Batteries

12 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Readily Accessible M-Ferrocenyl-Phenyl Sulfonate as Novel Cathodic Electrolyte for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries

by Dawei Fang, Junzhi Zheng, Xi Li, Diandian Wang, Yuxuan Yang, Zhuling Liu, Zongren Song and Minghua Jing

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050285 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1326

Abstract

Ferrocene derivatives are amongst the most promising electroactive organic electrolytes. The bottleneck problems of their application in aqueous redox flow batteries are their poor solubility and lower potential as well as the complexity of the modification methods to solve these problems. In this [...] Read more.

Ferrocene derivatives are amongst the most promising electroactive organic electrolytes. The bottleneck problems of their application in aqueous redox flow batteries are their poor solubility and lower potential as well as the complexity of the modification methods to solve these problems. In this study, a benzenesulfonic acid group is easily introduced into the ferrocene structure by a mature diazotization reaction, and the synthesized sodium m-phenylferrocene sulfonate BASFc is used as the novel cathodic electroactive electrolyte for AORFB. The hydrophilicity and the electron-absorbing effect of the introduced benzenesulfonic group can effectively improve the water solubility and redox potential of ferrocene. Moreover, the introduction of phenyl extends the conjugated structure of ferrocene and increases its structural dimension, which may be conducive to reducing its membrane permeability and improving the structural stability to some extent. The physical structure and the electrochemical properties of BASFc are studied systematically; the feasibility of its application as a cathodic electrolyte in AORFBs is verified by assembling the half-cell and full-cell. The results verify the good electrochemical reaction kinetics of BASFc in acid electrolyte and the corresponding AORFB shows satisfactory efficiency and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promising Redox Flow Batteries)

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16 pages, 56749 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Electrolyte Additives for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes in Aqueous Zinc Batteries

by Qibin Shen, Yuanduo Wang, Guanjie Han, Xin Li, Tao Yuan, Hao Sun, Yinyan Gong and Taiqiang Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050284 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2063

Abstract

Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage devices by virtue of their high specific capacity, high degree of safety, non-toxicity, and significant economic benefits. However, Zn anodes in aqueous electrolyte suffer from zinc dendrites and side reactions, [...] Read more.

Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage devices by virtue of their high specific capacity, high degree of safety, non-toxicity, and significant economic benefits. However, Zn anodes in aqueous electrolyte suffer from zinc dendrites and side reactions, which lead to a low coulombic efficiency and short life cycle of the cell. Since electrolytes play a key role in the Zn plating/stripping process, versatile strategies have been developed for designing an electrolyte to handle these issues. Among these strategies, electrolyte additives are considered to be promising for practical application because of the advantages of low cost and simplicity. Moreover, the resulting electrolyte can maximally preserve the merits of the aqueous electrolyte. The availability and effectiveness of additives have been demonstrated by tens of research works. Up to now, it has been essential and timely to systematically overview the progress of electrolyte additives in mild acidic/neutral electrolytes. These additives are classified as metal ion additives, surfactant additives, SEI film-forming additives, and complexing additives, according to their functions and mechanisms. For each category of additives, their functional mechanisms, as well as the latest developments, are comprehensively elaborated. Finally, some perspectives into the future development of additives for advanced AZBs are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review of Electrode Materials and Electrolyte for Batteries)

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11 pages, 21329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prefabrication of a Lithium Fluoride Interfacial Layer to Enable Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition

by Jie Ni, Yike Lei, Yongkang Han, Yingchuan Zhang, Cunman Zhang, Zhen Geng and Qiangfeng Xiao

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050283 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 1386

Abstract

Lithium metal is one of the most attractive anode materials for rechargeable batteries. However, its high reactivity with electrolytes, huge volume change, and dendrite growth upon charge or discharge lead to a low CE and the cycle instability of batteries. Due to the [...] Read more.

Lithium metal is one of the most attractive anode materials for rechargeable batteries. However, its high reactivity with electrolytes, huge volume change, and dendrite growth upon charge or discharge lead to a low CE and the cycle instability of batteries. Due to the low surface diffusion resistance, LiF is conducive to guiding Li⁺ deposition rapidly and is an ideal component for the surface coating of lithium metal. In the current study, a fluorinated layer was prepared on a lithium metal anode surface by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the carbonate-based electrolyte, smooth Li deposits were observed for these LiF-coated lithium anodes after cycling, providing excellent electrochemical stability for the lithium metal anode in the liquid organic electrolyte. The CE of Li|Cu batteries increases from 83% for pristine Li to 92% for LiF-coated ones. Moreover, LiF-Li|LFP exhibits a decent rate and cycling performance. After 120 cycles, the capacity retention of 99% at 1C is obtained, and the specific capacity is maintained above 149 mAh/g. Our investigation provides a simple and low-cost method to improve the performance of rechargeable Li-metal batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Electrode Materials and Technologies for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Metal Battery)

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16 pages, 4926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Polyacrylonitrile Shutdown Film for Prevention of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Cells

by Jonathan Peter Charles Allen, Marcin Mierzwa, Denis Kramer, Nuria Garcia-Araez and Andrew L. Hector

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050282 - 21 May 2023

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

The electrodeposition of a polymer (polyacrylonitrile, PAN) is used to reduce the risk of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, which is the most important cause of battery accidents and fires. PAN was electrodeposited on a graphite battery electrode, using cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, [...] Read more.

