Inventions

21 pages, 5872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and 3D Manufacturing of an Improved Heliostatic Illuminator

by Marta Varo-Martínez, José C. Ramírez-Faz, Jesús López-Sánchez, Manuel Torres-Roldán, Luis Manuel Fernández-Ahumada and Rafael López-Luque

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040127 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

Increasing daylighting levels contributes to improving the energy efficiency of buildings and consequently to the fight against climate change. This work presents a new illuminator based on a previous single-axis polar heliostat. This heliostat allows redirecting sunlight to a specific space to be [...] Read more.

Increasing daylighting levels contributes to improving the energy efficiency of buildings and consequently to the fight against climate change. This work presents a new illuminator based on a previous single-axis polar heliostat. This heliostat allows redirecting sunlight to a specific space to be illuminated at any time of the day. The system presented is simple but compact in size. It has been manufactured by 3D printing with recyclable PETG plastics. Three-dimensional printing has allowed reduction of the mass of the system to less than 5 kg, which means high stability and manageability. Moreover, the system has been provided with an assembly structure that facilitates its correct installation by a single operator. The result is a heliostatic illuminator with an average pointing error of 10 mrad, an acceptable error for urban applications. Finally, a low-cost and high-replicability device has been achieved, which makes it an easily reproducible illuminator and favors its extensive installation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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12 pages, 3301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using XGBoost Regression to Analyze the Importance of Input Features Applied to an Artificial Intelligence Model for the Biomass Gasification System

by Hung-Ta Wen, Hom-Yu Wu and Kuo-Chien Liao

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040126 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Recently, artificial intelligence models have been developed to simulate the biomass gasification systems. The extant research models use different input features, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and moisture content, in addition to ash, reaction temperature, volatile matter (VM), a lower heating [...] Read more.

Recently, artificial intelligence models have been developed to simulate the biomass gasification systems. The extant research models use different input features, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and moisture content, in addition to ash, reaction temperature, volatile matter (VM), a lower heating value (LHV), and equivalence ratio (ER). The importance of these input features applied to artificial intelligence models are analyzed in this study; further, the XGBoost regression model was used to simulate a biomass gasification system and investigate its performance. The top-four features, according to the results are ER, VM, LHV, and carbon content. The coefficient of determination (R²) was highest (0.96) when all eleven input features noted above were selected. Further, the model performance using the top-three features produced a R² value of 0.93. Thus, the XGBoost model performance was validated again and observed to outperform those of previous studies with a lower mean-squared error of 1.55. The comparison error for the hydrogen gas composition produced from the gasification at a temperature of 900 °C and ER = 0.4 was 0.07%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics in the Energy Sector)

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9 pages, 792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of the Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Polyethylene Gas Pipelines with Portable Hardness Testers

by Anna Vinogradova, Kirill Gogolinskii, Alexander Umanskii, Varvara Alekhnovich, Alena Tarasova and Alena Melnikova

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040125 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

This article is devoted to the study of means and methods for non-destructive testing mechanical properties of polyethylene gas pipelines that have been in operation for 25–55 years. In order to assess mechanical properties, stress at yield was chosen as a key parameter. [...] Read more.

This article is devoted to the study of means and methods for non-destructive testing mechanical properties of polyethylene gas pipelines that have been in operation for 25–55 years. In order to assess mechanical properties, stress at yield was chosen as a key parameter. Stress at yield is determined from the results of tensile tests and is associated with the limiting circumferential (hoop) stress, determined from the results of tests for short-term pressure. Tensile tests require sample cutting and the shutdown of pipelines’ service. To solve this problem of nondestructive testing of pipelines, tests were carried out using the methods of Shore, Leeb and dynamic instrumental indentation. According to the test results, it was revealed that the correlation coefficient between the values of stress at yield and hardness, obtained by the method of dynamic instrumental indentation, is 0.98 which confirms the possibility of the evaluation of the mechanical properties of pipelines by the method of dynamic instrumental indentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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11 pages, 5076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Analysis of Solutions to Improve the Efficiency of Volute Inlet Pipes in Radial Turboexpanders

by Sergey Osipov, Nikolay Rogalev, Andrey Rogalev, Ivan Komarov and Dmitriy Lvov

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040124 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

The annual increase in demand for electrical power is accompanied by a significant combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and, accordingly, significant CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere, which, in turn, result in increasing the surface temperature of our planet. In addition, hydrocarbon fuel reserves [...] Read more.

The annual increase in demand for electrical power is accompanied by a significant combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and, accordingly, significant CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere, which, in turn, result in increasing the surface temperature of our planet. In addition, hydrocarbon fuel reserves are also depleted every year, which raises the question of the efficient use of fossil fuels. One of the promising solutions to this problem is introducing a technology that allows using the excess gas pressure at gas distribution points in order to generate additional electrical energy. As a rule, a radial turboexpander is used to convert the kinetic energy of natural gas at low power. In this paper, we study a method to reduce losses in a volute inlet of a radial expander. Based on our research, we could find that the use of two symmetrical fins in the volute inlet pipe makes it possible to decrease the turbulent kinetic energy by 1.29% and to reduce the energy losses in the inlet pipe by 2.18%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics in the Energy Sector)

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8 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Mechanism of Male Plug for Electrical Protection

by Rocío Rodríguez, Manuel Curado, Elena Sardiña and Jesús Toribio

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040123 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1943

Abstract

There are many inventions to avoid the risk of electric contact in the plug. However, the objective of the invention resulting from the research is the proposal of a complementary measure to the existing ones, solving the specific problem of electrocutions that occur [...] Read more.

