Next Article in Journal
Model Predictive Control for Residential Battery Storage System: Profitability Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids—MOF Hybrid Electrolytes for Solid-State Electrolyte of Lithium Battery
Previous Article in Special Issue
C4S Nanosheet: A Potential Anode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Batteries
Volume 9
Issue 6
10.3390/batteries9060315
batteries-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

A Novel BC2N Monolayer as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery

by
Xiaowei Chen
1,2,*,†,
Jiahe Lin
1,2,†,
Qiubao Lin
1,2,
Renquan Li
1 and
Hongsheng He
1
1
School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
2
Semiconductor Industry and Technology Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Batteries 2023, 9(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060315
Submission received: 29 March 2023 / Revised: 29 May 2023 / Accepted: 5 June 2023 / Published: 6 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The stability, mechanical and electronic properties of a BC2N monolayer and its potential use as an anode material for Li-ion batteries were explored using the density functional theory calculation. The proposed BC2N monolayer shows good thermal and dynamical stabilities, as indicated by the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and phonon dispersion calculations. The BC2N monolayer exhibits highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The electronic structure calculation based on the hybrid functional suggests that the BC2N monolayer is an indirect bandgap (~1.8 eV) semiconductor. The BC2N monolayer shows linear dichroism and is able to harvest visible and ultraviolet light. To investigate the application of the BC2N monolayer as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries, the Li adsorption and diffusion on the monolayer were studied. The BC2N monolayer exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 1098 mAh/g for Li-ion batteries. The calculated diffusion barrier of Li ion is 0.45 eV, suggesting a rapid Li-ion charge and discharge rate. The unique mechanical and optical properties of the BC2N monolayer also make it an attractive material for use in advanced nanomechanical and optoelectronic devices.

1. Introduction

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with distinctive chemical and physical properties have garnered great interest in the scientific community over the past few decades. Graphene, a prominent member of the 2D materials family, possesses remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, making it a promising material in various applications [1,2]. For instance, graphene and its derivatives have been proven to be promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [3,4]. The unique structure and large surface area of graphene and its derivatives provide a greater exposed surface and various active adsorption sites for Li ions, while reducing the diffusion distance of metal ions and increasing the interfacial interaction between the electrolyte and anode material [4].
It is widely recognized that carbon is capable of forming an extensive range of allotropes. Through recent advancements in experimental and theoretical techniques, several novel two-dimensional carbon allotropes, such as the planar C4 sheet, penta-graphene, phagraphene and graphdiyne, have been discovered [5]. The electron configuration of B and N resemble that of C. The difference lies in the fact that they have one electron less or one electron more than element C in their outermost shell. Additionally, their atomic radii are similar to that of element C, with element B having a slightly larger atomic radius and element N having a slightly smaller one. The combination of B, C and N atoms offers the potential for the formation of diverse compositions and allotropes of ternary boron-carbon-nitride (B-C-N) materials [6]. In fact, several B-C-N compounds with different compositions and properties, such as carbon-doped h-BN nanosheets, graphene-like B-C-N monolayers and carbon-rich BxCyNz, have been successfully prepared experimentally [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. In addition, extensive theoretical studies have been conducted to investigate the stability and properties of novel 2D ternary B-C-N compounds [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. However, the majority of them obtained experimentally were graphene/h-BN composites or graphene with modified edges, and the theoretically predicted 2D B-C-N allotropes have been found to be graphene-like nanosheets with a honeycomb lattice. Only a few 2D B-C-N allotropes, such as the T graphene-like (BN)nC8-2n (n = 0–4) monolayer and Penta BCN monolayer, which exhibit distinct structural arrangements from the honeycomb lattice, have been theoretically predicted [30,36]. The presence of diverse configurations of C-N, C-B and C-C bonds in 2D B-C-N nanosheets suggests the potential discovery of additional allotropes with diverse structural arrangements and extraordinary mechanical and electronic characteristics, which may exhibit a range of intriguing characteristics, including the efficient absorption of visible light, high stability and exceptional energy storage capabilities.
Additionally, the current anodes, predominantly graphite, have been widely used in LIBs due to their stability and relatively high capacity. However, they have inherent limitations that impede their suitability for future high-energy and high-power LIBs. These limitations include a limited theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g and low rate capability [37,38]. Carbon nitrides, including a variety of nitrogen-rich graphite analogs, have been recognized for their high nitrogen content and the presence of porous defect sites, which make them suitable for lithium storage [37,39]. However, the practical application of carbon nitrides as anode materials is hindered by their poor electrical conductivity, chemical inertness, and inefficient intercalation/deintercalation processes [40]. To address these challenges, we propose the utilization of a 2D layered material, specifically the B-C-N monolayer, as an innovative anode material for LIBs. The incorporation of N and B atoms in the B-C-N monolayer may result in a high affinity for lithium atoms, enabling a significantly increased theoretical capacity for Li storage. Moreover, the B-C-N monolayer possesses a large surface area, which facilitates efficient Li adsorption and desorption processes. This feature may allow for enhanced lithium storage capacity and improved rate capability, addressing the limited theoretical capacity and low rate capability limitation of conventional graphite anodes.
Herein, we predicted a novel 2D BC2N monolayer with interesting mechanical, electronic and energy storage properties. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and phonon spectrum calculation indicate the excellent thermal and dynamical stabilities of the proposed BC2N monolayer. The BC2N monolayer can withstand a maximum stress of ~21 N/m, corresponding to a tensile strain of 17%, demonstrating its mechanical flexibility under tensile strain. The BC2N monolayer is an indirect bandgap semiconductor and shows strong visual and ultraviolet light absorbance. In addition, the BC2N monolayer exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 1098 mAh/g for Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, the low Li diffusion barrier points to a rapid charge and discharge rate for Li-ion batteries. Taking into account all of these properties, it can be inferred that the BC2N monolayer has the potential to be used as an Li-ion battery’s anode material. The distinctive optical and mechanical properties of BC2N render it highly attractive for applications in advanced optoelectronic and nanomechanical devices.