The electrodeposition of a polymer (polyacrylonitrile, PAN) is used to reduce the risk of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, which is the most important cause of battery accidents and fires. PAN was electrodeposited on a graphite battery electrode, using cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, in a solution with acrylonitrile as the solvent. The electrodeposited PAN film was characterised by Raman spectroscopy, microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis, and it was found that the film thickness could be controlled by the amount of charge passed in the electrochemical experiments. The PAN-coated graphite battery electrode was then tested in lithium half-cells, obtaining capacities close to the uncoated graphite sample (ca. 360 mA h g⁻¹) for thin (<10 µm) polymer coatings at 25 °C. Interestingly, for thicker polymer coatings (>20 µm) it was found that the capacity decreased drastically as the temperature increased beyond 80 °C. Such suppression in capacity has applications for thermal runaway protection since the electrochemical reactions of degradation of the electrolyte in contact with the electrode are the root cause of the thermal runaway process. Further work should look into alternative polymer and liquid electrolyte formulations to achieve the desired suppression of electrochemical capacity at high temperatures while retaining high capacities at the operational temperature range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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19 pages, 12346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integration of Flexible Supercapacitors with Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review

by Yin Lu, Tong Wu, Zimeng Ma, Yajun Mi, Zequan Zhao, Fei Liu, Xia Cao and Ning Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050281 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

The ever-growing interest in wearable electronic devices has unleashed a strong demand for sustainable and flexible power sources that are represented by the combination of flexible energy harvesting with storage devices/technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), which harvest mechanical energy and charge their matching supercapacitors [...] Read more.

The ever-growing interest in wearable electronic devices has unleashed a strong demand for sustainable and flexible power sources that are represented by the combination of flexible energy harvesting with storage devices/technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), which harvest mechanical energy and charge their matching supercapacitors (SCs), may form a distributed power system with flexibility to tap their potential applications in powering wearable electronic devices. This review aims to cover the recent progress in the integration of TENG with flexible SC in terms of operation principle, material selection, device configuration and power management, with an accent on the application scenario in flexible wearable electronics. Further, the current shortcomings, challenges and new prospects for future developments in the emerging field of integrated flexible TENG-SCs for self-powered wearable electronics are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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15 pages, 3029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transfer Learning Based on Transferability Measures for State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Zemenu Endalamaw Amogne, Fu-Kwun Wang and Jia-Hong Chou

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050280 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered to be one of the ideal energy sources for automotive and electronic products due to their size, high levels of charge, higher energy density, and low maintenance. When Li-ion batteries are used in harsh environments or subjected to [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered to be one of the ideal energy sources for automotive and electronic products due to their size, high levels of charge, higher energy density, and low maintenance. When Li-ion batteries are used in harsh environments or subjected to poor charging habits, etc., their degradation will be accelerated. Thus, online state of health (SOH) estimation becomes a hot research topic. In this study, normalized capacity is considered as SOH for the estimation and calculation of remaining useful lifetime (RUL). A multi-step look-ahead forecast-based deep learning model is proposed to obtain SOH estimates. A total of six batteries, including three as source datasets and three as target datasets, are used to validate the deep learning model with a transfer learning approach. Transferability measures are used to identify source and target domains by accounting for cell-to-cell differences in datasets. With regard to the SOH estimation, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the three target batteries are 0.0070, 0.0085, and 0.0082, respectively. Concerning RUL prediction performance, the relative errors of the three target batteries are obtained as 2.82%, 1.70%, and 0.98%, respectively. In addition, all 95% prediction intervals of RUL on the three target batteries include the end-of-life (EOL) value (=0.8). These results indicate that our method can be applied to battery SOH estimation and RUL prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Battery Status Estimation and Prediction)

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12 pages, 5547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mediating Lithium Plating/Stripping by Constructing 3D Au@Cu Pentagonal Pyramid Array

by Yaohua Liang, Wei Ding, Bin Yao, Fan Zheng, Alevtina Smirnova and Zhengrong Gu

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050279 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2061

Abstract

Lithium (Li) metal is perceived as the “holy grail” of anodes for secondary batteries due to its innate merits. Regrettably, the commercial application of Li metal anodes (LMAs) has been hampered by problems derived from the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, which could [...] Read more.

Lithium (Li) metal is perceived as the “holy grail” of anodes for secondary batteries due to its innate merits. Regrettably, the commercial application of Li metal anodes (LMAs) has been hampered by problems derived from the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, which could result in formation of short-circuits, thereby leading to fatal safety accidents. Here, a three-dimensional lithiophilic gold (Au)-coated copper (Cu) pentagonal pyramid array (Au@CuPPA) is constructed on planar Cu foil via electrodeposition followed by a chemical reduction method. Owing to the features of the lithiophilic layer and 3D porous structure, the proposed Au@CuPPA can not only facilitate Li-ion migration and charge transfer, but also effectively diminish the nucleation overpotential. Consequently, an even and steady Li plating/stripping process for up to 460 h and with a charge capacity of 3 mAh cm⁻² is accomplished by using the Au@CuPPA current collector. The Li@Au@CuPPA|LiFePO₄ full cell achieves a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.4% for 150 cycles at 0.5 C with a capacity retention of 92.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lithium Metal Batteries and Beyond)

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17 pages, 4148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Analysis and Optimization of Acidic Tin–Iron Flow Batteries

by Fuyu Chen, Ying Wang, Ying Shi, Hui Chen, Xinzhi Ma and Qinfang Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050278 - 18 May 2023

Viewed by 1349

Abstract

Acidic tin–iron flow batteries (TIFBs) employing Sn/Sn²⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ as active materials are regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their superior low capital cost, long lifecycle, and high system reliability. In this paper, the performance of TIFBs [...] Read more.

