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Designs, Volume 6, Issue 6 (December 2022) – 29 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The coordination of two collaborative robots to handle and hold huge parts is the main topic of this research. This study shows how flexible systems may accommodate large-volume components while situating components with a displacement precision between robots of no more than 10 mm into the parts, with the assistance of a single operator. This paper suggests using collaborative robots to integrate flexible tools for adaptability to various elements in order to accomplish this goal without endangering the operators. The software architecture is described in full in this paper, including machine states to choose task executions, robot referencing in the workspace, remote monitoring via the digital twin, generation paths, and distributed control using a high-level controller (HLC). View this paper
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50 pages, 24676 KiB  
Article
The Evolution of Business Center Buildings and Prospects for Their Adaptation in the Post-Pandemic Period in Kazakhstan
by Turar Uzakbayev, Konstantin Samoilov, Bolat Kuspangaliyev, Gaukhar Sadvokasova and Lyazzat Nurkusheva
Designs 2022, 6(6), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060127 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2273
Abstract
The buildings of business centers make up a significant part of the development of modern cities. Having different sizes, functional content and architectural and artistic solutions, these complexes are often spatial dominants. The compositional accent formed by them indicates the place of concentration [...] Read more.
The buildings of business centers make up a significant part of the development of modern cities. Having different sizes, functional content and architectural and artistic solutions, these complexes are often spatial dominants. The compositional accent formed by them indicates the place of concentration for social activity associated not only with business activity but also often with an entertainment pastime program. The formation of a business center as a specific type of building has a long history from open or semiclosed spaces in ancient times, in which trade operations were carried out, to modern multifunctional, multistory buildings. These buildings are located singly or form complexes occupying one or more blocks. Business centers in Kazakhstan developed in a peculiar way, having a break in their development. The analysis carried out made it possible to identify a number of characteristic features of this development. The post-COVID-19 period has formed a new stage in the evolution of business centers. Demand for this type of building has partially declined. Existing buildings began to partially or completely reorient themselves to other activities. At this stage, the most promising option for multistory complexes is their transformation into hotels or residential buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture Design, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2224 KiB  
Article
Reliability Analysis of Steel Bridge Girders Strengthened with CFRP Considering the Debonding of Adhesive Layer
by Duy Hung Vo, Viet Hai Do, Quang Vy Tran, Minh Hai Nguyen and Trong Lam Hoang
Designs 2022, 6(6), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060126 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1454
Abstract
One issue to consider while designing and constructing steel girders reinforced with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates in bridges is debonding failure. Previous studies showed that the parameters such as characteristics of material, load, adhesive, and CFRP plates have an effect on the [...] Read more.
One issue to consider while designing and constructing steel girders reinforced with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates in bridges is debonding failure. Previous studies showed that the parameters such as characteristics of material, load, adhesive, and CFRP plates have an effect on the failure probability of steel girder, which is represented by the reliability index. Therefore, this study analyzes the reliability indices of steel girders in bridges strengthened with CFRP plates to clarify the effects of debonding failure. Debonding and strength limit states are used to compare differences in reliability indices of different design scenarios. Strength and debonding margin the functions for the strength limit state and debonding limit state will be established in this study. The probability of failure is determined by a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). It is found that the reliability index of debonding limit state is much lower than that of the strength limit state. This shows that the debonding failure should be considered significant in the reliability analysis of steel bridge girders strengthened with CFRP plate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering Design)
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22 pages, 7366 KiB  
Article
CLARA: Building a Socially Assistive Robot to Interact with Elderly People
by Adrián Romero-Garcés, Juan Pedro Bandera, Rebeca Marfil, Martín González-García and Antonio Bandera
Designs 2022, 6(6), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060125 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
Although the global population is aging, the proportion of potential caregivers is not keeping pace. It is necessary for society to adapt to this demographic change, and new technologies are a powerful resource for achieving this. New tools and devices can help to [...] Read more.
Although the global population is aging, the proportion of potential caregivers is not keeping pace. It is necessary for society to adapt to this demographic change, and new technologies are a powerful resource for achieving this. New tools and devices can help to ease independent living and alleviate the workload of caregivers. Among them, socially assistive robots (SARs), which assist people with social interactions, are an interesting tool for caregivers thanks to their proactivity, autonomy, interaction capabilities, and adaptability. This article describes the different design and implementation phases of a SAR, the CLARA robot, both from a physical and software point of view, from 2016 to 2022. During this period, the design methodology evolved from traditional approaches based on technical feasibility to user-centered co-creative processes. The cognitive architecture of the robot, CORTEX, keeps its core idea of using an inner representation of the world to enable inter-procedural dialogue between perceptual, reactive, and deliberative modules. However, CORTEX also evolved by incorporating components that use non-functional properties to maximize efficiency through adaptability. The robot has been employed in several projects for different uses in hospitals and retirement homes. This paper describes the main outcomes of the functional and user experience evaluations of these experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Reliable Framework for Healthcare Data Assessment)
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19 pages, 3267 KiB  
Article
Addressing the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in the Design of Visual Persuasive Discourses
by Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano, David A. Mejía-Medina, Victor H. Castillo-Topete, María Berenice Fong-Mata, Ervey L. Hernández-Torres, Paloma Rodríguez-Valenzuela and Enrique Berra-Ruiz
Designs 2022, 6(6), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060124 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2558
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems to generate images from natural language are a game changer in graphic design. However, in visual persuasive communication, the image is not just a drawing, but is the message itself. It arises from the need for understanding how AI [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems to generate images from natural language are a game changer in graphic design. However, in visual persuasive communication, the image is not just a drawing, but is the message itself. It arises from the need for understanding how AI systems could be adopted in the design of visual communication. Thus, this article presents a model that describes the theoretical–methodological factors present in the design of persuasive visual discourses, which arises from a qualitative study with an analysis of grounded theory from the opinion of experts in the essential areas for visual communication. Thus, we propose a model to guide the design process of persuasive messages throughout seven stages. Additionally, an analysis for contributing to the orderly and informed incorporation of technologies, techniques, and methods relevant to each stage is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Communication Technology with Artificial Intelligence)
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12 pages, 971 KiB  
Article
Session Initiation Protocol Proxy in a Role of a Quality of Service Control Application in Software-Defined Networks
by Dalibor Zeman, Filip Rezac, Miroslav Voznak and Jan Rozhon
Designs 2022, 6(6), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060123 - 04 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1138
Abstract
This article deals with quality of service (QoS) in internet protocol (IP) telephony by applying software-defined networking (SDN) tools. The authors develop a new design that deterministically classifies real-time protocol (RTP) streams based on data found in session initiation protocol (SIP) using SIP [...] Read more.