2. Stability of BC2N Monolayer

The proposed BC2N monolayer’s atomic structure is depicted in Figure 1a,b. The length of the sides of the BC2N in the plane of the monolayer are equal, with a = b = 4.93 Å. The angles between the sides in the plane of the monolayer are right angles, with α = β = 90°. Additionally, the angle between the sides in the plane of the monolayer and the out-of-plane direction is 86.56°, denoted by γ. All the N, C and B atoms in the BC2N monolayer are three-coordinated. Two distinct types of C atoms, namely C1 and C2, were observed. Each C1 atom forms chemical bonds with two C2 atoms and one N atom, whereas each C2 atom forms bonds with two C1 atoms and one B atom. Additionally, each N atom coordinates with two B atoms and one C1 atom. The bond lengths in BC2N monolayer are 1.46 Å for C1-C2, 1.32 Å for C1-N, 1.48 Å for C2-B and 1.50 Å for N-B. The atomic structure of the BC2N monolayer proposed in this study is distinct from previously reported experimental and theoretically predicted B-C-N monolayers, which typically exhibit a honeycomb lattice structure. In order to assess the dynamic stability of the BC2N monolayers, phonon dispersion calculations were conducted, and the results are presented in Figure 1c. The absence of any imaginary phonon frequencies across the Brillouin zone suggests the good dynamic stability of the BC2N monolayer. Additionally, we also conducted AIMD simulations at 600 K to investigate the thermal stability of the BC2N monolayer. A 3 × 3 × 1 supercell of the BC2N monolayer was used in the simulations to represent a large enough sample of the 2D material. The results of the simulations, including the structures of the BC2N monolayer and the overall energy variation, are displayed in Figure 1d. The N, B and C atoms within the BC2N monolayer were observed to oscillate around their equilibrium positions due to thermal energy; however, the C-N, C-B, B-N and C-C bonds within the BC2N monolayer remained intact after 10 ps of simulation time. Furthermore, the pair correlation function (g(r)) was also calculated and is shown in Figure S1. The peaks in the g(r) function remain distinct at 300 K, 450 K and 600 K, which suggests the absence of any phase transitions throughout the 10 ps simulation period. Thus, it can be concluded that the BC2N monolayer is thermally and dynamically stable.
In order to assess the bond strength in the BC2N monolayer, crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) calculations were performed. The ICOHP value is a quantity determined by performing an integration of the COHP up to the Fermi energy (Table S1). The ICOHP value for the interaction between C1 and C2 atoms in the BC2N monolayer is 8.78 eV. This value is significantly smaller than the ICOHP value for the C-C interaction in graphene, indicating that the bonding strength between C atoms in the BC2N monolayer is weaker than in graphene. The reason for the relatively weaker bonding strength between C atoms in the BC2N monolayer arises from its unique structural arrangement. Specifically, the four C atoms in the monolayer are arranged in a square, which is distinct from the hexagonal structure of graphene. The calculated -ICOHP value for the B-C bond is 8.25 eV, and for the N-B bond, it is 7.54 eV. In contrast, the -ICOHP value for C-N bond is 12.09 eV, which is substantially greater than that for the C-B, C-C and N-B bonds. The bond strengths in the BC2N monolayer follow the trend: C-N > C-C > B-C > N-B. Based on Bader charge analysis, the charges on the C1, C2, B and N atoms are 0.51, −0.48, 1.57 and −1.6 e−, respectively. This indicates that C1 and B atoms transfer electrons to nearby N atoms, while C2 atoms accept electrons from nearby B atoms. This can be understood from the electronegativity of N, B and C. The B atoms, which have higher electronegativity values than C and N, are expected to transfer electrons to nearby atoms. Additionally, the N atoms, which have lower electronegativity values than C and N, are expected to accept electrons from nearby atoms. The C1 atom coordinates with N atoms to show a positive charge, while the C2 atom coordinates with B atoms to show a negative charge.