Acidic tin–iron flow batteries (TIFBs) employing Sn/Sn²⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ as active materials are regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their superior low capital cost, long lifecycle, and high system reliability. In this paper, the performance of TIFBs is thoroughly investigated via a proposed dynamic model. Moreover, their design and operational parameters are comprehensively analyzed. The simulation results show that (i) a flow factor of two is favorable for practical TIFBs; (ii) about 20% of the system’s efficiency is decreased as the current density increases from 40 mA cm⁻² to 200 mA cm⁻²; (iii) the optimal electrode thickness and electrode aspect ratio are 6 mm and 1:1, respectively; and (iv) reducing the compression ratio and increasing porosity are effective ways of lowering pump loss. Such in-depth analysis can not only provide a cost-effective method for optimizing and predicting the behaviors and performance of TIFBs but can also be of great benefit to the design, management, and manufacture of tin–iron flow batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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3 pages, 183 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety

by Pascal Venet

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050277 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

The development of portable equipment, electric or electrified vehicles and renewable energy is associated with the development of efficient Energy Storage Systems (ESS), such as batteries or supercapacitors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)

16 pages, 6068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Ionically Covalently Cross-Linked Network Binder for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Xuejian Zeng, Hongyan Yue, Jina Wu, Chao Chen and Lichun Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050276 - 18 May 2023

Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Silicon has gained considerable attention as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the significant volume changes that occur during lithiation/delithiation processes often result in poor cycling stability of silicon anodes. In this study, a hybrid ionically [...] Read more.

Silicon has gained considerable attention as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the significant volume changes that occur during lithiation/delithiation processes often result in poor cycling stability of silicon anodes. In this study, a hybrid ionically covalently cross-linked network binder carboxymethylcellulose-hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (CMC-HBPEI) is successfully constructed by “switching” ionic bonds and partially “converting” them to covalent bonds to buffer the volume variation of silicon anodes. In this hybrid cross-linked network, the covalently cross-linked network is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the anode, while the ionically cross-linked network utilizes the bonding reversibility to sustainably dissipative the mechanical stress and self-heal the structural breakages generated from the lithiation expansion of silicon. By changing the drying temperature of the anode, the ratio of covalent and ionic bonds in the hybrid cross-linked network can be adjusted to balance the mechanical stability and bonding reversibility of the CMC-HBPEI binder. Even after 300 cycles of charging/discharging under a current density of 500 mAg⁻¹, the specific capacity of the optimized Si/CMC-HBPEI anode remains at 1545 mAhg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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15 pages, 4522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calorimetric Studies on Chemically Delithiated LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂: Investigation of Phase Transition, Gas Evolution and Enthalpy of Formation

by Wenjiao Zhao, Julian Gebauer, Thomas Bergfeldt, Magnus Rohde, Carlos Ziebert, Yong Du and Hans J. Seifert

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050275 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 955

Abstract

Li_1.11(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders were chemically delithiated by (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ oxidizer to obtain Li_x(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders. The thermal behavior of two delithiated [...] Read more.

Li_1.11(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders were chemically delithiated by (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ oxidizer to obtain Li_x(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders. The thermal behavior of two delithiated specimens, Li_0.76Ni_0.41Mn_0.42Co_0.17O_2.10 and Li_0.48Ni_0.38Mn_0.46Co_0.16O_2.07, was studied compared to the pristine specimen. Phase transitions at elevated temperatures were investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) and the gas evolution accompanying the phase transitions was analyzed by mass spectroscopy and an oxygen detector. The enthalpy of two delithiated samples and a pristine specimen were measured by a high temperature drop solution calorimeter. Based on these results, the enthalpies of formation were calculated. Full article

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26 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Lithium-Ion-Battery Equivalent Circuit Model Parameter Dependencies and Architectures on the Predicted Heat Generation in Real-Life Drive Cycles

by Marcus Auch, Timo Kuthada, Sascha Giese and Andreas Wagner

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050274 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2645

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of the considered Electric Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) parameter dependencies and architectures on the predicted heat generation rate by using the Bernardi equation. For this purpose, the whole workflow, from the cell characterization tests to the cell parameter [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of the considered Electric Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) parameter dependencies and architectures on the predicted heat generation rate by using the Bernardi equation. For this purpose, the whole workflow, from the cell characterization tests to the cell parameter identification and finally validation studies, is examined on a cylindrical 5 Ah LG217000 Lithium-Ion-Battery (LIB) with a nickel manganese cobalt chemistry. Additionally, different test procedures are compared with respect to their result quality. For the parameter identification, a Matlab tool is developed enabling the user to generate all necessary ECMs in one run. The accuracy of the developed ECMs is evaluated by comparing voltage prediction of the experimental and simulation results for the highly dynamic World harmonized Light vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) at different states of charges (SOCs) and ambient temperatures. The results show that parameter dependencies such as hysteresis and current are neglectable, if only the voltage results are compared. Considering the heat generation prediction, however, the neglection can result in mispredictions of up to 9% (current) or 22% (hysteresis) and hence should not be neglected. Concluding the voltage and heat generation results, this study recommends using a Dual Polarization (DP) or Thevenin ECM considering all parameter dependencies except for the charge/discharge current dependency for thermal modeling of LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)

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17 pages, 5133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling the Molar Ratios of Cation to Anion of Precursors for High Performance Capacitive Properties of MnO₂ Hybridized Carbon-Based Materials Electrode

by Wein-Duo Yang, Yi-Rong Chou, Cheng-Ching Kuo and Yu-Min Kang

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050273 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

Controlling the cation to anion (Mn²⁺/MnO₄⁻) molar ratios of the precursors was used to obtain a highly performance capacitive properties of nanostructural MnO₂ hybridized carbon-based materials on nickel foam (NF) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction [...] Read more.

