasin-like peptide in various plants (spelt wheat, bean, and oat), but gene detection was not successful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 1359 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Metabolites Differentiating Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Grapevine Plants (Vitis vinifera ‘Malvasia-Fina’) Infected with Esca Complex Disease-Associated Fungi
by Piebiep Goufo, Rupesh Kumar Singh and Isabel Cortez
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11923 - 29 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1004
Abstract
Pathogens are known to affect major physiological processes in plants including the regulation of metabolic networks to maintain homeostasis. Metabolomic analyses generate large datasets that could be analyzed to give insight into the specific metabolic adaptations involved in plant responses to grapevine trunk [...] Read more.
Pathogens are known to affect major physiological processes in plants including the regulation of metabolic networks to maintain homeostasis. Metabolomic analyses generate large datasets that could be analyzed to give insight into the specific metabolic adaptations involved in plant responses to grapevine trunk diseases such as esca complex. The goals of this study were to identify metabolites differentiating asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevine plants infected with esca complex disease-associated fungi, and biosynthetic pathways active during disease progression. Experiments were performed using healthy, asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Malvasia-fina’ naturally infected in the vineyard. A global metabolite profile of the samples was obtained using a UPLC + GC-MS/MS2 analytical platform. A total of 513 metabolites belonging to 60 pathways were detected. The analysis of the data allowed the elucidation of some of the mechanisms by which grapevine tolerate the presence of pathogens, and the selection of top metabolites worthy of further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 666 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Lactate on Growth and Overwintering of Evergreen Fern Cyrtomium fortunei var. clivicola †
by Piotr Salachna, Anna Pietrak and Łukasz Łopusiewicz
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12034 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives with a low molecular weight can enhance plant growth and improve tolerance to various stresses. Hardy ferns form a group of attractive garden perennials with an unknown response to plant biostimulants. Cold winter temperature limits the growth and reduces the decorative [...] Read more.
Chitosan derivatives with a low molecular weight can enhance plant growth and improve tolerance to various stresses. Hardy ferns form a group of attractive garden perennials with an unknown response to plant biostimulants. Cold winter temperature limits the growth and reduces the decorative value of evergreen fern species. This study was carried out to explore the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (COL) with Mn = 5000 on the growth of the evergreen fern Cyrtomium fortunei var. clivicola. COL sprayed at 50 and 100 mg/L significantly increased the height of the plant and fresh weight of the above-ground and underground parts of C. fortunei var. clivicola compared to control plants. Moreover, ferns sprayed with 50 and 100 mg/L COL also had higher leaf total chlorophyll contents and value score. These results indicate that COL improved C. fortunei var. clivicola growth and overwintering and may be used for high-quality hardy ferns’ production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 4870 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluating Seven Macadamia Seedling and Cutting Rootstocks for Their Effect on Scion Growth
by Pragya Dhakal Poudel, Max Cowan, Bruce Topp and Mobashwer Alam
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12040 - 03 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 771
Abstract
This study evaluated the variability of seven seedling and cutting rootstock genotypes of macadamia for their effect on scion growth. Scion height varied from 384 cm to 524 cm in cutting and 378 cm to 450 cm in seedling rootstocks. This difference was [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the variability of seven seedling and cutting rootstock genotypes of macadamia for their effect on scion growth. Scion height varied from 384 cm to 524 cm in cutting and 378 cm to 450 cm in seedling rootstocks. This difference was minimal at an early age (year 1–3) while being statistically significant at year 4. A highly significant positive correlation was identified between grafted and ungrafted rootstocks for canopy area (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) while scion height correlated moderately with rootstock height (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). A wider genetic range is possibly required to be studied for precise conclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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6 pages, 772 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Salinity Stress in Red Radish Crops
by Paula Garcia-Ibañez, Diego A. Moreno and Micaela Carvajal
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12000 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 798
Abstract
Red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) attracts interest, not only for its taste, but also for its health-promoting properties. Most of these properties are due to the presence of anthocyanins, glucosinolates and flavonols, whose benefits have been widely reported. However, little is known [...] Read more.