3. Mechanical Properties

The elastic constants were calculated to further understand the mechanical stability of the BC2N monolayer. The elastic modulus C 2 D can be estimated by [41]
C 2 D = ( E − E 0 ) S 0 × ( l 0 Δ l ) 2
where E 0 , S 0 and l 0 represent the total energy, lattice volume and lattice constant of the unstrained BC2N, respectively; Δ l denotes the deformation and E is the total energy of the strain BC2N.
Poisson’s ratio (ν) and Young’s modulus (Y) are key mechanical properties that characterize the behavior of materials. The Poisson’s ratio enables us to evaluate how the BC2N monolayer responds to transverse strain when subjected to external loads. Young’s modulus provides insights into the material’s stiffness or flexibility, allowing us to assess the rigidity of the BC2N monolayer. The Young’s modulus was calculated as follows:
Y x = ( C 11 C 22 − C 12 2 ) / C 22
Y y = ( C 11 C 22 − C 12 2 ) / C 11
Additionally, the Poisson’s ratio can be obtained using the following equations:
νx = C21/C22
νy = C12/C11
The results in Table 1 indicate the mechanical stability of BC2N. The C11, C12, C22, C26 and C66 are 198, 119, 200, −14 and 113 J/m2, respectively. The mechanical stability criteria of C11 × C22 > C12 × C12, C11 > 0 and C66 > 0 [42] are all satisfied. Table 1 shows that the Young’s modulus of BC2N is nearly identical in both the x and y directions, with a value of ~127 N/m. To investigate the directionally dependent mechanical properties of the BC2N monolayer, the dependence of Young’s modulus on the angle was calculated. BC2N has strong anisotropy in its mechanical properties, as demonstrated by the calculated angular dependency of its Young’s modulus (Figure 2a) and Poisson’s ratio (Figure 2b). As α increases from 0° to 45°, the Young’s modulus increases from ~127 to 245 N/m but decreases to 128 N/m as α increases from 45° to 90°, before increasing to its maximum value of 282 N/m when α increases from 90° to 135°. In contrast to the hexagonal BN sheet (270 N/m), the BC2N monolayer has a higher maximum Young’s modulus [43].
The Young’s modulus of BC2N can be explained through analyzing the structure and bonding strength of its constituent C-C, C-B, N-C and N-B bonds. In Figure 1a, we observe that the C-C and N-B bonds are aligned parallel to the x-axis, while the N-C and C-B bonds are oriented at angles of 45° and 135°, respectively, with the x-axis. Our calculations reveal that the bonding strengths of these bonds follow the following trend: N-C > C-C > C-B > N-B. The relatively low Young’s modulus observed at α = 0° and 180° arise from the relatively weak N-B bonds, which are oriented along the x-axis. Conversely, the highest Young’s modulus observed at α = 135° is due to the strong N-C bonding strength. The C-B bonding strength is found to be higher than that of C-C and N-B but lower than that of N-C. This explains why Young’s modulus at α = 45° is higher than that at α = 0° but lower than that at α = 135°. In terms of Poisson’s ratio, the BC2N monolayer exhibits a maximum value of 0.60 at α = 0° and 90° and a minimum value of 0.16 at α = 45° and 135°, further emphasizing its strong anisotropy. When a small amount of strain is applied to the BC2N sheet, Figure 2c demonstrates that it exhibits a linear stress–strain relationship. As the strain applied to the BC2N sheet increases, the stress–strain relationship becomes more nonlinear. The maximum stress is ~21 N/m, corresponding to a strain of 17% for BC2N. The previous report suggests a peak stress of 25 N/m for the B4N monolayer [44], which is comparable to the proposed BC2N monolayer. The stress levels abruptly fall after reaching the maximum tensile point.

4. Electronic and Optical Properties

We performed band structure and density of states (DOS) calculations by utilizing the HSE06 functional to obtain insights into the electronic properties of the BC2N monolayer. The calculated 3D band structure (Figure 3a) of the BC2N monolayer shows that the conduction band minimum (CBM) is located at (−0.220, 0.195, 0.000) and the valence band maximum (VBM) is located at (0.195, 0.171, 0.000) in reciprocal space, making BC2N an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.81 eV. The projected DOS (see Figure 3b) reveals that both the conduction band near the CBM and valence band near the Fermi level primarily originate from the p orbitals of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Hence, the bonding between N and C in the BC2N monolayer plays a significant role in determining its electronic properties.
Additionally, the optical absorbance of the BC2N monolayer was further evaluated. To account for the potential impact of the vacuum layer thickness on the optical properties of the 2D material, the normalized absorbance, which is not influenced by the vacuum layer, was calculated. As illustrated in Figure 3c, BC2N shows a strong optical anisotropy. For the x-polarized light, a broad visible spectrum absorption peak was observed, with its maximum occurring around 580 nm. However, the x-polarized light shows weaker absorption intensity in the same region. In the ultraviolet region, there is a significant absorption peak for y-polarized light, while x-polarized light exhibits comparatively weaker absorption intensity in the same region. The anisotropic absorption behavior of the BC2N monolayer arises from its distinct atomic structure and electronic properties. The absorption spectra of x-polarized and y-polarized light reflect the different orientations of the BC2N lattice. The intense absorption in the visible region for x-polarized light is due to the transition of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, which is mainly contributed to by p orbitals of C and N atoms. Additionally, the significant transition of electrons from the deep-lying valence band to the conduction band is responsible for the substantial absorption of y-polarized light in the ultraviolet range. The strong optical anisotropy indicates that the BC2N monolayer can have applications in various optical devices such as polarizers, filters and detectors, where polarization sensitivity is important. The insights gained from our calculations provide a foundation for further experimental studies aimed at exploring the electronic and optical properties of BC2N and its potential applications in various fields.