Controlling the cation to anion (Mn²⁺/MnO₄⁻) molar ratios of the precursors was used to obtain a highly performance capacitive properties of nanostructural MnO₂ hybridized carbon-based materials on nickel foam (NF) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technology. SEM, XRD, BET, and XPS analyses are utilized to investigate the influence of cation/anion molar ratios of precursors on the as-obtained MnO₂ electrode materials. At a lower molar ratio of cation/anion of 1, the prepared manganese oxide deposited on the NF with obvious δ-MnO₂ phase. The average pore size distribution of BET analysis of the as-obtained δ-MnO₂ is about 4.6 nm, the specific surface area is 155.7 m² g⁻¹, exhibiting a mesoporous structure. However, when the molar ratio of cation/anion is higher than 5, the deposited film produced by the reaction exhibits a γ-MnO₂ crystal phase. The capacitance of δ-MnO₂/NF electrode is 280 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in a 1 M Na₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte solution. In addition, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) mixed with multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was added to synthesize γ-MnO₂/rGO-MWCNT/NF electrode, which has a high capacitance of 377.4 F g⁻¹ under the charge/discharge current density at 1 A g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Supercapacitors: Advancements & Challenges)

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14 pages, 1673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control-Oriented Electrochemical Model and Parameter Estimation for an All-Copper Redox Flow Battery

by Wouter Badenhorst, Christian M. Jensen, Uffe Jakobsen, Zahra Esfahani and Lasse Murtomäki

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050272 - 15 May 2023

Viewed by 1327

Abstract

Redox flow batteries are an emergent technology in the field of energy storage for power grids with high renewable generator penetration. The copper redox flow battery (CuRFB) could play a significant role in the future of electrochemical energy storage systems due to the [...] Read more.

Redox flow batteries are an emergent technology in the field of energy storage for power grids with high renewable generator penetration. The copper redox flow battery (CuRFB) could play a significant role in the future of electrochemical energy storage systems due to the numerous advantages of its all-copper chemistry. Furthermore, like the more mature vanadium RFB technology, CuRFBs have the ability to independently scale power and capacity while displaying very fast response times that make the technology attractive for a variety of grid-supporting applications. As with most batteries, the efficient operation of a CuRFB is dependent on high-quality control of both the charging and discharging process. In RFBs, this is typically complicated by highly nonlinear behaviour, particularly at either extreme of the state of charge. Therefore, the focus of this paper is the development and validation of a first-principle, control-appropriate model of the CuRFBs electrochemistry that includes the impact of the flow, charging current, and capacity fading due to diffusion and subsequent comproportionation. Parameters for the proposed model are identified using a genetic algorithm, and the proposed model is validated along with its identified parameters using data obtained from a single-cell CuRFB flow battery as well as a simpler diffusion cell design. The proposed model yields good qualitative fits to experimental data and physically plausible concentration estimates and appears able to quantify the long-term state of health due to changes in the diffusion coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Battery Management Systems)

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19 pages, 6932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Sodium Titanate Nanowires as Anodes for Dual Li,Na Ion Batteries

by Silva Stanchovska, Mariya Kalapsazova, Sonya Harizanova, Violeta Koleva and Radostina Stoyanova

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050271 - 13 May 2023

Viewed by 1461

Abstract

The bottleneck in the implementation of hybrid lithium-sodium-ion batteries is the lack of anode materials with a desired rate capability. Herein, we provide an in-depth examination of the Li-storage performance of sodium titanate nanowires as negative electrodes in hybrid Li,Na-ion batteries. Titanate nanowires [...] Read more.

The bottleneck in the implementation of hybrid lithium-sodium-ion batteries is the lack of anode materials with a desired rate capability. Herein, we provide an in-depth examination of the Li-storage performance of sodium titanate nanowires as negative electrodes in hybrid Li,Na-ion batteries. Titanate nanowires were prepared by a simple and reproducible hydrothermal method. At a low reaction pressure, the well-isolated nanowires are formed, while by increasing the reaction pressure from 2 to 30 bar, the isolated nanowires tend to bundle. In nanowires, the local coordinations of Na and Ti atoms deviate from those in Na₂Ti₃O₇ and Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ and slightly depend on the reaction pressure. During the annealing at 350 °C, both Na and Ti coordinations undergo further changes. The nanowires are highly defective, and they easily crystallize into Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ and Na₂Ti₃O₇ phases. The lithium storage properties are evaluated in lithium-ion cells vs. lithium metal anode and titanate electrodes fabricated with PVDF and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binders. The Li-storage by nanowires proceeds by a hybrid capacitive-diffusive mechanism between 0.1 and 2.5 V, which enables to achieve a high specific capacity. Sodium titanates accommodate Li⁺ by formation of mixed lithium-sodium-phase Na_2−xLi_xTi₆O₁₃, which is decomposed to the distinct lithium phases Li_0.54Ti_2.86O₆ and Li_0.5TiO₂. Contrary to lithium, the sodium storage is accomplished mainly by the capacitive reactions, and thus the phase composition is preserved during cycling in sodium ion cells. The isolated nanowires outperform bundled nanowires with respect to rate capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Battery Design and Management)