Red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) attracts interest, not only for its taste, but also for its health-promoting properties. Most of these properties are due to the presence of anthocyanins, glucosinolates and flavonols, whose benefits have been widely reported. However, little is known about how abiotic stress could affect the presence of these biomolecules in an adult plant of red radish. In the Region of Murcia, Spain, one of the main issues of concern, due to edaphoclimatic and economic factors, is salinity stress. This work aims to analyse the effect of salinity in red radish physiology and metabolism. A study based on hydroponic culture was designed to evaluate the effects of salinity (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM) on plant size, discerning between the bulb and the aerial part. Furthermore, RP-HPLC-DAD analysis was performed in order to determine secondary metabolites of red radish. Preliminary results suggest that salinity stress at high concentrations compromises the plant vegetative development. However, stresses are widely reported to stimulate the secondary metabolism, hindering the processes of finding a balance between nutritional value and production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 669 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Biostimulant Based on Algae Extract and Fulvic Acids Is Able to Improve Photosynthetic Performance and Mitigate the Effects of Salinity in Soybean
by Bruna Alves da Silva, Carolina Souza de Castro, Johny de Souza Silva, Rafael Santiago da Costa, Flávio Barcellos Cardoso and Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12041 - 03 Dec 2021
Viewed by 666
Abstract
The expansion of the salinization of agricultural areas limits the production of crops of high economic importance, such as soybeans. To attenuate the effects of salts on the plants and improve photosynthetic performance under salinity conditions, the application of a biostimulant based on [...] Read more.
The expansion of the salinization of agricultural areas limits the production of crops of high economic importance, such as soybeans. To attenuate the effects of salts on the plants and improve photosynthetic performance under salinity conditions, the application of a biostimulant based on seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum (L.)) and fulvic acids as a physiological enhancer was adopted. In the present study, we evaluated whether applications of the biostimulant at different phenological stages can reduce damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in soybean plants under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and the design adopted was completely randomized in a double factorial scheme consisting of three applications (V3, V3/R1, and V3/R1/R4) and two levels of salinity of the irrigation water (S0—absence of salt and S1—saline solution at 5.0 dS m−1 prepared with the salts NaCl, CaCl2·2H2O, and MgCl2·6H2O in the ratio 7:2:1). There were two additional controls without the application of the biostimulant (with and without stress) and five repetitions. Soybean plants were irrigated daily with the solutions, and a weekly depth of 25% higher than the demand of the culture was applied. The evaluations were carried out 49 days after sowing, evaluating the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦFSII), the photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (qN) quenching, and the rate of electron transport (ETR). Plants subjected to irrigation with saline water showed reductions in the evaluated parameters, suggesting that the salts caused damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in the photochemical stage. The application of the biostimulant was effective in reducing damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, providing greater efficiency in dissipating excess energy and less reduction in ETR. The application that provided the best results was V3/R1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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8 pages, 1576 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Elucidation of the Radiosensitivity Level of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Embryogenic Callus Induced by Gamma Ray Irradiation
by Reza Ramdan Rivai, Yupi Isnaini and Yuzammi
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11951 - 21 Jun 2022
Viewed by 859
Abstract
The tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae) has been receiving attention as an alternative food source. However, the tuber contains oxalate compounds which reduce the utilization of this species as a food material. Inducing genetic mutations using gamma ray irradiation followed [...] Read more.
The tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae) has been receiving attention as an alternative food source. However, the tuber contains oxalate compounds which reduce the utilization of this species as a food material. Inducing genetic mutations using gamma ray irradiation followed by a selection process can be used to increase genetic diversity and produce genetically improved cultivars of A. paeoniifolius. To achieve an effective mutation through gamma ray irradiation, the threshold of the sensitivity level of particular tissues is necessary to be elucidated in advance. Hence, the objective of the current study was to determine the level of radiosensitivity of in vitro-cultured A. paeoniifolius embryogenic callus to gamma rays. The main treatment factor in this experiment was different levels of gamma ray irradiation, including 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy. Plant growth parameters, such as the number of roots, shoots, and leaves, and also the height of plantlets arising from the callus, were decreased by applying gamma ray irradiation. Importantly, applying irradiation doses greater than 15 Gy significantly decreased the proportion of surviving embryogenic calluses. The lethal doses 20, 30, and 50 (LD20, LD30, and LD50) of calluses were 1.75, 5.44, and 12.84 Gy gamma irradiation, respectively. Since the high frequency of mutation was previously often found in around LD20–LD50 irradiated callus in other plants, this present study suggested that the effective gamma irradiation of A. paeoniifolius embryogenic callus was between 1.75 Gy until 12.84 Gy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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4 pages, 243 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Dynamics of Non-Structural Carbohydrates Reserves in Leaves of Two Perennial Woody Species, Hakea sericea and Pinus pinaster 
by Maria C. Morais, Helena Ferreira and Berta Gonçalves
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12012 - 01 Dec 2021
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are key components of plant tissue, being involved in several metabolic and physiological processes, greatly affecting the growth and adaptation of plants. In this study, we compare the seasonal dynamics of leaf NSC, including total soluble sugars (SS) and starch [...] Read more.