This article deals with quality of service (QoS) in internet protocol (IP) telephony by applying software-defined networking (SDN) tools. The authors develop a new design that deterministically classifies real-time protocol (RTP) streams based on data found in session initiation protocol (SIP) using SIP proxy as a mediator, and the concept making this possible is called SDN. Compared to traditional networks, SDN allows us to approach network configuration differently. SDN networks are programmable through software applications running on top of the SDN controller. One of the technologies that might benefit from this concept is IP telephony, which often needs an additional priority management configuration to ensure consistent quality of its real-time media exchange. Typically, a session protocol for real-time communications is SIP, and as such, its infrastructure may be used to classify the traffic in question and take advantage of the centralized approach of SDN networks to distribute the class information across the switching devices. Different approaches and possible applications are discussed in the conclusion. The contribution of this paper lies in the proposal of SDN-based QoS mechanisms. The entire design of the concept was implemented and validated in a laboratory environment. The results clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. Full article
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18 pages, 5310 KiB  
Article
Design for Six Sigma and TRIZ for Inventive Design Applied to Recycle Cigarette Butts
by Giampiero Donnici, Leonardo Frizziero, Alfredo Liverani and Christian Leon-Cardenas
Designs 2022, 6(6), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060122 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
A deep research and analysis of a “critical waste” object has been carried out, understood as a subject that does not fare high on the separate collection and recycling system yet: the cigarette butt. This acknowledged social waste is the first among all [...] Read more.
A deep research and analysis of a “critical waste” object has been carried out, understood as a subject that does not fare high on the separate collection and recycling system yet: the cigarette butt. This acknowledged social waste is the first among all the garbage detected everywhere around neighborhoods worldwide, and is therefore the epicenter of a situation so worrying that it is necessary to find a solution concerning the environmental pollution. The present exercise was developed, by means of proper product design methods like TRIZ and QFD driven by DFSS rulings, to conceive of new products and services in order to create incentive for the smokers to lessen the environmental pollution problem. The social implications are about the possibility of modifying the bad habits of the smokers and making the user act consciously towards the environment. Throwing the cigarette-stub in the new collection device, rather than on the ground, enables users to enjoy both moral and economic returns. The “Buttalo” service is aimed to incentivize the population to fight against environmental pollution whilst helping smokers to be conscious about it. Full article
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25 pages, 5175 KiB  
Article
Privacy-Aware Secure Routing through Elliptical Curve Cryptography with Optimal RSU Distribution in VANETs
by Ghadeer Ghazi Shayea, Dheyaa Abdulameer Mohammed, Ali Hashim Abbas and Nejood Faisal Abdulsattar
Designs 2022, 6(6), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060121 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1650
Abstract
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the backbone of the intelligent transportation system, which consists of high-speed vehicles with huge dynamic mobility. The communication takes place with a vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle to infrastructure, with traffic signals. The major flaw of this kind of network is [...] Read more.
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the backbone of the intelligent transportation system, which consists of high-speed vehicles with huge dynamic mobility. The communication takes place with a vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle to infrastructure, with traffic signals. The major flaw of this kind of network is that due to high mobility in VANETs, the communication overhead is so high that it directly affects the efficiency of the network. Security is also holding a vital role in VANETs. The attackers can easily capture vehicle details of this type. To overcome this drawback, security should also need to get improved. This paper introduces Elliptical Curve Cryptography with Generic Algorithm based Privacy-Aware Secure Routing (ECC-GA-PASR), which is the combination of two methods such as optimal RSU distribution and elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) based authentication. RSU distribution is optimized by using the generic algorithm (GA) as well as to improve the authentication in trusted authority (TA) ECC algorithm is used. By using these two concepts, the proposed method reduced the communication overhead and increased the security of the network. The simulation is conducted throughput NS2 and SUMO. The performance analysis is performed concerning vehicle count, varying speed, and malicious activities. The parameters that are concentrated for this performance analysis are energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, overhead, and packet loss. The performance of the proposed method is calculated and compared with earlier works such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV. Compared with the earlier works, the proposed ECC-GA-PASR produced 15% better efficiency, 12% better packet delivery ratio, 50% lower overhead, and 30% lower packet loss. Full article
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20 pages, 3900 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Multifunctional Bio-Inspired Design and an Introduction to Domain Integrated Design (DID)
by Pavan Tejaswi Velivela and Yaoyao Fiona Zhao
Designs 2022, 6(6), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060120 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2525
Abstract
Nature is a continuous source of inspiration for scientists and engineers for creating innovative products. In the past decade, many methods, frameworks, and tools have been developed to support the design and development of biologically inspired products. This research provides an overview of [...] Read more.