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14 pages, 3958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectively Elevating Ceramic Fillers’ Dispersity in Gel Hybrid Electrolyte through Bridge–Linked Construction for High–Performance Lithium Metal Batteries

by Minghua Chen, Wannian Liu, Ziyu Yue, Yang Wang, Yixin Wu, Yu Li and Zhen Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050270 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1216

Abstract

Gel polymer-ceramic hybrid electrolytes (GHEs) have emerged as desirable candidates for preparing high energy density and excellent practicability gel batteries. However, the agglomeration of ceramic particles in polymer matrix leads to a decrease in cycling stability and low mechanical properties of GHEs. Here, [...] Read more.

Gel polymer-ceramic hybrid electrolytes (GHEs) have emerged as desirable candidates for preparing high energy density and excellent practicability gel batteries. However, the agglomeration of ceramic particles in polymer matrix leads to a decrease in cycling stability and low mechanical properties of GHEs. Here, we present a feasible method for improving the dispersity of Li₀.₂₄La₀.₅₉TiO₃ (LLTO) nanorods in the polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) co-blended matrix (K–LLTO/PVDF/PPC) by γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propytrimethoxysilane (KH560) surface treatment. The as-prepared GHE with 10% K–LLTO filler (10% GHE) exhibits a high ionic conductivity (3.01 mS cm⁻¹) and an appropriate lithium-ion transference number (0.55). The Li|10% GHE|Li symmetric cell shows an exceptional lithium stripping-plating lifetime of > 2000 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻². The assembled LiFePO₄ (LFP)|10% GHE|Li full cells show satisfactory cycling stability in the 2.5–4.2 V electrochemical window by recovering 84% of the initial capacity at 2 C over 500 cycles. The uniformly dispersed K–LLTO within the polymer matrix is ascribed to the formation of a bridge-linked network via Si–O–Ti bonds between KH560 and LLTO, and plenty of hydrogen bonds within the polymer matrix. This modification method provides a feasible strategy for fabricating GHEs with good repeatability, which may easily adapt to the high requirements of commercial production. Full article

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20 pages, 7005 KiB

Open AccessReview

LiBH₄ as a Solid-State Electrolyte for Li and Li-Ion Batteries: A Review

by Pier Paolo Prosini

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050269 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

In this paper, the methods used to enhance the conductivity of LiBH₄, a potential electrolyte for the construction of solid-state batteries, are summarized. Since this electrolyte becomes conductive at temperatures above 380 K due to a phase change, numerous studies have [...] Read more.

In this paper, the methods used to enhance the conductivity of LiBH₄, a potential electrolyte for the construction of solid-state batteries, are summarized. Since this electrolyte becomes conductive at temperatures above 380 K due to a phase change, numerous studies have been conducted to lower the temperature at which the hydride becomes conductive. An increase in conductivity at lower temperatures has generally been obtained by adding a second component that can increase the mobility of the lithium ion. In some cases, conductivities at room temperature, such as those exhibited by the liquid electrolytes used in current lithium-ion batteries, have been achieved. With these modified electrolytes, both lithium metal and lithium-ion cells have also been constructed, the performances of which are reported in the paper. In some cases, cells characterized by a high capacity and rate capability have been developed. Although it is still necessary to confirm the stability of the devices, especially in terms of cyclability, LiBH₄-based doped electrolytes could be employed to produce solid-state lithium or lithium-ion batteries susceptible to industrial development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrolytes for Solid State Batteries)

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17 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Energy and High-Power Primary Li-CF_x Batteries Enabled by the Combined Effects of the Binder and the Electrolyte

by Haobin Huo, Sivaviswa Radhakrishnan, Leon L. Shaw and Károly Németh

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050268 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

Several effective methods have been developed recently to demonstrate simultaneous high energy and high power density in Lithium - carbon fluoride (Li-CF

_{x}

) batteries. These methods can achieve as high as a 1000 Wh/kg energy density at a 60–70 kW/kg power density [...] Read more.

Several effective methods have been developed recently to demonstrate simultaneous high energy and high power density in Lithium - carbon fluoride (Li-CF

_{x}

) batteries. These methods can achieve as high as a 1000 Wh/kg energy density at a 60–70 kW/kg power density (40–50 C rate) in coin cells and a 750 Wh/kg energy density at a 12.5 kW/kg power density (20 C rate) in pouch cells. This performance is made possible by an ingenious nano-architecture design, controlled porosity, boron doping, and electrolyte additives. In the present study, we show that a similarly great performance, a 931 Wh/kg energy density at a 59 kW/kg power density, can be achieved by using a polyacrylonitrile binder and a LiBF

_{4}

electrolyte in Li-graphite fluoride coin cells. We also demonstrate that the observed effect is the result of the right combination of the binder and the electrolyte. We propose that the mechanistic origin of the observed phenomena is an electro-catalytic effect of the polyacrylonitrile binder. While our proposed method has a competitive performance, it also offers a simple implementation and a scalable production of high-energy and high-power primary Li-CF

_{x}

cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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14 pages, 2617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Nickel Phosphide @ N-Doped Carbon Nanorods with Exceptional Cycling Stability as Li-Ion and Na-Ion Battery Anode Material

by Fang Fu, Qiuchen He, Xuan Zhang, Julian Key, Peikang Shen and Jinliang Zhu

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050267 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Nickel phosphide (Ni₂P), as an anode material for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, offers high theoretical specific and volumetric capacities. However, considerable challenges include its limited rate capability and low cycle stability arising from its volume change and degradation during cycling. [...] Read more.