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are key components of plant tissue, being involved in several metabolic and physiological processes, greatly affecting the growth and adaptation of plants. In this study, we compare the seasonal dynamics of leaf NSC, including total soluble sugars (SS) and starch (St), in Pinus pinaster, a tree native to the Western Mediterranean basin, and the invasive Hakea sericea, particularly problematic in areas with Mediterranean-type climate. With no exception, SS, St, and NSC contents changed throughout the growing season in both species, but with distinct patterns. The observed differences in NSC accumulation seemed to be related to the phenological cycle of both species but also suggest the superior performance of old Hakea sericea over Pinus pinaster, even under unfavorable environmental conditions, which may explain its invasion success in the Mediterranean region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
9 pages, 1956 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Image-Based Phenotyping of Shell Thickness Revealed Strong Association with Kernel Recovery in Macadamia
by Truong Duc Nguyen, Bruce Topp and Mobashwer Alam
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12037 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Phenotyping in macadamia breeding programs is laborious, time-consuming and costly. Developing rapid and cost-effective phenotyping technologies can reduce costs and increase breeding efficiency. The aim of this project is to develop an image-based phenotyping tool for rapid, cost-effective and accurate assessment of kernel [...] Read more.
Phenotyping in macadamia breeding programs is laborious, time-consuming and costly. Developing rapid and cost-effective phenotyping technologies can reduce costs and increase breeding efficiency. The aim of this project is to develop an image-based phenotyping tool for rapid, cost-effective and accurate assessment of kernel recovery (KR) in macadamia. Nut samples were collected from second-generation macadamia breeding progenies grown in Bundaberg research station, Queensland, Australia, and were measured for nut traits. Nuts were cracked at the suture line to measure nutshell thickness. A digital slide caliper was used for manual phenotyping, and a digital camera was used for image-based phenotyping of shell thickness. Pictures of the cracked nut samples were processed with Image J to extract phenotypic information. Correlations between shell thickness and kernel recovery were negative in both manual and image-based approaches. Correlations were low in manual measurements (−0.54 to −0.59) but very high with image-based measurements (−0.87). The outcomes indicate that shell thicknesses can be used as a predictor for KR in macadamia breeding programs, and more importantly, image-based measurements offer higher prediction accuracy of KR than manual measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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5 pages, 835 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Silencing of FaPG1, a Fruit Specific Polygalacturonase Gene, Decreased Strawberry Fruit Fungal Decay during Postharvest
by Candelas Paniagua, Cristina Sánchez-Raya, Rosario Blanco-Portales, Jose A. Mercado, Elena Palomo-Ríos and Sara Posé
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-12049 - 07 Dec 2021
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Plant health is a major target in breeding programs because crops are under constant biotic stress, and climate change is exacerbating pests and diseases that have negative impacts on agriculture. Obtaining crop varieties armed with better defences is a potential strategy to reduce [...] Read more.
Plant health is a major target in breeding programs because crops are under constant biotic stress, and climate change is exacerbating pests and diseases that have negative impacts on agriculture. Obtaining crop varieties armed with better defences is a potential strategy to reduce losses from biotic attacks. Plant cell walls perform crucial roles in many physiological processes, and under biotic stress, play crucial defensive roles as protecting barriers, as well as a source of integrity signalling molecules. In this work, a FaPG1 mutant line with an endopolygalacturonase gene silenced was analysed to determine if the modification of this activity, which potentially alters the release of oligogalacturonides, could have a role in modified plant immunity responses. First, postharvest assays of FaPG1 fruits showed the increased fruit firmness typical of this mutant and confirmed an increased resistance to fungal decay during postharvest, enhancing fruit shelf life in comparison with control fruits. Ongoing works are aiming to characterize the pattern of OGAs production in this transgenic line. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences—10th Anniversary of Journal Plants)
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