5. Li Storage Properties

Our above calculation demonstrates the excellent thermal and dynamical stabilities of BC2N. The N and B atoms in BC2N may have a high affinity for Li atoms, which allows for a high storage capacity for Li. Moreover, the large surface area of the BC2N monolayer may provide ample space for Li adsorption and desorption, making it a promising candidate as an anode material. Hence, we further studied the use of the BC2N monolayer as a possible source for the anode in Li-ion batteries.
The results of our analysis indicate that BC2N has 16 different Li adsorption sites, including 4 top sites, 3 hollow sites, and 9 bridge sites. We first examined the adsorption of Li atoms on these sites by calculating the absorption energy defined as follows:
E a d s = E ( L i − B C 2 N ) − E ( B C 2 N ) − E ( L i )
where E(Li) denotes the energy of one Li atom from bulk state, and E(Li − BC2N) and E(BC2N) are the total energy of a 2 × 2 × 1 supercell of BC2N with and without one Li atom adsorption.
We found that the hollow site of the octagon formed by C, N and B and the hollow site of the quadrilateral of C atoms have negative adsorption energies for Li, with respective values of −0.62 eV and −0.32 eV. The hollow site of the octagon shows the lowest Li adsorption energy, indicating that this site is the most stable adsorption site. The Li atoms’ adsorption configurations on the hollow site of the octagon are shown in Figure 4a,c. As shown in Figure S2, the total DOS of Li adsorbed on BC2N crosses the fermi level, indicating the metallic feature of the Li adsorption system, which is a desirable property for anode materials in Li-ion batteries. The DOS around the Fermi level is of particular importance as it determines the electronic properties of the BC2N. As presented in Figure S2, the p orbitals of the C and B atoms are primary contributors to the density of states around the Fermi level. These orbitals likely play an important part in the electronic behavior of the material. Conversely, the N and Li atoms do not seem to significantly affect the density of states around the Fermi level.
The adsorption process of Li atoms on the BC2N monolayer can be studied in detail by analyzing the charge density difference using the following formula:
∆ ρ = ρ ( L i − B C 2 N ) − ρ ( B C 2 N ) − ρ ( L i )
Here, ρ ( B C 2 N ) and ρ ( L i − B C 2 N ) refer to the total electron densities of the BC2N monolayer and Li adsorbed on the BC2N monolayer, respectively, and ρ ( L i ) is the total electron density of the Li atom. The observed electron-accumulating region between the Li atoms and the BC2N monolayer, as well as the electron-depleting region around the Li atoms (Figure 4b,d), suggest that the adsorbed Li atoms act as electron donors, transferring electrons to the BC2N monolayer. The Bader charge before and after Li adsorption is shown in Table S1. The transfer of charge from Li to the BC2N monolayer is further supported by the Bader charge analysis, which reveals a total transfer of 0.75 e− from Li to BC2N. The C2 atom near Li accepts more electrons compared to that in BC2N. Intriguingly, away from the Li adsorption site, the charge density difference plots also show a small electron-accumulating region around the C1 atoms. On the other hand, the absence of charge transfer or electron-accumulating regions around the C2 atoms (away from the Li adsorption site) suggests that these atoms are not significantly affected by the adsorption of Li. This may be due to the specific electronic properties of the C2 atoms or their location within the BC2N monolayer.
The mobility of Li ions is important in determining the rate of charge/discharge, as well as the overall capacity and lifespan of the Li-ion battery. Hence, we further investigated the diffusion of Li within the BC2N monolayer using the CI-NEB method. Our study considered two possible diffusion paths, namely path 1 and path 2, as illustrated in Figure 5. The analysis aimed to shed light on how Li atoms may move from one adsorption site to another within the BC2N structure. As shown in Figure 5, for both path 1 and path 2, Li starts from the octagonal hollow site of BC2N, and then passes through the local minimum energy position near the carbon tetragonal hollow site and finally reaches the near octagonal hollow site. In both Li diffusion paths, the energy barriers are 0.45 eV, which suggests that the movement of Li is equally easy in both directions. The Li diffusion barriers in BC2N are similar to that of Θ-graphene (0.48 eV) [45] and lower than that of β12/χ3 borophene [46]. This suggests that the BC2N monolayer has the potential to be a promising candidate for use in lithium-ion batteries, as it allows for easy and efficient Li diffusion.
It is crucial to investigate the storage capacity and open-circuit voltages (OCVs) to evaluate the applications of BC2N as an anode material. The following equation is used to determine the maximum Li-ion storage capacity:
C ( m A h / g ) = n × F m a s s ( B C 2 N )
where n is the maximum number of Li atoms that can adsorb on a 2 × 2 × 1 supercell of the BC2N monolayer, mass (BC2N) is the molecular weight of the 2 × 2 × 1 supercell of BC2N, and 𝐹 is the Faraday constant.
The average open-circuit voltages are calculated as
V = E ( n L i − B C 2 N ) − E ( B C 2 N ) − n E ( L i ) n
E(Li) corresponds to the energy of a single Li atom in its bulk state. Additionally, the values of E(nLi − BC2N) and E(BC2N) represent the total energy of the BC2N supercell with and without the adsorption of n number of Li atoms, respectively.
To determine the maximum capacity of the BC2N monolayer as an anode material, we gradually increased the adsorption of Li on BC2N (see Figure 6b–f). We only considered two Li layers on either side of BC2N and used a 2 × 2 × 1 supercell for this purpose. First, we fully adsorbed the first layer of Li and then added subsequent Li atoms to BC2N on both sides by considering the second layer. The open-circuit voltages of a system generally reflect the energy required to initiate electrochemical reactions, with higher voltages indicating greater thermodynamic stability. In the case of Li atoms’ adsorption on the BC2N monolayer, Figure 6a shows that as the amount of adsorbed Li atoms grows from 1 to 16, the open-circuit voltages steadily fall from 0.63 V to 0.12 V. This indicates that the system becomes progressively less stable as more Li atoms are added, likely due to the increased Coulombic repulsion between the adsorbed Li atoms. However, the stability of the system takes a dramatic turn beyond the 16th Li atom, as further increasing the adsorbed Li atoms leads to a significant decrease in the open-circuit voltages to near zero. This implies that the system becomes increasingly unstable, with the added Li atoms destabilizing the adsorption site and potentially triggering undesired electrochemical reactions. Previous theoretical studies have identified the nitrogenated holey graphene C2N monolayer as an excellent candidate for Li-ion battery anodes [47]. In the case of the C2N monolayer, the open-circuit voltages (OCVs) consistently decrease from 1.2 V to 0.1 V as the number of adsorbed Li atoms increases [47], mirroring the trend observed in BC2N. At lower Li concentrations, the OCVs of BC2N are lower than those of C2N, potentially due to variances in elemental composition and atomic arrangement. However, at higher Li concentrations, both BC2N and C2N exhibit similar OCVs of 0.1 V. From the above calculation, it can be seen that the 2 × 2 × 1 supercell of BC2N can adsorb up to 16 Li atoms, corresponding to a maximum capacity of 1098 mAh/g, which is comparable to other 2D carbon anodes, including xgraphene, and is greater than the capacity of graphite (372 mAh/g) [48]. The results of high Li storage capacity and low OCVs suggest that BC2N can be a potential anode material for LIBs. Further experimental investigations are necessary to validate these findings and assess the feasibility of utilizing BC2N as an anode material in LIBs.