Nature is a continuous source of inspiration for scientists and engineers for creating innovative products. In the past decade, many methods, frameworks, and tools have been developed to support the design and development of biologically inspired products. This research provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art bio-inspired design methods and identifies that there is a need for the development of methods to support multifunctionality in design. Although there are several methods that assist in the development of multifunctional designs inspired by biology, there is still a gap identified in the emulation and integration of biological features to achieve multifunctional bio-inspired designs. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the current methods for multifunctional bio-inspired design based on nine specific criteria and, in the end, introduces a new design method called Domain Integrated Design (DID) that will further aid in the generation of multifunctional design concepts inspired from biology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Design)
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22 pages, 1769 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Structural Features of Lignocellulosic Materials and Ethanol Production Yield
by Mohammad Saber Bay, Fatemeh Eslami and Keikhosro Karimi
Designs 2022, 6(6), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060119 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1264
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are a mixture of natural polymers which can be considered a great alternative source of chemical products and energy. Hence, pinewood, poplar wood, and rice straw, as representatives of different types of lignocelluloses, were subjected to several pretreatment types in order [...] Read more.
Lignocellulosic materials are a mixture of natural polymers which can be considered a great alternative source of chemical products and energy. Hence, pinewood, poplar wood, and rice straw, as representatives of different types of lignocelluloses, were subjected to several pretreatment types in order to increase ethanol production yield. All pretreatments increased enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol yield, specifically pretreatment with phosphoric acid. This pretreatment increased ethanol yields by 304.6% and 273.61% for poplar wood and pinewood, respectively, compared to untreated substrates. In addition, a number of analyses, including a BET test, buffering capacity, crystallinity, accessible surface area, and composition measurement, were conducted on the pretreated substrates to investigate their structural modifications in detail. Accessible surface area, as one of the most important parameters for performance of enzymes and microorganisms in the fermentation process, was examined by the water retention value test. The results of this method (using centrifuge) showed that the maximum accessible surface area was related to the pretreated samples with phosphoric acid so that it increased WRV to 132.19%, 149.41%, and 68.44% for poplar wood, pinewood, and rice straw, respectively, as compared to untreated substrates. On the whole, pretreatments restructured and opened up the tangled structure of lignocelluloses, resulting in a considerable increase in ethanol yields. Moreover, in this study, for the first time, a new correlation was presented for each substrate which indicates the relationship between ethanol yield and structural features of the lignocellulosic substrate. Full article
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9 pages, 4384 KiB  
Article
Integration of Solar Energy Supply on Smart Distribution Board Based on IoT System
by Fatmah Ali Mallahi, Mariam Mohamed and Yomna Omran Shaker
Designs 2022, 6(6), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060118 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2902
Abstract
Today’s residential electricity management depends heavily on the Internet of Things (IoT). It is still challenging to create practical, affordable smart condition monitoring, protection, and control systems for residential distribution networks. The performance of the developed system is evaluated for a variety of [...] Read more.
Today’s residential electricity management depends heavily on the Internet of Things (IoT). It is still challenging to create practical, affordable smart condition monitoring, protection, and control systems for residential distribution networks. The performance of the developed system is evaluated for a variety of residential electric loads with different energy consumption patterns. In this paper, a photovoltaic tracking system and also a cleaning system will be connected to a smart board. All input data will be gathered and sent over Bluetooth using a working prototype built on an Arduino board. The mobile application is also used to let individual users monitor the system in real-time, alert users about electrical system issues, display their energy use in real time, and provide other essential alerts and warnings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy System Design)
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36 pages, 11537 KiB  
Review
Phase Change Materials—Applications and Systems Designs: A Literature Review
by Bogdan Marian Diaconu, Mihai Cruceru and Lucica Anghelescu
Designs 2022, 6(6), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060117 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4115
Abstract
The development of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) applications and products is closely related to the market penetration of the renewable energy technologies. With the initial aim of matching the phase shift between resource availability and demand in solar energy systems, the range of [...] Read more.
The development of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) applications and products is closely related to the market penetration of the renewable energy technologies. With the initial aim of matching the phase shift between resource availability and demand in solar energy systems, the range of PCM applications expanded rapidly during the last decades, entering economic sectors where some form of passive thermal regulation was required. This review focuses on examining both conventional applications and recent advances and niche areas—such as space applications—where PCM-based systems demonstrated a potential to improve the operation at process level. The literature survey conducted here gave special attention to recent application of PCM-based systems such as data centres cooling and electric vehicles battery thermal management. Recent advances in PCM-based systems designs were surveyed in the second part of the article. The main PCM containment and system integration directions were discussed and recent representative studies were discussed. Some topics considered marginal but nevertheless essential to large scale implementation of PCM-based systems were mentioned and their coverage in the literature was assessed: health risks, environmental and lifecycle issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering Design)
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26 pages, 6206 KiB  
Article
Robot Coordination: Aeronautic Use Cases Handling Large Parts
by Itzel De Jesús González Ojeda, Pablo Bengoa, Aitor Ibarguren, Juan Carlos Antolín-Urbaneja, Panagiotis Angelakis, Christos Gkournelos, Konstantinos Lotsaris, Sotiris Makris and Sandra Martínez De Lahidalga
Designs 2022, 6(6), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060116 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
The coordination of two collaborative robots to handle and hold huge parts is the main topic of this research. This study shows how flexible systems may accommodate large-volume components while situating components with a displacement precision between robots of no more than 10 [...] Read more.