There are many inventions to avoid the risk of electric contact in the plug. However, the objective of the invention resulting from the research is the proposal of a complementary measure to the existing ones, solving the specific problem of electrocutions that occur in the action of connection and disconnection, due to the contact of the user with the active parts of the plug. The research has focused on the proposal of a design solution that solves the problem of electrocution in these particular and common cases. The objective of this article is the disclosure of a male plug protection mechanism, which has been carried out solely with the use of mechanical methods. Its importance lies in the simplicity and feasibility of the registered utility model as well as in the importance that its implementation may entail for the prevention of serious accidents in the electrical field for domestic and industrial use. The work shows the mechanism and operation of the invention of the proposed male plug in terms of protection against electrical hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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14 pages, 12726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gradient Heatmetry in a Burners Adjustment

by Pavel G. Bobylev, Andrey V. Pavlov, Vyacheslav M. Proskurin, Yuriy V. Andreyev, Vladimir Yu. Mityakov and Sergey Z. Sapozhnikov

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040122 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Measuring the heat flux in the furnace of industrial boilers is an urgent task in the power industry. Installing the measuring instruments directly into the furnace is a laborious and complex process. It requires a complete shutdown of the boiler, which incurs economic [...] Read more.

Measuring the heat flux in the furnace of industrial boilers is an urgent task in the power industry. Installing the measuring instruments directly into the furnace is a laborious and complex process. It requires a complete shutdown of the boiler, which incurs economic costs. It is most efficient to use portable probes with measuring insert. The created cooled probe with a heterogeneous gradient heat flux sensor is a unique and versatile tool that allows for the configuration and control of the operation of power boilers. This article compares experimental values with calculation methods. The obtained heat flux per unit area is in good agreement with the theoretical concepts when the values are averaged. The technique used in this paper makese it possible to determine the maximum heat-stressed zones and areas with stable or unstable combustion. The main combustion zones that are typical for the flaring of any fuel are identified. This approach allows us to consider various approaches to heat transfer enhancement during the combustion of both liquid and gaseous fuels. Comparison of experimental results with the data of other authors is not quite exact due to the complexity of the experiment. The study of burners in this configuration has not previously been considered in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermodynamic and Technical Analysis for Sustainability (Volume 2))

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11 pages, 2256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Effect of External Magnetic Fields on the Parameters of the Electrical Communications Probing System for a Microtunneling Shield

by Andrew Zhivodernikov, Alexander Pavlenko, Artem Khoroshev and Vladimir Puzin

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040121 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

The issues were reviewed in assessing external electromagnetic fields’ effect on the parameters of an electrical power line probing system based on three-component ferroprobes for detecting active underground power cable lines during microtunnel construction using the thrust boring method (by tunneling shield) in [...] Read more.

The issues were reviewed in assessing external electromagnetic fields’ effect on the parameters of an electrical power line probing system based on three-component ferroprobes for detecting active underground power cable lines during microtunnel construction using the thrust boring method (by tunneling shield) in densely populated urban areas. A study was conducted on the change in the topology of the energized cable magnetic field located in the external magnetic field area created by operating electrical equipment under the influence of an external electromagnetic field and a tunneling shield with installed magneto-sensitive detectors. Experimental studies of the probing system were made. Options have been proposed for compensating the inductance component of the external magnetic field during tunnel driving in urban development and industrial area conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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12 pages, 22700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decrease in the Starting Temperature of the Reaction for Fabricating Carbides of Refractory Metals When Using Carbon Nanoparticles as Precursors

by Vladimir Popov, Anna Borunova, Evgeny Shelekhov, Oksana Koplak, Elizaveta Dvoretskaya, Danila Matveev, Alexey Prosviryakov, Ekaterina Vershinina and Vladimir Cheverikin

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040120 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

Metal matrix composites with a matrix of refractory metals (niobium, tungsten) and reinforcing nanodiamond particles were prepared for studying the possibility of decreasing the starting temperature of carbide synthesis. The size of primary nanodiamond particles was 4–6 nm, but they were combined in [...] Read more.

Metal matrix composites with a matrix of refractory metals (niobium, tungsten) and reinforcing nanodiamond particles were prepared for studying the possibility of decreasing the starting temperature of carbide synthesis. The size of primary nanodiamond particles was 4–6 nm, but they were combined in large-sized agglomerates. Mechanical alloying was used for producing the composites by crushing agglomerates and distributing nanodiamonds evenly in the metal matrix. The initial and fabricated materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal processing leads to the reaction for carbide synthesis. Studies have found that the usage of carbon nanoparticles (nanodiamonds) as precursors for fabricating carbides of refractory metals leads to a dramatic decrease in the synthesis temperature in comparison with macro-precursors: lower than 200 °C for tungsten and lower than 350 °C for niobium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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14 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Total Productive Maintenance Approach: Improving Overall Equipment Efficiency of a Metal Industry

by Sukhpreet Singh, Ashish Agrawal, Deepak Sharma, Vishnu Saini, Abhinav Kumar and Seepana Praveenkumar

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040119 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5451

Abstract

Quality has become one of the most crucial criteria in an institution’s success and survival as there is nothing more than what an era of globalization and intensity demands. Successful businesses recognize that consumer reliability may have a severe influence on their bottom [...] Read more.