6. Conclusions

We proposed a novel 2D BC2N monolayer using DFT calculation. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and phonon spectrum indicate the excellent thermal and dynamical stabilities of the proposed BC2N monolayer. The BC2N monolayer monolayers can withstand a maximum tensile strain of 17%, corresponding to a stress of ~21 N/m, demonstrating its mechanical flexibility under tensile strain. The BC2N monolayer is an indirect bandgap (~1.8 eV) semiconductor and shows strong visual and ultraviolet light absorbance. Furthermore, the BC2N monolayer displays a remarkable theoretical capacity of 1098 mAh/g for Li-ion batteries, which is three times higher compared to graphite. This significant improvement in capacity highlights the potential of BC2N as a highly promising alternative for achieving higher energy storage capabilities in lithium-ion battery systems. Additionally, the diffusion barrier of Li is only 0.45 eV, which suggests a rapid charge and discharge rate for Li-ion batteries. All these desirable properties make the BC2N monolayer a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries. In addition, exceptional optical and mechanical properties exhibited by the BC2N monolayer render it highly attractive for utilization in cutting-edge optoelectronic and nanomechanical devices.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/batteries9060315/s1, Figure S1: Pari correlation function of BC2N monolayer; Figure S2: The density of state of Li adsorb on BC2N monolayer. Table S1: The -ICOHP value for the C1-C2, C-B, C-N and N-B bonds; Table S2: Bader charge of BC2N monolayer without and with Li adsorption. The C, B and N bader charege of Li adsorption BC2N monolayer were selected near the Li atom [30,42,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.C. and J.L.; methodology, X.C. and J.L.; software, R.L. and H.H.; validation, X.C. and J.L.; formal analysis, X.C.; investigation, X.C.; resources, X.C. and Q.L.; data curation, R.L. and H.H.; writing—original draft preparation, X.C.; writing—review and editing, X.C.; visualization, R.L. and H.H.; supervision, X.C.; project administration, X.C.; funding acquisition, X.C., J.L. and Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52071156, 12204195), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2020J05147) and Scientific Research Starting Foundation of Jimei University (China) (ZQ2019015).