The coordination of two collaborative robots to handle and hold huge parts is the main topic of this research. This study shows how flexible systems may accommodate large-volume components while situating components with a displacement precision between robots of no more than 10 mm into the parts, with the assistance of a single operator. The robots must be able to keep the parts in place while coordinating their movements to handle the parts and reducing external stressors. This paper suggests using collaborative robots to integrate flexible tools for adaptability to various elements in order to accomplish this goal without endangering the operators. The software architecture is described in full in this paper, including machine states to choose task executions, robot referencing in the workspace, remote monitoring via the digital twin, generation paths, and distributed control using a high-level controller (HLC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart Manufacturing System Design)
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20 pages, 4201 KiB  
Article
Simulation and Experimental Study of CO2 Transcritical Heat Pump System with Thermoelectric Subcooling
by Junlan Yang, Linxiu Wang, Yifei Han, Xin Zhang and Yufan Du
Designs 2022, 6(6), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060115 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1315
Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of the system and promote its application in other industries, the performance of a thermoelectric subcooled CO2 transcritical heat pump system was studied. A simulation model of the system was established using steady-state lumped parameter technology, [...] Read more.
In order to improve the efficiency of the system and promote its application in other industries, the performance of a thermoelectric subcooled CO2 transcritical heat pump system was studied. A simulation model of the system was established using steady-state lumped parameter technology, and the experimental data were compared with the simulation results. The effects of cooling and chilled water flow rate and temperature, subcooling degree, compressor discharge pressure on the coefficient of performance (COP), and heating coefficient of performance (COPh) were analyzed. The results showed that COP/COPh increased with the increase in cooling and chilled water flow rate and chilled water temperature and decreased with the increase in cooling water temperature. The experimental COPh and COP of the system with a thermoelectric subcooler increased by 4.19% and 4.62%, respectively, compared to the system without it. The simulated data was in good agreement with the experimental data, and the error was within 10%, thus verifying the correctness of the model. When the subcooling degree increased to 11 °C, the system simulation results showed that COP/COPh increased by about 40% and 13.3%, respectively. The optimal high pressure was about 8.0 MPa, which corresponded to the maximum COP and COPh of the system of 3.25 and 4.25, respectively. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for future system optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment)
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26 pages, 6285 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of the LeanDfX Product Development Framework and Application to the Design of an AGV Structure
by Tomás Carneiro, João Oliveira, António J. Baptista and Paulo M. S. T. de Castro
Designs 2022, 6(6), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060114 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
A product development framework called LeanDfX has been conceived at INEGI, aiming at organizing the product design and development process benefitting from lean thinking and DfX paradigms. The design of the metallic structure for an automated guided vehicle (AGV) focusing on its static, [...] Read more.
A product development framework called LeanDfX has been conceived at INEGI, aiming at organizing the product design and development process benefitting from lean thinking and DfX paradigms. The design of the metallic structure for an automated guided vehicle (AGV) focusing on its static, dynamic and fatigue characteristics was a recent opportunity to enhance and further develop the framework through the consideration and integration into the process of several existing tools such as FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis), QFD (quality function deployment) or fuzzy logic. This paper describes the integration of those tools in the LeanDfX framework and an application to the design of an AGV structure. The methodology presented involves systematic consideration of a substantial number of design requirements and more detailed product specification characterization. Such a number might be seen as delaying the development process, but the present case study showed that the inverse was true, thanks to the structured systematic approach and timely elimination of less desirable alternatives. Full article
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26 pages, 10284 KiB  
Article
Design of an Integrated, Six-Phase, Interleaved, Synchronous DC/DC Boost Converter on a Fuel-Cell-Powered Sport Catamaran
by Michael Rimondi, Riccardo Mandrioli, Vincenzo Cirimele, Lohith Kumar Pittala, Mattia Ricco and Gabriele Grandi
Designs 2022, 6(6), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060113 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
This paper describes the preliminary analysis, design and implementation phases of a DC/DC boost converter dedicated to the Futura catamaran propulsion chain developed by the UniBoAT team at the University of Bologna. The main goal of the project was the reduction of the [...] Read more.
This paper describes the preliminary analysis, design and implementation phases of a DC/DC boost converter dedicated to the Futura catamaran propulsion chain developed by the UniBoAT team at the University of Bologna. The main goal of the project was the reduction of the converter’s weight by eliminating the use of heat sinks and by reducing the component size, especially inductors and capacitors. The obtained converter is directly integrated into the structure containing the fuel-cell stack. The realized converter was based on an interleaved architecture with six phases controlled through the average current mode control. The design was validated through simulations carried out using the LT-Spice software, whereas experimental validations were performed by means of both bench tests and on-field tests. Detailed thermal and efficiency analyses were provided with the bench tests under the two synchronous and non-synchronous operating modes and with the adoption of the phase-shedding technique. Prototype implementation and performance in real operating conditions are discussed in relation to on-field tests. The designed converter can be used in other applications requiring a voltage-controlled boost converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machines and Drives Technologies)
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20 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of CFRP-Wrapped Circular Concrete Columns Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
by Kennedy C. Onyelowe, Jagan Jayabalan, Ahmed M. Ebid, Pijush Samui, Rahul Pratap Singh, Atefeh Soleymani and Hashem Jahangir
Designs 2022, 6(6), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060112 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
The wrapping of concrete structures with fiber polymers has been an essential part of concrete technology aimed at the improvement of concrete performance indices during the construction and lifelong usage of the structures. In this paper, a universal representative database was collected from [...] Read more.