Quality has become one of the most crucial criteria in an institution’s success and survival as there is nothing more than what an era of globalization and intensity demands. Successful businesses recognize that consumer reliability may have a severe influence on their bottom lines. As a result, several competitive companies are constantly raising their quality requirements. Competitive companies think that improving quality is the best way to recover, and most authors have specified various procedures relevant to their processes. The majority of automobile assembly sectors are looking for high-quality requirements in their manufacturing techniques and are executing a quality system known as total productive maintenance (TPM). The study’s goal is to deploy the TPM program inside the metal forming industry to improve metal industry workstations. The overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) for various workstations such as rolling, bending, cutting, and die punching for the fiscal year 2018–2019 has been evaluated. In addition to the other reasons, inefficient resource utilization is a significant component that diminishes the factory’s OEE. In the financial year 2019–2020, the TPM approach was adopted in the enterprise. As a result, there has been an improvement in overall performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Inventions and Patents: Series II)

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11 pages, 7711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Thermo-Hygrometric Conditions of an Innovative Underwater Greenhouse

by Giovanni Tanda, Samuele Memme, Gabriele Cucchia and Sergio Gamberini

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040118 - 07 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1382

Abstract

Nemo’s Garden^® Project aims at creating a green, alternative, and original agriculture system based on underwater greenhouses (biospheres) developed for areas where plant growth is difficult in the terrestrial environment due to climate conditions and new global warming issues. Experiments were designed [...] Read more.

Nemo’s Garden^® Project aims at creating a green, alternative, and original agriculture system based on underwater greenhouses (biospheres) developed for areas where plant growth is difficult in the terrestrial environment due to climate conditions and new global warming issues. Experiments were designed and performed to measure the thermal and hygrometric behaviour inside the biosphere; a simple theoretical model was developed to analyse the temperature and humidity of the air inside the biosphere in dynamic conditions and to interpret the experimental observations. The main findings of this research were: (i) the photosynthetically active radiation measured inside the underwater biosphere was 25–30% of that at sea level, (ii) the air temperature and relative humidity inside the biosphere showed cyclic daily variations that permitted a water evaporation/vapour condensation process, allowing the self-production of water for plant irrigation, and (iii) the results given by the lumped-parameter theoretical model were in a good agreement with the experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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14 pages, 4653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asymmetric Method of Heat Transfer Intensification in Radial Channels of Gas Turbine Blades

by Sergey Osipov, Andrey Rogalev, Nikolay Rogalev, Igor Shevchenko and Andrey Vegera

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040117 - 07 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1137

Abstract

Loop and semi-loop cooling schemes are widely used for the high-temperature gas turbine blades. In such schemes, the mid-chord airfoil parts are traditionally cooled by radial channels with ribbed walls. The blades with a small specific span, or “short” blades, have different heat [...] Read more.

Loop and semi-loop cooling schemes are widely used for the high-temperature gas turbine blades. In such schemes, the mid-chord airfoil parts are traditionally cooled by radial channels with ribbed walls. The blades with a small specific span, or “short” blades, have different heat flux amounts on pressure and suction sides, which results in a temperature difference in these sides of 100–150 °K. This difference causes thermal stresses and reduces the long-term strength margins. This paper presents a new method of heat transfer intensification in the ribbed radial cooling channels. The method is based on air streams’ injection through holes in the ribs that split channels. The streams are directed along the walls into the stagnation zones behind the ribs. The results of a 3D coolant flow simulation with ANSYS CFX code show the influence of the geometry parameters upon the channel heat transfer asymmetry. In the Reynolds number within a range of 6000–20,000, the method provides the heat transfer augmentation difference by up to 40% on the opposite channel walls. Test results presented in the criteria relations form allow for the calculation of mean the heat transfer coefficient along the channel length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat transfer and Thermal Managements of Innovative Systems)

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18 pages, 4211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Platform for Inpatient Safety Management Based on IoT Technology

by Eugenia Arrieta Rodriguez, Luis Fernando Murillo Fernandez, Gustavo Adolfo Castañez Orta, Ana Milena Rivas Horta, Carlos Baldovino Barco, Kellys Jimenez Barrionuevo, Dora Cama-Pinto, Francisco Manuel Arrabal-Campos, Juan Antonio Martínez-Lao and Alejandro Cama-Pinto

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040116 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2044

Abstract

There is a need to integrate advancements in biomedical, information, and communication technologies with care processes within the framework of the inpatient safety program to support effective risk management of adverse events occurring in the hospital environment and to improve inpatient safety. In [...] Read more.