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article or supplementary material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Olabi, A.G.; Abdelkareem, M.A.; Wilberforce, T.; Sayed, E.T. Application of graphene in energy storage device—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 135, 110026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Huang, H.; Shi, H.; Das, P.; Qin, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Su, F.; Wen, P.; Li, S.; Lu, P. The chemistry and promising applications of graphene and porous graphene materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1909035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Rojaee, R.; Shahbazian-Yassar, R. Two-dimensional materials to address the lithium battery challenges. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 2628–2658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Dai, C.; Sun, G.; Hu, L.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Qu, L. Recent progress in graphene-based electrodes for flexible batteries. InfoMat 2020, 2, 509–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Chen, Y.; Xie, Y.; Yan, X.; Cohen, M.L.; Zhang, S. Topological carbon materials: A new perspective. Phys. Rep. 2020, 868, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Nehate, S.D.; Saikumar, A.K.; Prakash, A.; Sundaram, K.B. A review of boron carbon nitride thin films and progress in nanomaterials. Mater. Today Adv. 2020, 8, 100106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Kida, T.; Shigezumi, K.; Mannan, M.A.; Akiyama, M.; Baba, Y.; Nagano, M. Synthesis of boron carbonitride (BCN) films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using trimethylamine borane as a molecular precursor. Vacuum 2009, 83, 1143–1146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ci, L.; Song, L.; Jin, C.; Jariwala, D.; Wu, D.; Li, Y.; Srivastava, A.; Wang, Z.F.; Storr, K.; Balicas, L.; et al. Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 430–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Huang, C.; Chen, C.; Zhang, M.; Lin, L.; Ye, X.; Lin, S.; Antonietti, M.; Wang, X. Carbon-doped BN nanosheets for metal-free photoredox catalysis. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Zhang, K.; Feng, Y.; Wang, F.; Yang, Z.; Wang, J. Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN): Synthesis, properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 11992–12022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chhetri, M.; Maitra, S.; Chakraborty, H.; Waghmare, U.V.; Rao, C. Superior performance of borocarbonitrides, B x C y N z, as stable, low-cost metal-free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Fiori, G.; Betti, A.; Bruzzone, S.; Iannaccone, G. Lateral graphene–hBCN heterostructures as a platform for fully two-dimensional transistors. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 2642–2648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Beniwal, S.; Hooper, J.; Miller, D.P.; Costa, P.S.; Chen, G.; Liu, S.Y.; Dowben, P.A.; Sykes, E.C.; Zurek, E.; Enders, A. Graphene-like Boron-Carbon-Nitrogen Monolayers. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 2486–2493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Rao, C.N.R.; Gopalakrishnan, K. Borocarbonitrides, B(x)C(y)N(z): Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties with Potential Applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 19478–19494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Mou, P.; Zhao, J.; Wang, G.; Shi, S.; Wan, G.; Zhou, M.; Deng, Z.; Teng, S.; Wang, G. BCN nanosheets derived from coconut shells with outstanding microwave absorption and thermal conductive properties. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 437, 135285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Hasan, M.M.; Khedr, G.E.; Zakaria, F.; Allam, N.K. Intermolecular electron transfer in electrochemically exfoliated BCN-Cu nanosheet electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 9692–9701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Kaur, M.; Singh, K.; Vij, A.; Kumar, A. Recent insights into BCN nanomaterials—Synthesis, properties and applications. New J. Chem. 2023, 47, 2137–2160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Seo, T.H.; Lee, W.; Lee, K.S.; Hwang, J.Y.; Son, D.I.; Ahn, S.; Cho, H.; Kim, M.J. Dominant formation of h-BC2N in h-BxCyNz films: CVD synthesis and characterization. Carbon 2021, 182, 791–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Lam, K.-T.; Lu, Y.; Feng, Y.P.; Liang, G. Stability and electronic structure of two dimensional Cx(BN)y compound. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 022101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Bafekry, A.; Naseri, M.; Fadlallah, M.M.; Abdolhosseini Sarsari, I.; Faraji, M.; Bagheri Khatibani, A.; Ghergherehchi, M.; Gogova, D. A novel two-dimensional boron–carbon–nitride (BCN) monolayer: A first-principles insight. J. Appl. Phys. 2021, 130, 114301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhang, M.; Gao, G.; Kutana, A.; Wang, Y.; Zou, X.; Tse, J.S.; Yakobson, B.I.; Li, H.; Liu, H.; Ma, Y. Two-dimensional boron-nitrogen-carbon monolayers with tunable direct band gaps. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 12023–12029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Sun, J.; Zhou, X.-F.; Chen, J.; Fan, Y.-X.; Wang, H.-T.; Guo, X.; He, J.; Tian, Y. Infrared and Raman spectra of β−BC2N from first principles calculations. Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74, 193101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Lu, Y.; Zhu, X.; Wang, M. Theoretical investigations of a new two-dimensional semiconducting boron-carbon-nitrogen structure. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 3424–3428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Barbosa, R.C.; Guimarães, P.S.; Baierle, R.J. First principles study of native defects in a graphitic BC2N monolayer. Thin Solid Film. 2010, 518, 4356–4362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Xie, J.; Zhang, Z.Y.; Yang, D.Z.; Xue, D.S.; Si, M.S. Theoretical Prediction of Carrier Mobility in Few-Layer BC2N. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 4073–4077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Zhang, H.; Li, X.; Meng, X.; Zhou, S.; Yang, G.; Zhou, X. Isoelectronic analogues of graphene: The BCN monolayers with visible-light absorption and high carrier mobility. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2019, 31, 125301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Alyörük, M.M. Piezoelectricity in monolayer BxCyNz structures: A first principles study. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2021, 195, 110505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Bafekry, A.; Naseri, M.; Faraji, M.; Fadlallah, M.M.; Hoat, D.M.; Jappor, H.R.; Ghergherehchi, M.; Gogova, D.; Afarideh, H. Theoretical prediction of two-dimensional BC2X (X = N, P, As) monolayers: Ab initio investigations. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 22269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Yu, J.; He, C.; Huo, J.; Zhao, C.; Yu, L. Electric field controlled CO2 capture and activation on BC6N monolayers: A first-principles study. Surf. Interfaces 2022, 30, 101885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chen, L.; Yang, M.; Kong, F.; Du, W.; Guo, J.; Shu, H. Penta-BCN monolayer with high specific capacity and mobility as a compelling anode material for rechargeable batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2021, 23, 17693–17702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kilic, M.E.; Lee, K.-R. Emerging exotic properties of two-dimensional ternary tetrahexagonal BCN: Tunable anisotropic transport properties with huge excitonic effects for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Mater. Today Phys. 2022, 27, 100792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kilic, M.E.; Lee, K.-R. Two-Dimensional Ternary Pentagonal BCN: A Promising Photocatalyst Semiconductor for Water Splitting with Strong Excitonic Effects. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2022, 18, 014066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Dabsamut, K.; Thanasarnsurapong, T.; Maluangnont, T.; Jiraroj, T.; Jungthawan, S.; Boonchun, A. Strain engineering and thermal conductivity of a penta-BCN monolayer: A computational study. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2021, 54, 355301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Matar, S.F.; Solozhenko, V.L. New superhard tetragonal BCN from crystal chemistry and first principles. Materialia 2022, 26, 101581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ananchuensook, A.; Dabsamut, K.; Thanasarnsurapong, T.; Maluangnont, T.; Jiraroj, T.; Jungthawan, S.; Boonchun, A. Towards a new packing pattern of Li adsorption in two-dimensional pentagonal BCN. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2022, 24, 13194–13200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Majidi, R. Electronic properties of T graphene-like C–BN sheets: A density functional theory study. Phys. E Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 2015, 74, 371–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Adekoya, D.; Qian, S.; Gu, X.; Wen, W.; Li, D.; Ma, J.; Zhang, S. DFT-guided design and fabrication of carbon-nitride-based materials for energy storage devices: A review. Nano Micro Lett. 2021, 13, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Sun, Y.; Yang, T.; Ji, H.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Z.; Qian, T.; Yan, C. Boosting the optimization of lithium metal batteries by molecular dynamics simulations: A perspective. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. He, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhai, Q.; Qiu, P.; Dong, G.; Liu, X.; Chen, Y.; Li, Z. From polymeric carbon nitride to carbon materials: Extended application to electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 8636–8646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Chen, J.; Mao, Z.; Zhang, L.; Wang, D.; Xu, R.; Bie, L.; Fahlman, B.D. Nitrogen-deficient graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced performance for lithium ion battery anodes. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 12650–12657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Le Page, Y.; Saxe, P. Symmetry-general least-squares extraction of elastic coefficients from ab initio total energy calculations. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 63, 174103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wang, V.; Xu, N.; Liu, J.-C.; Tang, G.; Geng, W.-T. VASPKIT: A user-friendly interface facilitating high-throughput computing and analysis using VASP code. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2021, 267, 108033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Kudin, K.N.; Scuseria, G.E.; Yakobson, B.I. C 2 F, BN, and C nanoshell elasticity from ab initio computations. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 64, 235406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Wang, B.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, L.; Wang, J. Auxetic B(4)N Monolayer: A Promising 2D Material with in-Plane Negative Poisson’s Ratio and Large Anisotropic Mechanics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 33231–33237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Wang, S.; Yang, B.; Chen, H.; Ruckenstein, E. Reconfiguring graphene for high-performance metal-ion battery anodes. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 16, 619–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Zhang, X.; Hu, J.