The wrapping of concrete structures with fiber polymers has been an essential part of concrete technology aimed at the improvement of concrete performance indices during the construction and lifelong usage of the structures. In this paper, a universal representative database was collected from multiple literature materials on the effect of different fiber-reinforced polymers on the confined compressive strength of wrapped concrete columns (Fcc). The collected data show that the Fcc value depends on the FRP thickness (t), tensile strength (Ftf), and elastic modulus (Ef), in addition to the column diameter (d) and the confined compressive strength of concrete (Fco). Five AI techniques were applied on the collected database, namely genetic programming (GP), three artificial neural networks (ANN) trained using three different algorithms, “back Propagation BP, gradually reduced gradient GRG and genetic algorithm GA”, and evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR). The results of the five developed predictive models show that (t) and Ftf have a major impact on the Fcc value, which presents the effect of confinement stress (t. Ftf/d) on the confined compressive strength (Fcc). Comparing the predicted values with the experimental ones showed that the GP model is the least accurate one, and the EPR model is the next least accurate, while the three ANN models have almost the same level of high accuracy, with an average error percentage of 5.8% and a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.961. The ANN model is more accurate than the EPR and GP predictive models, but they are suitable for manual calculation because they are closed-form equations. Full article
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20 pages, 4919 KiB  
Article
Integration Factors of Design Participants in Performance-Based Building Design of Commercial Property
by Sulfiah Dwi Astarini, Christiono Utomo and Mohammad Arif Rohman
Designs 2022, 6(6), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060111 - 04 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1694
Abstract
Design practice has shifted towards a performance approach that is based on an awareness of sustainability goals. Achieving this goal requires the integration of all participants through communication, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing (CCKs), specifically at the design stage. The participants are from different stages [...] Read more.
Design practice has shifted towards a performance approach that is based on an awareness of sustainability goals. Achieving this goal requires the integration of all participants through communication, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing (CCKs), specifically at the design stage. The participants are from different stages of the project which are design management (DM), project management (PM), and facility/property management (FM). The current research has not been able to clearly describe the practice in achieving design performance, especially involving the main three stakeholders (DM, PM, and FM). Thus, this study aims to fill the research gap by focusing on the influence of factors CCKs on the design performance of the commercial property, especially retail property. This will form a design, construction, and operational integration model to achieve the performance of retail properties in forming an optimal space. This study uses a method of quantitative study using a questionnaire survey. It was collected from 111 practitioners of the project participants (DM, PM, FM) in retail property development in Indonesia. There are different results in the correlation that the higher the factor value, the lower the space value performance. This correlation occurs in collaboration for PM, communication for DM, and knowledge-sharing for FM. This interesting finding can be explained empirically according to the preferences of each participant. This study contributes to knowledge about the influence of CCKs, which focus on the design of performance-based retail buildings to get the highest space value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering Design)
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16 pages, 11459 KiB  
Review
Bibliometric Analysis of Heat Generation in Eddy Current Brakes
by Mufti Reza Aulia Putra, Muhammad Nizam, Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija Tjahjana, Zainal Arifin, Bhre Wangsa Lenggana and Inayati Inayati
Designs 2022, 6(6), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060110 - 04 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1143
Abstract
The eddy current brake (ECB) is a braking technology that continues to be developed. The use of the ECB has excellent potential to be applied to vehicles. Various studies have proposed the design, characteristics, and advantages of each. However, further analysis is needed [...] Read more.
The eddy current brake (ECB) is a braking technology that continues to be developed. The use of the ECB has excellent potential to be applied to vehicles. Various studies have proposed the design, characteristics, and advantages of each. However, further analysis is needed to assess the performance of the ECB and what factors affect the performance. However, no studies have been found that discuss eddy current brakes using bibliometric analysis. Bibliometric analysis is a method used for mapping and knowledge of existing gaps in a particular topic. This article aims to provide a complete discussion with bibliometric statistical methods that have never been presented before in the field of eddy current brakes, especially the phenomenon of heat generation. In addition, the prediction of research gaps in this field can be identified as the initial results of further research. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny integrated through the RStudio tool. The data are obtained through the Scopus database, which is then exported in CSV form. Obtaining the data depends on the keywords used. In this case, the obtained document is filtered with the features provided by Scopus. From the analysis conducted, it was found that the topic related to heat in eddy current brakes is still a recent discussion. Discussions on the heat increase in the ECB are still limited and require mapping and analysis of what parts still need development. The phenomenon of heat generation is one novelty that allows it to be researched. One example from the scientific data obtained is that there are 207 documents in the form of articles and conference papers with a total of 533 authors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering Design)
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9 pages, 795 KiB  
Article
Determination of a High-Power THz Detector for EA-FEL Radiation Using Optical Sampling of GaAs and ZnTe Crystals
by Adnan Haj Yahya, Michael Gerasimov, Johnathan Ciplis, Nezah Balal and Aharon Friedman
Designs 2022, 6(6), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060109 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1284
Abstract
This paper presents a diagnostic method for THz pulses produced by EA-FEL. Experimental results present a comparison between ZnTe and GaAs crystals for the detection of a single terahertz pulse using electro-optic sampling. In order to match an electro-optic detector for the EA-FEL [...] Read more.