There is a need to integrate advancements in biomedical, information, and communication technologies with care processes within the framework of the inpatient safety program to support effective risk management of adverse events occurring in the hospital environment and to improve inpatient safety. In this respect, this work presents the development of a software platform using the Scrum methodology and the integrated technology of the Internet of Things for monitoring and managing inpatient safety. A modular solution is developed under a hexagonal architecture, using PHP as the backend language through the Laravel framework. A MySQL database was used for the data layer, and Vue.js was used for the user interface. This work implemented an RFID-based nurse call system using Internet of Things (IoT) concepts. The system enables nurses to respond to each inpatient within a given time limit and without the inpatient or a family member having to approach the nursing station. The system also provides reports and indicators that help evaluate the quality of inpatient care and helps to take measures to improve inpatient safety during care. In addition, diet management is integrated to reduce the occurrence of adverse events. A LoRa and Wi-Fi-based IoT network was implemented using a LoRa transceiver and the ESP32 MCU, chosen for its low power consumption, low cost, and wide availability. Bidirectional communication between hardware and software is handled through an MQTT Broker. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors and smoke sensors, among others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Inventions and Patents: Series II)

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16 pages, 6183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SCADA System for Online Electrical Engineering Education

by Alfredo Alcayde, Isabel Robalo, Francisco G. Montoya and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040115 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3027

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are increasingly being integrated into small-scale production systems, so plants with multiple supply sources are becoming more common. This improvement in technology added to a greater social awareness of energy saving and resource usage, which makes flexible systems to manage [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources are increasingly being integrated into small-scale production systems, so plants with multiple supply sources are becoming more common. This improvement in technology added to a greater social awareness of energy saving and resource usage, which makes flexible systems to manage these facilities necessary. Modern energy management can be more accessible to the interested public if it is located in universities, making it available to teachers and students alike. Furthermore, as it is a developing field of study, its location on campus facilitates research, maintenance, and financing. In this scenario, a SCADA system is proposed, capable of monitoring and centrally storing the values of the most important production and consumption parameters. In addition, by using this system, it is possible to control the state of the different energy sources in a centralized way, as well as their distribution in the plant where it is implemented. This study focuses on the management of a flexible, modern, and accessible solution to the advances in electrical systems because of technological development in this field, which broadens the experience of university teachers and students in their engineering careers. The systems have been put into practice in the facilities of a research and teaching laboratory at the University of Almeria, which integrates renewable and conventional energy resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Inventions and Patents: Series II)

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15 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved General Correlation for Condensation in Channels

by Mirza M. Shah

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040114 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

The present author’s general correlation for condensation in mini and macro channels which has been verified with an extreme range of data was further evaluated at quality x close to 1. Large deviations were found at quality x ≥ 0.99. The correlation was [...] Read more.

The present author’s general correlation for condensation in mini and macro channels which has been verified with an extreme range of data was further evaluated at quality x close to 1. Large deviations were found at quality x ≥ 0.99. The correlation was modified to improve the accuracy in this range of quality. The improved correlation has a MAD (mean absolute deviation) of 22.1% in this range of quality compared to 95% in the published correlation. This improvement is important for the calculation of heat transfer in the condensation of superheated vapor as it requires the value of the heat transfer coefficient at quality x = 1. The new correlation is presented together with a comparison of data. Various aspects of the correlation are discussed. Results of the comparison of all data with the new correlation as well as other correlations are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat transfer and Thermal Managements of Innovative Systems)

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12 pages, 4173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Extraction Method of Navigation Line for Cuttage and Film Covering Multi-Functional Machine for Low Tunnels

by Yumeng Li, Yanjun Zhu, Shuangshuang Li and Ping Liu

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040113 - 02 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2454

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of low intelligence in the automatic navigation of the cuttage and film covering multi-functional machine for low tunnels, this study proposed a navigation line extraction method based on the improved YOLOv5s model, which can achieve the accurate extraction of [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problem of low intelligence in the automatic navigation of the cuttage and film covering multi-functional machine for low tunnels, this study proposed a navigation line extraction method based on the improved YOLOv5s model, which can achieve the accurate extraction of navigation lines based on two planting methods of seedling transplanting and direct seeding. Firstly, we pre-processed the acquired images using inverse perspective transformation. Next, the Coordinate Attention and Ghost modules were applied to improve the YOLOv5s architecture, increasing the detection accuracy and speed of field targets. Finally, we extracted the feature points and fit the navigation lines based on the shape features of the targets using the geometric method. The experimental results showed that, compared with other algorithms, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm could reach more than 96%, the accuracy of navigation line extraction reached 98%, and the average detection time was 51 ms. The proposed method was robust and universal, and it can provide reliable navigation paths for the cuttage and film covering multi-functional machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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15 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

American Sign Language Alphabet Recognition Using Inertial Motion Capture System with Deep Learning

by Yutong Gu, Sherrine, Weiyi Wei, Xinya Li, Jianan Yuan and Masahiro Todoh

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040112 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6337

Abstract

Sign language is designed as a natural communication method for the deaf community to convey messages and connect with society. In American sign language, twenty-six special sign gestures from the alphabet are used for the fingerspelling of proper words. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Sign language is designed as a natural communication method for the deaf community to convey messages and connect with society. In American sign language, twenty-six special sign gestures from the alphabet are used for the fingerspelling of proper words. The purpose of this research is to classify the hand gestures in the alphabet and recognize a sequence of gestures in the fingerspelling using an inertial hand motion capture system. In this work, time and time-frequency domain features and angle-based features are extracted from the raw data for classification with convolutional neural network-based classifiers. In fingerspelling recognition, we explore two kinds of models: connectionist temporal classification and encoder-decoder structured sequence recognition model. The study reveals that the classification model achieves an average accuracy of 74.8% for dynamic ASL gestures considering user independence. Moreover, the proposed two sequence recognition models achieve 55.1%, 93.4% accuracy in word-level evaluation, and 86.5%, 97.9% in the letter-level evaluation of fingerspelling. The proposed method has the potential to recognize more hand gestures of sign language with highly reliable inertial data from the device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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10 pages, 4266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation and Numerical Simulation of the Acoustic Target Strength of the Underwater Submarine Vehicle

by Kaveripakam Sathish, Rajesh Anbazhagan, Ravikumar Chinthaginjala Venkata, Fabio Arena and Giovanni Pau

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040111 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

Modern weapon systems’ survival hinges on their detection capabilities more than anything else. In the active sonar equation, the acoustic target strength is crucial. Under the assumption of plane wave propagation, the standard target strength equation is used to forecast the reradiated intensity [...] Read more.