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, H.Y.; Yao, Y.; Yang, S.A. Borophene as an extremely high capacity electrode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 15340–15347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Wu, D.; Yang, B.; Chen, H.; Ruckenstein, E. Nitrogenated holey graphene C2N monolayer anodes for lithium-and sodium-ion batteries with high performance. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 16, 574–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Wang, S.; Si, Y.; Yang, B.; Ruckenstein, E.; Chen, H. Two-dimensional carbon-based auxetic materials for broad-spectrum metal-ion battery anodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 3269–3275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficient Iterative Schemes for Ab Initio Total-Energy Calculations Using a Plane-Wave Basis Set. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 11169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Blöchl, P.E. Projector Augmented-Wave Method. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 17953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Perdew, J.P.; Burke, K.; Wang, Y. Generalized Gradient Approximation for the Exchange-Correlation Hole of a Many-Electron System. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 16533–16539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Perdew, J.P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865–3868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  53. Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H. A Consistent and Accurate Ab Initio Parametrization of Density Functional Dispersion Correction (Dft-D) for the 94 Elements H-Pu. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Paier, J.; Marsman, M.; Hummer, K.; Kresse, G.; Gerber, I.C.; Ángyán, J.G. Screened Hybrid Density Functionals Applied to Solids. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, 154709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Parlinski, K.; Li, Z.Q.; Kawazoe, Y. First-Principles Determination of the Soft Mode in Cubic Zro2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 4063–4066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Henkelman, G.; Uberuaga, B.P.; Jónsson, H. A Climbing Image Nudged Elastic Band Method for Finding Saddle Points and Minimum Energy Paths. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 9901–9904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Batteries 09 00315 g001 550
Figure 1. The top view (a) and side view of the atomic arrangement in the BC2N monolayer (b); the phonon spectrum and its associated density of state of BC2N monolayer (c); fluctuation in total energy during AIMD simulation at 600 K (d).
Figure 1. The top view (a) and side view of the atomic arrangement in the BC2N monolayer (b); the phonon spectrum and its associated density of state of BC2N monolayer (c); fluctuation in total energy during AIMD simulation at 600 K (d).
Batteries 09 00315 g001
Batteries 09 00315 g002 550
Figure 2. The Young’s modulus (a), Possion’s ration (b) and strain–stress relationship (c) of BC2N monolayer.
Figure 2. The Young’s modulus (a), Possion’s ration (b) and strain–stress relationship (c) of BC2N monolayer.
Batteries 09 00315 g002
Batteries 09 00315 g003 550
Figure 3. The 3D band structure (a), density of state (b) and optical absorbance (c) of the BC2N monolayer.
Figure 3. The 3D band structure (a), density of state (b) and optical absorbance (c) of the BC2N monolayer.
Batteries 09 00315 g003
Batteries 09 00315 g004 550
Figure 4. The configuration of Li atoms’ adsorption with the lowest adsorption energy, as seen from the top (a) and side (c) view; the charge density difference of Li adsorbed on the BC2N monolayer, as seen from the top (b) and side (d) view.
Figure 4. The configuration of Li atoms’ adsorption with the lowest adsorption energy, as seen from the top (a) and side (c) view; the charge density difference of Li adsorbed on the BC2N monolayer, as seen from the top (b) and side (d) view.
Batteries 09 00315 g004
Batteries 09 00315 g005 550
Figure 5. The relative energy profile of Li diffusion path1 (a) and path2 (b). The insert represents the diffusion path of Li. The diffusion Li atom is denoted as yellow balls.
Figure 5. The relative energy profile of Li diffusion path1 (a) and path2 (b). The insert represents the diffusion path of Li. The diffusion Li atom is denoted as yellow balls.
Batteries 09 00315 g005
Batteries 09 00315 g006 550
Figure 6. The open-circuit voltages (a) and the configuration for one (b), two (c), four (d), eight (e) and sixteen (f) Li atoms on the BC2N monolayer.
Figure 6. The open-circuit voltages (a) and the configuration for one (b), two (c), four (d), eight (e) and sixteen (f) Li atoms on the BC2N monolayer.
Batteries 09 00315 g006
Table
Table 1. Elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio (ν) and Young modulus (Y) of BC2N monolayer.
Table 1. Elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio (ν) and Young modulus (Y) of BC2N monolayer.
C11 (J/m2)C12 (J/m2)C22 (J/m2)C26 (J/m2)C66 (J/m2)Yx (N/m)Yy (N/m)νxνy
BC2N198119200−141131271270.600.60
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, X.; Lin, J.; Lin, Q.; Li, R.; He, H. A Novel BC2N Monolayer as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery. Batteries 2023, 9, 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060315

AMA Style

Chen X, Lin J, Lin Q, Li R, He H. A Novel BC2N Monolayer as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery. Batteries. 2023; 9(6):315. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060315

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Xiaowei, Jiahe Lin, Qiubao Lin, Renquan Li, and Hongsheng He. 2023. "A Novel BC2N Monolayer as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery" Batteries 9, no. 6: 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060315

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop