Biologics

32 pages, 1838 KiB

Open AccessReview

Management of Invasive Infections in Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review

by Anjum Khanam, Gavirangappa Hithamani, Jayapala Naveen, Seetur R. Pradeep, Susmita Barman and Krishnapura Srinivasan

Biologics 2023, 3(1), 40-71; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics3010004 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5122

Abstract

Patients with diabetes often have more invasive infections, which may lead to an increase in morbidity. The hyperglycaemic environment promotes immune dysfunction (such as the deterioration of neutrophil activity, antioxidant system suppression, and compromised innate immunity), micro- and microangiopathies, and neuropathy. A greater number of medical interventions leads to a higher frequency of infections in diabetic patients. Diabetic individuals are susceptible to certain conditions, such as rhino-cerebral mucormycosis or aspergillosis infection. Infections may either be the primary symptom of diabetes mellitus or act as triggers in the intrinsic effects of the disease, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemia, in addition to increasing morbidity. A thorough diagnosis of the severity and origin of the infection is necessary for effective treatment, which often entails surgery and extensive antibiotic use. Examining the significant issue of infection in individuals with diabetes is crucial. Comprehensive research should examine why infections are more common amongst diabetics and what the preventive treatment strategies could be. Full article

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Novel Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment through Oral Vaccine Therapy with Amyloid Beta

by Yasunari Matsuzaka and Ryu Yashiro

Biologics 2023, 3(1), 23-39; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics3010003 - 01 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2845

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neuropathology characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and dementia. The disease is attributed to senile plaques, which are aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) outside nerve cells; neurofibrillary tangles, which are filamentous accumulations of phosphorylated tau in nerve cells; and loss of neurons in the brain tissue. Immunization of an AD mouse model with Aβ-eliminated pre-existing senile plaque amyloids and prevented new accumulation. Furthermore, its effect showed that cognitive function can be improved by passive immunity without side effects, such as lymphocyte infiltration in AD model mice treated with vaccine therapy, indicating the possibility of vaccine therapy for AD. Further, considering the possibility of side effects due to direct administration of Aβ, the practical use of the safe oral vaccine, which expressed Aβ in plants, is expected. Indeed, administration of this oral vaccine to Alzheimer’s model mice reduced Aβ accumulation in the brain. Moreover, almost no expression of inflammatory IgG was observed. Therefore, vaccination prior to Aβ accumulation or at an early stage of accumulation may prevent Aβ from causing AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vaccines)

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12 pages, 1103 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Validation of Adapted Neutralization Assays Developed to Discriminate Anti-Rabies Virus Activity of Two Different Anti-Rabies Virus Monoclonal Antibodies Administered as a Combination

by Arjen Companjen, Susan M. Moore, Bruno Boulanger, Stefan Kostense and Wilfred E. Marissen

Biologics 2023, 3(1), 11-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics3010002 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1807

Abstract

Assessment of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibodies in subjects vaccinated or injected with anti-RABV immunoglobulins is central in determination of rabies protection. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is used for assessment of anti-RABV activity in serum. The current anti-RABV polyclonal preparations on the market pose difficulties in production and vary in quality. RABV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are being evaluated as replacements. Different anti-RABV MAbs may neutralize different RABV isolates, thus two or more MAbs directed against different epitopes on the RABV glycoprotein are needed. It is therefore important to ensure neutralizing activity against all RABV isolates in sera of subjects injected with an anti-RABV MAb product consisting of two or more MAbs. The RFFIT, utilizing CVS-11 as challenge virus, cannot discriminate between the activities of different anti-RABV MAbs. We developed and validated two RFFIT methods enabling specific assessment of two different anti-RABV MAbs (CR57 and CR4098) in using two mutant CVS-11 strains resistant to either CR57 or CR4098 neutralization. The validation results demonstrate that both RFFIT assays using MAb resistant RABV are precise, accurate, linear, specific, and stable within the linear range of 0.025 IU/mL to 1.0 IU/mL. This method design can, therefore, be used to determine MAb specific anti-RABV activity in human serum samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Drugs in the World)

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