Modern weapon systems’ survival hinges on their detection capabilities more than anything else. In the active sonar equation, the acoustic target strength is crucial. Under the assumption of plane wave propagation, the standard target strength equation is used to forecast the reradiated intensity for the far field. The ability of a submarine to remain unnoticed while on patrol or accomplishing a mission is its primary defense. Sonar, sometimes known as sound navigation ranging, is a popular method for locating submarines. This is because saltwater effectively absorbs radio frequencies. Sonar technology is used in more than just the commercial fishing business; it is also used in undersea research. The submarine’s designers consider the reflection of acoustic waves to minimize the amount of space required for such reflections. The Target Strength (TS) metric is used to assess the sonar objects’ size. This manuscript explains and demystifies the Benchmark Target Echo Strength Simulation (BeTTSi) benchmark submarine’s TS analysis. This model’s Pressure Acoustic-Boundary Element Model (PA-BEM) interface has been stabilized, and the model itself is pretty huge acoustically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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14 pages, 3654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast and Cost-Effective (FACE) Instrument Setting to Construct Focus-Extended Images

by Gilbert Audira, Ting-Wei Hsu, Kelvin H.-C. Chen, Jong-Chin Huang, Ming-Der Lin, Tzong-Rong Ger and Chung-Der Hsiao

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040110 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

Image stacking is a crucial method for micro or macro photography. It captures images at different focal planes and then merges them into a single, all-in-focus image with extended focus. This method has been extensively used for digital documentation by scientists working at [...] Read more.

Image stacking is a crucial method for micro or macro photography. It captures images at different focal planes and then merges them into a single, all-in-focus image with extended focus. This method has been extensively used for digital documentation by scientists working at museums or research institutions. However, the traditional image stacking method relies on expensive instruments to conduct precise image stacking using a computer-based stepper motor controller. In this study, we reported how to conduct image focus extensions with comparable quality to those done by a motorized stepper using a cost-effective instrument setting and an efficient manual stacking method. This method provides a shorter operation time and capability to capture images of living objects and high flexibility in obtaining the images of objects from cm to mm scale. However, it also has some limitations, including the inability to control aperture and exposure time, relatively short working distance at high magnification, requires additional steps to convert the video into images, and heavily relies on the user’s manual observation prior to a video recording. Nevertheless, the authors believe that the current method can be applied as an alternative method to conduct image stacking. The development of such an instrument and method offers a promising avenue for scientists to perform image stacking with greater flexibility and speed in macro photography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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18 pages, 1852 KiB

Open AccessReview

Blockchain and 6G-Enabled IoT

by Houshyar Honar Pajooh, Serge Demidenko, Saad Aslam and Muhammad Harris

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040109 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4399

Abstract

Ubiquitous computing turns into a reality with the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) adopted to connect massive numbers of smart and autonomous devices for various applications. 6G-enabled IoT technology provides a platform for information collection and processing at high speed and [...] Read more.

Ubiquitous computing turns into a reality with the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) adopted to connect massive numbers of smart and autonomous devices for various applications. 6G-enabled IoT technology provides a platform for information collection and processing at high speed and with low latency. However, there are still issues that need to be addressed in an extended connectivity environment, particularly the security and privacy domain challenges. In addition, the traditional centralized architecture is often unable to address problems associated with access control management, interoperability of different devices, the possible existence of a single point of failure, and extensive computational overhead. Considering the evolution of decentralized access control mechanisms, it is necessary to provide robust security and privacy in various IoT-enabled industrial applications. The emergence of blockchain technology has changed the way information is shared. Blockchain can establish trust in a secure and distributed platform while eliminating the need for third-party authorities. We believe the coalition of 6G-enabled IoT and blockchain can potentially address many problems. This paper is dedicated to discussing the advantages, challenges, and future research directions of integrating 6G-enabled IoT and blockchain technology for various applications such as smart homes, smart cities, healthcare, supply chain, vehicle automation, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Enabling Smart Grid in Distribution Networks and Microgrids 2.0)

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17 pages, 3945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hidden Dynamics Investigation, Fast Adaptive Synchronization, and Chaos-Based Secure Communication Scheme of a New 3D Fractional-Order Chaotic System

by Zain-Aldeen S. A. Rahman and Basil H. Jasim

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040108 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

In this paper, a new fractional-order chaotic system containing several nonlinearity terms is introduced. This new system can excite hidden chaotic attractors or self-excited chaotic attractors depending on the chosen system parameters or its fraction-order derivative value. Several dynamics of this new system, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new fractional-order chaotic system containing several nonlinearity terms is introduced. This new system can excite hidden chaotic attractors or self-excited chaotic attractors depending on the chosen system parameters or its fraction-order derivative value. Several dynamics of this new system, such as chaotic attractors, equilibrium points, Lyapunov exponents, and bifurcation diagrams, are analyzed analytically and numerically. Then, adaptive control laws are developed to achieve chaos synchronization in two identical new systems with uncertain parameters; one of these two new identical systems is the master, and the other is the slave. In addition, update laws for estimating the uncertain slave parameters are derived. Furthermore, in chaos application fields, these master and slave synchronized systems are applied in secure communication to act as the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Finally, the security analysis metric tests were analyzed using histograms and spectrograms to establish the communication system’s security strength. Numerical test results demonstrate the possibility of using this proposed fractional-order chaotic system in high-security communication systems. The employed communication system is also highly resistant to pirate attacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Privacy-Preserving Computing for Analytics and Mining)

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16 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Operating Modes of the Urban Electric Networks in Dushanbe City, Tajikistan

by Saidjon Shiralievich Tavarov, Inga Zicmane, Svetlana Beryozkina, Seepana Praveenkumar, Murodbek Safaraliev and Shahnoza Shonazarova

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040107 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1711

Abstract

Currently, energy saving has become an acute problem all over the world. Due to the rapid development of both the energy and information technology sectors, as well as an increase in the electricity demand, the electric distribution system is facing problems caused by [...] Read more.

Currently, energy saving has become an acute problem all over the world. Due to the rapid development of both the energy and information technology sectors, as well as an increase in the electricity demand, the electric distribution system is facing problems caused by stricter requirements for electricity quality, reliability, efficiency, and sustainability. Therefore, the use of energy-saving technologies, both the improvement of existing ones and the application of new ones, is one of the main reserves for electricity saving in power supply systems. This study is devoted to the evaluation of the operating modes of transformer substations of the 6–10 kV electric distribution network in Dushanbe city, based on the results of control winter measurements and the dependence of the low coefficient of active power in transformer substations. It has been observed that, with a low coefficient of active power in transformer substations, when transmitting electricity from substation busbars to transformer substations of a final consumer via overhead transmission lines (an average length of 5 km), the voltage loss exceeds the maximum permissible values. When transmitting electricity via cable lines, the voltage losses are within the limit of 5%. However, a low active power factor may be the reason for an increase in capacitive currents, followed by the command of single-phase earth fault currents. Due to the low active power factor, the increase in voltage losses and useful power losses leads to the inefficient operating modes of the transformer substations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics in the Energy Sector)

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17 pages, 4619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Avant-Garde IDeS Method for the Future of Car Design Applied to an SUV Project

by Leonardo Frizziero, Enrico Polpatelli, Federico Martini, Lorenzo Fiorentini and Marco Freddi

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040106 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2647

Abstract

This case study aims to develop a new innovative SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) model exploiting IDeS (Industrial Design Structure), which is an engineering approach conceived to optimize car design projects in the automotive industry like never before. A compact SUV was chosen because [...] Read more.

This case study aims to develop a new innovative SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) model exploiting IDeS (Industrial Design Structure), which is an engineering approach conceived to optimize car design projects in the automotive industry like never before. A compact SUV was chosen because it is a type of vehicle that is highly requested by customers, and it is extremely successful in the market due to its versatility. In fact, compact SUVs are mixed vehicles that combine the pragmatism of a car with the typical robustness of an off-road vehicle making them suitable both for urban and off-road scenarios. The following pages will illustrate the steps followed for the realization of the final product using the SDE (Stylistic Design Engineering) method and other various design technologies, such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Benchmarking (BM) and Top Flop Analysis (TPA). In the final part of this project, the virtual prototyping of the product is carried out using Additive Manufacturing (AM) with an FDM 3D printer. The combination of these methods forms, to all intents and purposes, the IDeS, a newly developed innovative and cutting-edge discipline capable of schematically guiding the new product development process in companies with unprecedented efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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12 pages, 2734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Kinematic Parameters of Carbon Dioxide Turbine on Its Coefficient of Efficiency and Dimensions

by Sergey Osipov, Olga Zlyvko, Igor Miliukov, Kirill Berdyugin and Dmitriy Lvov

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040105 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the environment, the energy sector develops oxygen-fuel energy cycles. One of the most promising cycles is the Allam cycle that features the highest efficiency of electricity generation among all others. One of the main elements of an [...] Read more.

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the environment, the energy sector develops oxygen-fuel energy cycles. One of the most promising cycles is the Allam cycle that features the highest efficiency of electricity generation among all others. One of the main elements of an oxy-fuel energy cycle is a high-temperature carbon dioxide turbine. The turbine’s working fluid and coolant consist predominantly of carbon dioxide at a supercritical pressure. Currently, there are no recommendations in the literature for the design of carbon dioxide turbines for an oxy-fuel energy system (OFES) operating according to the Allam cycle; therefore, there is a need to study the influence of parameters of the flow path of carbon dioxide turbines on its efficiency and overall performance. In this paper, we have presented the results of one-dimensional calculations of a flow path of the carbon dioxide turbine for the Allam cycle with a capacity of 300 MW, with an initial temperature and pressure of 1100 °C and 30 MPa, and an outlet pressure of 3 MPa. The study was carried out by varying the rotor speed, the reactivity level and the average diameter. Based on the results of one-dimensional calculations, we have found that the highest efficiency of the turbine flow path is achieved at a speed of 471 rad/s, a reactivity of 0.5, and an average diameter of 1.1 m for the first stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics in the Energy Sector)