Nickel phosphide (Ni₂P), as an anode material for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, offers high theoretical specific and volumetric capacities. However, considerable challenges include its limited rate capability and low cycle stability arising from its volume change and degradation during cycling. To solve these issues, appropriate composite micro/nanoparticle designs can improve conductivity and provide confinement. Herein, we report a simple pyrolysis method to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Ni₂P nanorod arrays (Ni₂P@NC) from nickel foam and an ionic resin as a source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The N-doped open-ended carbon shells provide Ni₂P containment, good electrical conductivity, efficient electrolyte access and the buffering of bulk strain during cycling. Consequently, as a LIB anode material, Ni₂P@NC has impressive specific capacity in long-term cycling (630 mAh g⁻¹ for 150 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹) and a high rate capability of 170 mAh g⁻¹ for 6000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹. Similarly, as a SIB anode, Ni₂P@NC retains a sizable 288 mAh g⁻¹ over 300 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹, and 150 mAh g⁻¹ over 2000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹. Furthermore, due to a sizable portion of its capacity coinciding with adequately low voltage, the material shows promise for high volumetric energy storage in full-cell format. Lastly, the simple synthesis method has the potential to produce other carbon-coated metal phosphides for electrochemical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Compound Materials for Secondary Batteries)

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25 pages, 4406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Charge Estimation for Batteries Based on Common Feature Extraction and Transfer Learning

by Xiaoyu Li, Jianhua Xu, Xuejing Ding and Hongqiang Lyu

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050266 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1453

Abstract

The state of charge (SOC) of a battery is a key parameter of electrical vehicles (EVs). However, limited by the lack of computing resources, the SOC estimation strategy used in vehicle-mounted battery management systems (V-BMS) is usually simplified. With the development of the [...] Read more.

The state of charge (SOC) of a battery is a key parameter of electrical vehicles (EVs). However, limited by the lack of computing resources, the SOC estimation strategy used in vehicle-mounted battery management systems (V-BMS) is usually simplified. With the development of the new energy vehicle big data platforms, it is possible to obtain the battery SOC through cloud-based BMS (C-BMS). In this paper, a battery SOC estimation method based on common feature extraction and transfer learning is proposed for C-BMS applications. Considering the diversity of driving cycles, a common feature extraction method combining empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and a compensation strategy for C-BMS is designed. The selected features are treated as the new inputs of the SOC estimation model to improve the generalization ability. Subsequently, a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network is used to construct a basic model for battery SOC estimation. A parameter-based transfer learning method and an adaptive weighting strategy are used to obtain the C-BMS battery SOC estimation model. Finally, the SOC estimation method is validated on laboratory datasets and cloud platform datasets. The maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of battery SOC estimation with the laboratory dataset is 2.2%. The maximum RMSE of battery pack SOC estimation on two different electric vehicles is 1.3%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Atoms to Cells: Multiscale Modeling of Batteries)

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13 pages, 6085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Performance of NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/VGCF@C Anode Composite Material for Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries

by Bo Ding, Mingzhu Li, Fuzhou Zheng, Yangzhou Ma, Guangsheng Song, Xiulong Guan, Yi Cao and Cuie Wen

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050265 - 10 May 2023

Viewed by 1994

Abstract

This study combines self-prepared NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ (NTP) with commercial vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) using a solid state calcination, then coats it with carbon to synthesize the composite anode material NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/VGCF@C (NTP/VGCF@C). The microstructure [...] Read more.

This study combines self-prepared NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ (NTP) with commercial vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) using a solid state calcination, then coats it with carbon to synthesize the composite anode material NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/VGCF@C (NTP/VGCF@C). The microstructure and electrochemical properties of the composite material were then analyzed using microstructure analysis and electrochemical testing equipment. Single phase NTP shows nanoparticles with a polyhedral structure, and there is good contact at the interface between the nanoparticles and the VGCFs. The carbon coating formed on the NTP particles displays a nearly 6.5 nm thick layer of amorphous carbon. From the coin-cell battery performance measurements, after 850 cycles, the composite material NTP/VGCF@C exhibits an excellent retention rate of 96.3% compared to that of the pure NTP material when the current density is 200 mA/g. As a result, the composite material and lithium manganate (denoted as LMO) were assembled into an LMO-NTP/VGCF@C aqueous sodium-ion soft pack full battery system. The full battery shows an initial capacity of 31.07 mAh at a rate of 0.5C, and a reversible discharge capacity retention rate of 95.8% after 480 cycles, exhibiting a good long-cycle stability performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries: Design, Preparation, Reaction Mechanisms of Electrode Materials, and Battery Life Evaluation)

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23 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State-of-Health Estimation and Anomaly Detection in Li-Ion Batteries Based on a Novel Architecture with Machine Learning

by Junghwan Lee, Huanli Sun, Yuxia Liu, Xue Li, Yixin Liu and Myungjun Kim

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050264 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Variations across cells, modules, packs, and vehicles can cause significant errors in the state estimation of LIBs using machine learning algorithms, especially when trained with small datasets. Training with large datasets that account for all variations is often impractical due to resource and [...] Read more.