This paper presents a diagnostic method for THz pulses produced by EA-FEL. Experimental results present a comparison between ZnTe and GaAs crystals for the detection of a single terahertz pulse using electro-optic sampling. In order to match an electro-optic detector for the EA-FEL radiation, the THz pulse from a source was simultaneously detected by ZnTe and GaAs electro-optic detectors. The GaAs detection system was found to have a shorter response time but low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to the ZnTe system. The GaAs crystal is suitable for the detection of short THz pulses due to fiber coupling, and the SNR of the GaAs system can be improved using a faster and more sensitive photodetector. Full article
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11 pages, 4409 KiB  
Article
Support Vector Machine Binary Classifiers of Home Presence Using Active Power
by José Varela-Aldás, Renato Mauricio Toasa and Paul Francisco Baldeon Egas
Designs 2022, 6(6), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060108 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
The intelligent analysis of electrical parameters has been facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT), with capabilities to access a lot of data with customized sampling times. On the contrary, binary classifiers using support vector machines (SVM) resolve nonlinear cases through kernel functions. [...] Read more.
The intelligent analysis of electrical parameters has been facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT), with capabilities to access a lot of data with customized sampling times. On the contrary, binary classifiers using support vector machines (SVM) resolve nonlinear cases through kernel functions. This work presents two binary classifiers of presence in the home using total household active power data obtained from the automated reading of an IoT device. The classifiers consisted of SVM using kernel functions, a linear function, and a nonlinear function. The data was acquired with the Emporia Gen 2 Vue energy monitor for 20 days without interruption, obtaining averaged readings every 15 min. Of these data, 75% was for training the classifiers, and the rest of the data was for validation. Contrary to expectations, the evaluation yielded accuracies of 91.67% for the nonlinear SVM and 92.71% for the linear SVM, concluding that there was similar performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Home Design)
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18 pages, 10215 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Parallel TDG Bamboo Laminated Columns with Tough and Grove Joints
by Krittapat Kitiyanun, Waranon Kongsong, Seree Tuprakay, Sirawan Ruangchuay Tuprakay, Boontham Harnphanich, Chaiwat Poowarakulchai and Chaleeporn Thammapornram
Designs 2022, 6(6), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060107 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1337
Abstract
The problem of bamboo’s strength depends on the length used. From past experiments, it was found that the physical properties of bamboo have thickness at the bottom and a tapered end, resulting in the strength of the bamboo in each part being different. [...] Read more.
The problem of bamboo’s strength depends on the length used. From past experiments, it was found that the physical properties of bamboo have thickness at the bottom and a tapered end, resulting in the strength of the bamboo in each part being different. The bottom part can resist more compression than the tip, which corresponds to the physical characteristics of bamboo. To use bamboo for main construction, such as columns, many select raw bamboo that measures approximately 3 m from the ground and is considered the strongest part. The present bamboo laminated products are limited to 2.4 m in length due to the capabilities of today’s compression machines and the factor of length as mentioned above. The column is an important infrastructure, which must have sufficient strength and capacity to solve the problem of high space. However, based on the above limitations, it is particularly important to study the connectivity of increasing column length. A wood joint is a traditional method to secure two pieces of wood together. Tongue and groove joints are most common in floorings, such as wood flooring, laminate flooring, and flooring. One of the hardest methods of securing wood is end to end of edge to edge. In order to further develop green building materials, TDG bamboo is processed into laminated columns (TDGLC). It is considered important because, in addition to increasing income for farmers, it will also enable the development of building materials to replace wood in the future. Therefore, this research demonstrates the benefits of developing locally available materials such as bamboo. To develop laminated bamboo columns for use in a structure, we chose 3–4-year-old TDG bamboo and glued it to obtain a 100 mm cross-section column in order to maximize the benefits of using TDG bamboo for real use. Test specimens are joined by tongue-groove joints to a column length of 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m by joining joints in four different areas: Top (T), middle (M), top-bottom (TB), and bottom (B), to test for compressive strength. The test results showed that TDGLC + TG at the top specimens 4L01 T–4L03 T can resist a load range of 100–65%, and for the middle specimen 4L01 M–4L03 M, the load is between 88 and 57%. At the top-bottom 4L01 TB–4L03 TB, the load is between 30 and 20%. At the bottom 4L01 B–4L03 B, the load is between 28 and 18%. Full article
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24 pages, 10500 KiB  
Article
Simulation of a Small Smart Greenhouse
by Vasco Figueiroa and João Paulo N. Torres
Designs 2022, 6(6), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060106 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
This paper investigates the design and implementation of a small greenhouse, based on an estimation of the required annual electrical loads, using robust energy modelling free software, namely OpenStudio. The greenhouse optimum materials, shape and orientation were estimated from this software, using weather [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the design and implementation of a small greenhouse, based on an estimation of the required annual electrical loads, using robust energy modelling free software, namely OpenStudio. The greenhouse optimum materials, shape and orientation were estimated from this software, using weather file data and established environmental set points. Real-world electrical load estimations for the temperature, irrigation and lighting subsystems were consequently made, resulting in a good estimation of the required solar panel and battery combination. Sensors and actuators to physically establish the environmental set points were described, controlling with a microcontroller, while minimizing power losses. To maximize power throughput to the battery, a maximum power point tracking algorithm was described and modelled in Simulink, specifically for this system, using the microcontroller to implement a Perturb and Observe algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy System Design)
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48 pages, 21255 KiB  
Article
Design of Fast Patrol Boat for Improving Resistance, Stability, and Seakeeping Performance
by Tri Rahmaji, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Tuswan Tuswan, Teguh Muttaqie, Nurul Muhayat and Seung-Jun Baek
Designs 2022, 6(6), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060105 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3639
Abstract
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country and has the potential to become the world’s maritime axis. Two-thirds of Indonesia’s territory is ocean, with a total coastline of 54,716 km. Therefore, Indonesia must have solid systems and tools to overcome the various threats in [...] Read more.
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country and has the potential to become the world’s maritime axis. Two-thirds of Indonesia’s territory is ocean, with a total coastline of 54,716 km. Therefore, Indonesia must have solid systems and tools to overcome the various threats in the maritime sector. One of the technologies that can be developed to protect Indonesia’s naval territory is fast patrol boats. Indonesia requires efficient patrol boats that can optimally monitor the large Indonesian sea area and various potential threats in the maritime sector. Thus, research on the hydrodynamic criteria for the hull design of patrol boats is fundamental. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the design method based on hydrodynamic characteristics to obtain the primary dimensions and shape of the ship’s hull. We designed and analysed 11 ship models in terms of the following criteria: the resistance, stability, and seakeeping performance. The 11 models included five reference models of patrol boats with varying dimensions and block coefficients between 0.42 and 0.53, three ship models with the regression method with the exact dimensions and block coefficients between 0.45 and 0.46, and three ship models with the scale method with the exact measurements and block coefficients between 0.43 and 0.45. According to the analysis results, the regression method had better total hydrodynamic criteria and greater similarity to the reference vessel. With a shorter processing time, the regression method was more efficient than the scaling method and reference ship. Full article
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14 pages, 3391 KiB  
Article
Load-Settlement Curve and Subgrade Reaction of Strip Footing on Bi-Layered Soil Using Constitutive FEM-AI Coupled Techniques
by Ahmed M. Ebid, Kennedy C. Onyelowe and Mohamed Salah
Designs 2022, 6(6), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060104 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
This study presents a hybrid Artificial Intelligence-Finite Element Method (AI-FEM) predictive model to estimate the modulus of a subgrade reaction of a strip footing rested on a bi-layered profile. A parametric study was carried out using 2D Plaxis FEM models for strip footings [...] Read more.
This study presents a hybrid Artificial Intelligence-Finite Element Method (AI-FEM) predictive model to estimate the modulus of a subgrade reaction of a strip footing rested on a bi-layered profile. A parametric study was carried out using 2D Plaxis FEM models for strip footings with width (B) and rested on a bi-layered profile with top layer thickness (h) and bottom layer thickness (H). The soil was modeled using the well-known Mohr-Coulomb’s constitutive law. The extracted load-settlement curve from each FEM model is approximated to hyperbolic function and its factors (a, b) were determined. The subgrade reaction value (Ks) is the (stress/settlement), hence (1/Ks = a·Δ + b). Both inputs and outputs of the parametric study were collected in a single database containing the geometrical factors (B, h & H), soil properties of the top and bottom layers (c, φ & γ) and the extracted hyperbolic factors (a, b). Finally, three AI techniques—Genetic Programming (GP), Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)—were implemented to develop three predictive models to estimate the values of (a, b) using the collected database. The three developed models showed different accuracy values of (50%, 65% and 80%) for (GP, EPR and ANN), respectively. The innovation of the developed model is its ability to capture the degradation of a subgrade reaction by increasing the stress (or the settlement) according to the hyperbolic formula. Full article
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17 pages, 2210 KiB  
Article
Revamping Optimization of a Pressure Piping System Using Artificial Neural Networks
by Riccardo Caponetto, Giovanna Fargione, Fabio Giudice and Marco Schiavo
Designs 2022, 6(6), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060103 - 01 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1316
Abstract
The paper proposes a new methodology for revamping design and optimization of a process piping system. Starting from ASME B31.3 Process Piping prescriptions for stress analysis, a nonlinear model is built to express the relationship between stress distribution generated by expansion and sustained [...] Read more.
The paper proposes a new methodology for revamping design and optimization of a process piping system. Starting from ASME B31.3 Process Piping prescriptions for stress analysis, a nonlinear model is built to express the relationship between stress distribution generated by expansion and sustained loads (pressure, weight) and the geometry and routing of the pipeline, focusing on geometric parameters of expansion loops. The number of design variables affecting stress distribution over the pipe, together with the constraints to be respected, would make it hard to formulate an optimization procedure based on deterministic methods. This problem is overcome by applying a Feed Forward Neural Network, backpropagation trained, which makes it possible to interpolate a non-linear and multidimensional relation over a domain enclosed within the boundaries of a training set. Prediction of code stresses is obtained through the fitting of an artificial neural network for each examined loadcases. Network parameters are tuned offline, starting from a set of data obtained by finite element numerical simulation. As a result, an optimal geometry for expansion loops is found, allowing to revamp pipe routing by halving loops number and keeping code stress within the allowable limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering Design)
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28 pages, 15533 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization (B.W.O.) Algorithm—Part II
by Musavir Bashir, Simon Longtin-Martel, Nicola Zonzini, Ruxandra Mihaela Botez, Alessandro Ceruti and Tony Wong
Designs 2022, 6(6), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060102 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1671
Abstract
This work presents an aerodynamic and structural optimization for a Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing airfoil as a high lift device for the UAS-S45. The results were obtained using three optimization algorithms: coupled Particle Swarm Optimization-Pattern Search, Genetic Algorithm, and Black Widow Optimization [...] Read more.