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10 pages, 2589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Periodontal Maintenance Therapy: Efficacy of Oral Irrigator in the Home Oral Hygiene Protocol Associated with Microbiological Analysis with Phase Contrast Microscope

by Paolo Caccianiga, Ayt Alla Bader, Paola Erba and Gianluigi Caccianiga

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040104 - 15 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this research was to assess how the application of an oral irrigator modifies the subgingival bacterial flora in patients undergoing periodontal maintenance therapy. We used a qualitative microbiological analysis with a phase contrast microscope that can differentiate a non-pathogenic [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this research was to assess how the application of an oral irrigator modifies the subgingival bacterial flora in patients undergoing periodontal maintenance therapy. We used a qualitative microbiological analysis with a phase contrast microscope that can differentiate a non-pathogenic (immobile) bacterial flora from a pathogenic (mobile). Methods: In this study, 60 patients with a diagnosis of moderate periodontitis were enrolled. They were treated with non-surgical laser-assisted causal therapy and after one month a re-evaluation was performed that established the stabilization of the periodontal pathology. They were instructed in the home oral hygiene protocol with sonic toothbrush, interdental brushes and oral irrigator, and were included in the periodontal maintenance therapy program with a phase contrast microscope control every 6 months. At T₀ phase contrast–phase microscopic examinations, the existence of non-pathogenic bacterial flora was displayed in all patients. They were then randomly divided into two groups, A and B. After professional oral hygiene treatment, group B suspended the usage of oral irrigator. Patients of group A, after the professional oral hygiene treatment, were motivated to continue their oral hygiene protocol at home. After three months, the patients underwent microscopic analysis of the bacterial plaque. Results: At T₁ in Group B, 90% of patients had undergone a pathogenic bacterial flora change. In group A, in which patients kept using the oral irrigator for the three months, 100% of them showed immobile plaque on phase contrast microscopic analysis. Conclusions: This research showed that oral irrigator in the practice of home hygiene protocols plays a role in the long-term maintenance of a non-pathogenic bacterial flora in periodontal patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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18 pages, 13835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Flow and Thermal Stress Analysis to Enhance the Temperature Distribution and Service Life of Stone Grill Plates in Barbecue Ovens

by Wei-Long Chen, Kuo-Chien Liao, Hom-Yu Wu and Hung-Ta Wen

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040103 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1963

Abstract

The causes of the fracturing of stone grills in barbecue ovens were analyzed using a coupled analysis model that combined combustion thermodynamics with heat conduction and the finite element method. The proportion of mixed air for combustion was simulated, and the stone grill [...] Read more.

The causes of the fracturing of stone grills in barbecue ovens were analyzed using a coupled analysis model that combined combustion thermodynamics with heat conduction and the finite element method. The proportion of mixed air for combustion was simulated, and the stone grill plate temperature and thermal stress distribution were the two factors taken to enhance the design of stone grill plates. Moreover, thermal images were used to compare the performance of the original and the improved plates to quantify the improvements, and validate the accuracy of the simulations. The results showed that the temperature distribution was uniform across the stone grill plate. When comparing the simulation model and the actual experiment, the simulation model can generate an optimal design with fewer errors in a shorter period. The combustion tube is deemed to have considerable influence on the performance of the barbecue oven. The surface temperature distribution of the stone grill plate was improved by controlling the amount of fuel entering the combustion system and/or changing the material and shape of the stone grill. On the other hand, the analysis results of the improved stone grill plate in this study showed that we can correct the temperature difference and thermal stress difference caused by the opening of the upper cover of the oven. According to our study, the average thermal stress on the surface of the stone grill plate was effectively reduced by 45.3 MPa. The average temperature difference decreased by 91 °C. At the same time, by improving the intake position and method of the combustion tube, the air mass flow in the combustion tube increased by 12%, which effectively improved the combustion efficiency of the combustion tube. In particular, a more uniform distribution was achieved by decreasing the temperature of the mixed air entering the combustion tube, which in turn increased the flow rate and velocity of the air flowing through the top of the flame to the bottom surface of the stone grill plate. The strategies employed can prevent the thermal-stress-induced fracturing of stone grill plates and prolong their service life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Inventions and Patents: Series II)

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10 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algebras of Vector Functions over Normed Fields

by Sergey Victor Ludkowski

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040102 - 14 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1063

Abstract

This article is devoted to study of vector functions in Banach algebras and Banach spaces over normed fields. A structure of their Banach algebras is investigated. Banach algebras of vector functions with values in ∗-algebras, finely regular algebras,

B^{*}

-algebras, and operator [...] Read more.

This article is devoted to study of vector functions in Banach algebras and Banach spaces over normed fields. A structure of their Banach algebras is investigated. Banach algebras of vector functions with values in ∗-algebras, finely regular algebras,

B^{*}

-algebras, and operator algebras are scrutinized. An approximation of vector functions is investigated. The realizations of these algebras by operator algebras are studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

20 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Assessment of a Novel Dual Opening Dewar for Use on a Liquid Air Energy Storage System Installed on Remote, Islanded, Renewable Microgrids

by Christofer Fackrell, Anthony Pollman, Douglas L. Van Bossuyt and Anthony J. Gannon

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040101 - 09 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

Islanded, renewable energy microgrids for use at remote operating facilities reduce logistical burdens associated with fossil fuel based electrical power sources and provide greater operational flexibility; however, energy generation can be intrinsically intermittent on renewable microgrids. This intermittent electrical generation can be mitigated [...] Read more.