Variations across cells, modules, packs, and vehicles can cause significant errors in the state estimation of LIBs using machine learning algorithms, especially when trained with small datasets. Training with large datasets that account for all variations is often impractical due to resource and time constraints at initial product release. To address this issue, we proposed a novel architecture that leverages electronic control units, edge computers, and the cloud to detect unrevealed variations and abnormal degradations in LIBs. The architecture comprised a generalized deep neural network (DNN) for generalizability, a personalized DNN for accuracy within a vehicle, and a detector. We emphasized that a generalized DNN trained with small datasets must show reasonable estimation accuracy during cross validation, which is critical for real applications before online training. We demonstrated the feasibility of the architecture by conducting experiments on 65 DNN models, where we found distinct hyperparameter configurations. The results showed that the personalized DNN achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.33%, while the generalized DNN achieves an RMSE of 4.6%. Finally, the Mahalanobis distance was used to consider the SOH differences between the generalized DNN and personalized DNN to detect abnormal degradations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Battery Management Systems)

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20 pages, 6699 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Charge Acceptance Compared to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Parameters: Dependencies on Additives, State of Charge, and Prior Usage

by Sophia Bauknecht, Julia Kowal, Jochen Settelein, Markus Föhlisch and Eckhard Karden

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050263 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1655

Abstract

The goal of this work was to predict the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) for cells using different additives on the negative electrode from the evaluation of small-signal measurements by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Thereby, various operating points were evaluated, such as state of [...] Read more.

The goal of this work was to predict the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) for cells using different additives on the negative electrode from the evaluation of small-signal measurements by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Thereby, various operating points were evaluated, such as state of charge (SoC) and prior usage (charge or discharge). The 2V test cells under investigation utilized plates of enhanced flooded 3P2N battery cells (EFB). They contained three positive and two negative electrodes. The latter varied in their additive composition. In total, eight different negative electrodes were investigated, five including specially synthesized amorphous carbon as an additive, two with unknown additive mixes, and one including a commercially available carbon black. The best parameters for predicting the DCA were found within the first semicircle of the negative half-cell spectra measured during a superimposed charging current. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Mechanisms and Fundamental Electrochemistry Aspects)

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15 pages, 7017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Growing 3D Porous Sn Protective Layer Enhanced Zn Anode

by Dezhi Kong, Qingwei Zhang, Lin Li, Huimin Zhao, Ruixin Liu, Ziyang Guo and Lei Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050262 - 06 May 2023

Viewed by 1590

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received much attention because of their high safety, low pollution, and satisfactory energy density (840 mAh g⁻¹), which is important for the research of new energy storage devices. However, problems such as short cell cycle life [...] Read more.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received much attention because of their high safety, low pollution, and satisfactory energy density (840 mAh g⁻¹), which is important for the research of new energy storage devices. However, problems such as short cell cycle life and low coulombic efficiency (CE) of zinc (Zn) anodes due to disorderly growth of Zn dendrites and side reactions of hydrogen corrosion have delayed the practical application of ZIBs. In this work, a new “self-growth” method is proposed to build a robust and homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous structure of tin (Sn)-coated Zn anodes (ZSN) in just 10 min by a simple and fast reaction, which can largely raise the surface area of the electrode plate. The ZSN not only provides abundant Zn nucleation sites, but also reduces the corrosion current, thus alleviating the self-corrosion of the electrolyte, reducing the occurrence of hydrogen precipitation side reactions, and effectively inhibiting the growth of Zn dendrites during cycling. Thus, a symmetric cell with a ZSN anode can be stabilized with very low voltage hysteresis (30 mV) for 480 h of stable plating/stripping cycles and can operate well for 200 h even at high current densities of 10 mA cm⁻². Supercapacitors and button cells were assembled, respectively, to verify the performance of ZSN electrodes in different energy storage tools. The ZSN||AC supercapacitor exhibited superior capacity (75 mAh g⁻¹) and high reversibility (98% coulombic efficiency) at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹. With a MnVO (MVO) electrode as the cathode, the ZSN||MVO full cell presents excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95.4% after 500 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹, which far exceeds that of the bare Zn cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zn-Ion and Zn–Air Batteries: Materials, Mechanisms and Applications)

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23 pages, 3168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Automotive Battery Cell Design: A Statistical Analysis of Empirical Data

by Steffen Link, Christoph Neef and Tim Wicke

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050261 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7743

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become the preferred power source for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Over the past decade, technological enhancements accompanied by massive cost reductions have enabled the growing market diffusion [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become the preferred power source for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Over the past decade, technological enhancements accompanied by massive cost reductions have enabled the growing market diffusion of EVs. This diffusion has resulted in customized and cost-effective Li-ion battery cell designs tailored to automotive requirements. This study describes design trends in Li-ion batteries from the pack to the electrode level based on empirical data, including pack energy, cell capacity, outer cell dimensions and formats, energy density, specific energy, and electrode properties, such as active material selection, porosities, and component thicknesses. Market share-weighted findings imply several trends, such as (1) increasing cell dimensions, with the longest cells reaching 500 mm (pouch) and almost 1000 mm (prismatic) in 2021, (2) increasing differentiation between either high-energy or low-cost cathode and anode materials, and (3) increasing cell energy, equivalent to gaining about 100% (energy density) and 70% (specific energy) compared to the 2010 and 2021 averages. Despite these improvements, this study finds that the widespread market diffusion of the latest cell technologies proceeds slower than industry announcements suggest and that several well-known, literature-proofed potentials are not yet fully exploited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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14 pages, 4302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks Anodes for Application in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yelyzaveta Rublova, Raimonds Meija, Vitalijs Lazarenko, Jana Andzane, Janis Svirksts and Donats Erts

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050260 - 03 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1483

Abstract

The changes in global energy trends and the high demand for secondary power sources, have led to a renewed interest in aqueous lithium-ion batteries. The selection of a suitable anode for aqueous media is a difficult task because many anode materials have poor [...] Read more.