This work presents an aerodynamic and structural optimization for a Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing airfoil as a high lift device for the UAS-S45. The results were obtained using three optimization algorithms: coupled Particle Swarm Optimization-Pattern Search, Genetic Algorithm, and Black Widow Optimization algorithm. The lift-to-drag ratio was used as the fitness function, and the impact of the choice of optimization algorithm selection on the fitness function was evaluated. The optimization was carried out at various Mach numbers of 0.08, 0.1, and 0.15, respectively, and at the cruise and take-off flight conditions. All these optimization algorithms obtained effectively comparable lift-to-drag ratio results with differences of less than 0.03% and similar airfoil geometries and pressure distributions. In addition, an unsteady analysis of a Variable Morphing Leading Edge airfoil with a dynamic meshing scheme was carried out to study its flow behaviour at different angles of attack and the feasibility of leading-edge downward deflection as a stall control mechanism. The numerical results showed that the variable morphing leading edge reduces the flow separation areas over an airfoil and increases the stall angle of attack. Furthermore, a preliminary investigation was conducted into the design and sensitivity analysis of a morphing leading-edge structure of the UAS-S45 wing integrated with an internal actuation mechanism. The correlation and determination matrices were computed for the composite wing geometry for sensitivity analysis to obtain the parameters with the highest correlation coefficients. The parameters include the composite material qualities, thickness, ply angles, and the ply stacking sequence. These findings can be utilized to design the flexible skin optimization framework, obtain the target droop nose deflections for the morphing leading edge, and design an improved model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering Design)
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14 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
Influence of Color on Loudness Perception of Household Appliances: Case of a Coffee Maker
by Nikolaos M. Papadakis, Andreas Zantzas, Konstantinos Lafazanis and Georgios E. Stavroulakis
Designs 2022, 6(6), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060101 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the effect of color on the assessment of loudness in various cases, such as cars, trains, and concert halls. This study sets out to explore the influence of color on the loudness perception of household appliances, in particular in [...] Read more.
Previous studies have investigated the effect of color on the assessment of loudness in various cases, such as cars, trains, and concert halls. This study sets out to explore the influence of color on the loudness perception of household appliances, in particular in the case of coffee makers. To this end, images of a coffee maker colored in black, red, dark green, light blue, light green, and white were displayed to participants during a magnitude estimation task. In a repeated measures design, the sound of a coffee maker was used synchronously as a stimulus presented in different sound levels (74, 78, 82, and 86 dB LAeq). The sample of participants was selected to be gender balanced and unfamiliar with similar experiments. Statistical analysis suggested that the color of the visual stimulus had no influence on loudness judgments. However, a gender-based statistically significant influence regarding the color of the coffee maker on loudness evaluation was found for females. An interpretation of the results is attempted in the discussion. The results of this study suggest that since there is the possibility of gender differences in the assessment of loudness for household appliances, special care should be taken in similar studies to account for these effects. Finally, these gender differences could possibly be utilized for product sound design and product marketing where the appropriate use of color has been found to be effective. Full article
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13 pages, 5396 KiB  
Article
Comparative Performances of Natural Dyes Extracted from Mentha Leaves, Helianthus Annuus Leaves, and Fragaria Fruit for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
by Zainab Haider Abdulrahman, Dhafer Manea Hachim, Ahmed Salim Naser Al-murshedi, Furkan Kamil, Ahmed Al-Manea and Talal Yusaf
Designs 2022, 6(6), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060100 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
During the last four centuries, there have been extensive research activities looking for green and clean sources of energy instead of traditional (fossil) energy in order to reduce the accumulation of gases and environmental pollution. Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are one of [...] Read more.
During the last four centuries, there have been extensive research activities looking for green and clean sources of energy instead of traditional (fossil) energy in order to reduce the accumulation of gases and environmental pollution. Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are one of the most promising types of photovoltaic cells for generating clean energy at a low cost. In this study, DSSCs were collected and experimentally tested using four different dyes extracted from Mentha leaves, Helianthus annuus leaves, Fragaria, and a mixture of the above extracts in equal proportions as natural stimuli for TiO2 films. The result show that solar energy was successfully turned into electricity. Additionally, DSSCs based on mixtures of dyes showed better results than those based on single dyes. Efficiency (η) was 0.714%, and the fill factor (FF) was 83.3% for the cell area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage)
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21 pages, 1249 KiB  
Article
Study of Energy Loss for Distributed Power-Flow Assignment in a Smart Home Environment
by Ruengwit Khwanrit, Yuto Lim, Saher Javaid, Somsak Kittipiyakul and Yasuo Tan
Designs 2022, 6(6), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060099 - 24 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1390
Abstract
Today, renewable energy resources are a critical component of distributed energy systems. However, their intermittent nature makes them unstable energy sources, making them very difficult to use optimally in any energy system. Battery storage is a viable solution for this issue. In this [...] Read more.
Today, renewable energy resources are a critical component of distributed energy systems. However, their intermittent nature makes them unstable energy sources, making them very difficult to use optimally in any energy system. Battery storage is a viable solution for this issue. In this paper, we consider distributed power-flow assignment consisting of unstable power generators, unpredictable power loads, and multiple energy storage systems (ESSs), with different combinations of logical power connections between them. We propose power-flow assignment (PFA) algorithms to deal with single and multiple loads to address the possibility of reducing energy loss and improving distributed power-flow assignment with the presence of ESSs in a smart home environment. Simulation results reveal that the increment of logical power connections between generators, loads, and storage systems can significantly reduce energy loss. The proposed PFA algorithms can reduce energy loss by about 67% compared to a power-flow assignment for which all the generated power is stored in an ESS directly during winter. The results further show that spring has the highest energy loss and stored energy in ESS compared to other seasons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Home Design)
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