Islanded, renewable energy microgrids for use at remote operating facilities reduce logistical burdens associated with fossil fuel based electrical power sources and provide greater operational flexibility; however, energy generation can be intrinsically intermittent on renewable microgrids. This intermittent electrical generation can be mitigated with electrical energy storage. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is one promising technology proposed to meet this energy storage issue due to its high energy density and lack of geographical constraints. Small-scale microgrids may not have enough excess capacity to store pressurized liquid air (LA), and instead may rely on unpressurized LA storage and their associated unpressurized power recovery systems. Using commercial off-the-shelf components, this article conducts a performance-based tradespace study for several dual opening, unpressurized Dewar designs for use with Stirling- or Peltier-based power recovery cycles. The dual opening Dewar design is found to be ineffective for the short-term LA storage times necessary for small-scale microgrid use, primarily due to excessive conductive thermal losses; however, the design may be useful as a LA receiver and immediate use energy storage medium for a connected Stirling generator. A proposed alternative solution using a self-pressurized Dewar for LA storage and transport for microgrid applications is presented for future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Enabling Smart Grid in Distribution Networks and Microgrids 2.0)

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3 pages, 157 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue “the Development and Optimization of Innovative Systems, Processes and Materials for the Production, Conversion, and Storage of Energy”

by Alessandro Dell’Era

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040100 - 04 Nov 2022

Viewed by 989

Abstract

This Editorial is dedicated to a Special Issue focused on the development and optimization of innovative systems, processes and materials for the production, conversion and storage of energy [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development and Optimization of Innovative Systems, Processes, and Materials for the Production, Conversion, and Storage of Energy)

13 pages, 3415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activated Plasma Albumin Gel (APAG) in Transalveolar Technique for Maxillary Sinus Lift: A Case Series

by Alessandro Leonida, Paolo Caccianiga, Ayt Alla Bader, Stefano Rosi, Saverio Ceraulo and Gianluigi Caccianiga

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040099 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

Over the past 20 years, transalveolar techniques have progressively improved. They have become increasingly predictable and reliable, with the additional advantage of simplified procedures that are less operator dependent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a new technique [...] Read more.

Over the past 20 years, transalveolar techniques have progressively improved. They have become increasingly predictable and reliable, with the additional advantage of simplified procedures that are less operator dependent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a new technique to lift the maxillary sinus through a transalveolar approach, Simple Minimal Safe (SMS), with use of activated plasma albumin gel (APAG). A total of 33 patients (22 female and 11 male), aged between 36 and 79, were consecutively operated on, with 44 implants positioned using the SMS technique. All were placed in the premolar or molar areas of the maxillary bone. No implant was lost during the follow-up period (6 months) and all implants were then prosthetically loaded. The average bone gain was 4.43 mm. In the first quadrant, sites 15, 16 and 17 were involved with an average bone gain of 3.5 mm, 4.6 mm and 4.5 mm, respectively. In the second quadrant the sites 24, 25, 26 and 27 were involved with an average bone gain of 4.25 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.4 mm and 4.5 mm, respectively. Analyzing the data considering the sex, implants in women had an average gain of 4.66 mm, while in men the average gain was 3.83 mm. With the SMS technique, we achieved a reduction in post-operatory morbidity and in the frequency of Schneiderian membrane perforation. In conclusion, maxillary sinus augmentation via the transalveolar approach has become a more predictable surgical procedure and an easier technique due to less operator-dependent processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)

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19 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Human Motion Analysis System Based on Sensorized Insoles and Machine Learning Algorithms for Gait Evaluation

by Diego Henrique Antunes Nascimento, Fabrício Anicio Magalhães, George Schayer Sabino, Renan Alves Resende, Maria Lúcia Machado Duarte and Claysson Bruno Santos Vimieiro

Inventions 2022, 7(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040098 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

Human gait analysis can provide an excellent source for identifying and predicting pathologies and injuries. In this respect, sensorized insoles also have a great potential for extracting gait information. This, combined with mathematical techniques based on machine learning (ML), can potentialize biomechanical analyses. [...] Read more.

Human gait analysis can provide an excellent source for identifying and predicting pathologies and injuries. In this respect, sensorized insoles also have a great potential for extracting gait information. This, combined with mathematical techniques based on machine learning (ML), can potentialize biomechanical analyses. The present study proposes a proof-of-concept of a system based on vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) acquisition with a sensorized insole that uses an ML algorithm to identify different patterns of vGRF and extract biomechanical characteristics that can help during clinical evaluation. The acquired data from the system was clustered by an immunological algorithm (IA) based on vGRF during gait. These clusters underwent a data mining process using the classification and regression tree algorithm (CART), where the main characteristics of each group were extracted, and some rules for gait classification were created. As a result, the system proposed was able to collect and process the biomechanical behavior of gait. After the application of IA and CART algorithms, six groups were found. The characteristics of each of these groups were extracted and verified the capability of the system to collect and process the biomechanical behavior of gait, offering verification points that can help focus during a clinical evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)

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Inventions, Volume 7, Issue 4 (December 2022) – 42 articles

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