Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Bimetallic Nanoparticles as a Product of Nanotechnology
1.2. Nanoparticles of Various Types
2. Synthesis Methods
2.1. Various Approaches to Bimetallic Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.1.1. Thermal and Photochemical Decomposition
2.1.2. Electrochemical Reduction
2.1.3. Chemical Reduction
2.1.4. Sputtering
2.1.5. Sol–Gel Method
2.1.6. Chemical Precipitation Method
2.2. Synthesis of Bimetallic/Nanoparticles Using a Bioflocculant
2.3. Nanoparticles Characterization
2.3.1. Nanoparticles X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.3.2. Morphology and Elemental Analysis of Nanoparticles (SEM-EDX)
2.3.3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Analysis
2.3.4. Fourier Transform–Infrared (FT-IR) Analysis of Nanoparticles
2.3.5. Thermogravimetric Decomposition Analysis of Nanoparticles (TGA)
2.3.6. UV–Vis Analysis of Nanoparticles
2.3.7. Flocculation Activity Analysis of Nanoparticles
2.3.8. Evaluation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment and Dye Removal
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles
2.4.1. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.4.2. Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
2.5. Mechanisms for BNPs’ Formation and Factors Affecting Their Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles by Different Biological Techniques
3.2. Characterization of Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction Studies
3.2.2. FT-IR Analysis of Fe/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.2.3. SEM Analysis of Fe/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.3. UV–Vis Analysis of Fe/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.4. TEM Analysis of Fe/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.5. Application of Fe/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Flocculation
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity of Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.7. Comparison of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods for Producing Bimetallic Nanoparticles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Synthetic Technique | Type of Reducing Agent | Type of Bimetallic Nanoparticles | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Biological | Bioflocculant | Fe/Cu | [69] |
Chemical | Pd/Pt | [70] | |
Biological | Plant extract | Ti/Ni | [71] |
Biological | Starch | Fe/Pd | [72] |
Physical/chemical | Pt/X (X = Cu, Au, or Ag, etc.) | [6] | |
Physical/chemical | Pd/Fe, Pd/Zn, Pt/Fe, Ni/Fe | [6] | |
Biological | Microorganism | Au/Ag | [73] |
Biological | Red alga, Gracilaria sp. | Ag/Au | [74] |
Biological | Oscimum basilicum (Basil) flower, and leaf extracts | Au/Ag | [75] |
Physical | Ag/Cu | [76] | |
Biological | Peptides | Au/Pd | [77] |
Chemical | Fe/Ni | [78] | |
Chemical | Cu/nZVI | [79] | |
Chemical | Cu/Ni | [80] | |
Fe/Cu | [81] | ||
Biological | Phoenix dactylifera leaves | Cu/Ag | [82] |
Elements | Sample | |
---|---|---|
Bioflocculant (wt.%) | Fe/Cu BNPs (wt.%) | |
C | 13.21 | 19.07 |
O | 55.25 | 55.09 |
Mg | 13.35 | 12.27 |
P | 16.00 | 0.63 |
K | 0.14 | 0.24 |
Ca | 2.04 | 0.7 |
Fe | - | 1.19 |
Cu | - | 3.83 |
Na | - | 7.01 |
Cl | - | 0.20 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Flocculant | Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe/Cu | Dosage (mg/mL) | FA (%) | Cations | FA (%) | Temperature (°C) | FA (%) | pH | FA (%) |
0.2 | 99 a | Na+ | 97 a | 27 | 99 a | 3 | 95 a | |
0.4 | 98 a | Ca2+ | 99 a | 60 | 93 a | 7 | 99 a | |
0.6 | 98 a | Fe3+ | 97 a | 80 | 97 a | 11 | 95 a | |
0.8 | 93 b | Control | 95 a | 100 | 96 a |
Type of Nanoparticles | Name of Microorganisms | Antimicrobial Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Fe/Cu | Escherichia coli Bacillus pumilus A. freundii Klebsiella pneuniae | +ve +ve +ve +ve | [84] |
Au/Pt | Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneuniae Salmonella choleraesius Pseudomonas aeruginosa | +ve +ve +ve +ve | [85] |
Ag/Au | Salmonella typhii and Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus | +ve +ve +ve +ve | [74] |
Au/ag | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli | +ve +ve +ve +ve | [75] |
Ag/Cu | Bacillus subtilis | +ve | [76] |
Cu/Ag | Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli | +ve +ve | [82] |
Method Type | Advandage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|
Chemical | Less complicated, less expensive, can synthesize diverse sizes and shapes, large quantities can be obtained in a short period of time, and doping of foreign atoms during synthesis is possible [86]. | Chemicals used as reducing agents may have negative effects as hazardous byproducts [87]. |
Biological | Mazhar, Shrivastava and Tomar [86] found that the processes are environmentally friendly, take less time, produce almost no industrial waste, and do not use toxic chemicals. | |
Physical | These methods have some advantages over chemical methods, such as no solvent contamination in the prepared film and uniformity in the formation of nanoparticles [86]. | These methods necessitate the purchase of expensive equipment, and the final yield is low [87]. |
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Dlamini, N.G.; Basson, A.K.; Pullabhotla, V.S.R. Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Application. Appl. Nano 2023, 4, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4010001
Dlamini NG, Basson AK, Pullabhotla VSR. Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Application. Applied Nano. 2023; 4(1):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDlamini, Nkosinathi Goodman, Albertus Kotze Basson, and Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla. 2023. "Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Application" Applied Nano 4, no. 1: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4010001