The changes in global energy trends and the high demand for secondary power sources, have led to a renewed interest in aqueous lithium-ion batteries. The selection of a suitable anode for aqueous media is a difficult task because many anode materials have poor cycling performance due to side reactions with water or dissolved oxygen. An effective method for improving the characteristics of anodes in aqueous electrolyte solutions is adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the electrode materials. For a better comprehension of the mechanism of energy accumulation and the reasons for the loss of capacity during the cycling of chemical current sources, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of the constituent components of the anodes. Although CNTs are well studied theoretically and experimentally, there is no information about their behaviour in aqueous solutions during the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions. This work reveals the mechanism of operation of untreated and annealed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) anodes during the intercalation/deintercalation of Li⁺ from an aqueous 5 M LiNO₃ electrolyte. The presence of -COOH groups on the surface of untreated SWCNTs is the reason for the low discharge capacity of the SWCNT anode in 5 M LiNO₃ (3 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles). Their performance was improved by annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere, which selectively removed the -COOH groups and increased the discharge capacity of SWCNT by a factor of 10 (33 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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42 pages, 12053 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances and Prospects of FeOOH-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

by Youness El Issmaeli, Amina Lahrichi, Shankara S. Kalanur, Sadesh Kumar Natarajan and Bruno G. Pollet

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050259 - 01 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2752

Abstract

Supercapacitors (SCs) offer a potential replacement for traditional lithium-based batteries in energy-storage devices thanks to the increased power density and stable charge–discharge cycles, as well as negligible environmental impact. Given this, a vast array of materials has been explored for SCs devices. Among [...] Read more.

Supercapacitors (SCs) offer a potential replacement for traditional lithium-based batteries in energy-storage devices thanks to the increased power density and stable charge–discharge cycles, as well as negligible environmental impact. Given this, a vast array of materials has been explored for SCs devices. Among the materials, iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) has gained significant attention in SC devices, owing to its superior specific capacitance, stability, eco-friendliness, abundance, and affordability. However, FeOOH has certain limitations that impact its energy storage capabilities and thus implicate the need for optimizing its structural, crystal, electrical, and chemical properties. This review delves into the latest advancements in FeOOH-based materials for SCs, exploring factors that impact their electrochemical performance. To address the limitations of FeOOH’s materials, several strategies have been developed, which enhance the surface area and facilitate rapid electron transfer and ion diffusion. In this review, composite materials are also examined for their synergistic effects on supercapacitive performance. It investigates binary, ternary, and quaternary Fe-based hydroxides, as well as layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Promising results have been achieved with binder-free Fe-based binary LDH composites featuring unique architectures. Furthermore, the analysis of the asymmetric cell performance of FeOOH-based materials is discussed, demonstrating their potential exploitation for high energy-density SCs that could potentially provide an effective pathway in fabricating efficient, cost-effective, and practical energy storage systems for future exploitations in devices. This review provides up-to-date progress studies of novel FeOOH’s based electrodes for SCs applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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17 pages, 3781 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Approach for the Development of TiO₂-Based 3D Electrodes for Microsupercapacitors

by Nathalie Poirot, Marie Gabard, Mohamed Boufnichel, Rachelle Omnée and Encarnacion Raymundo-Piñero

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050258 - 29 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1491

Abstract

This study reports a sustainable approach for developing electrodes for microsupercapacitors. This approach includes the synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles via a green sol–gel method and the deposition of thin films of that electrochemically active material on three-dimensional (3D) Si substrates with a [...] Read more.

This study reports a sustainable approach for developing electrodes for microsupercapacitors. This approach includes the synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles via a green sol–gel method and the deposition of thin films of that electrochemically active material on three-dimensional (3D) Si substrates with a high area enlargement factor (AEF) via a simple, fast, and inexpensive spin-coating pathway. The thickness of the film was first optimized via its deposition over two-dimensional (2D) substrates to achieve high capacitances to provide high energy density but also to deliver a good rate capability to ensure the power density required for a supercapacitor device. A film thickness of ~120 nm realizes the best compromise between the electronic/ionic conductivity and capacitance in a supercapacitor device. Such layers of TiO₂ were successfully coated onto 3D microstructured substrates with different architectures, such as trenches and pillars, and different aspect ratios. The spin-coating-based route developed here has been established to be superior as, on the one hand, a conformal deposition can be achieved over high AEF subtracts, and on the other hand, the 3D electrodes present higher surface capacitances than those obtained using other deposition techniques. The rate capability and appreciable cyclability ensure a reliable supercapacitor behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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14 pages, 6354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Situ Plasticized LLZTO-PVDF Composite Electrolytes for High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

by Xinjie Yu, Pengbo Zhai, Ning Zhao and Xiangxin Guo

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050257 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2817

Abstract

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are seen as the key component in the development of solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) by virtue of their good processability and flexibility. However, poor mechanical strength, low room-temperature lithium-ion (Li-ion) conductivity and unsatisfactory interfacial compatibility with electrodes limit their [...] Read more.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are seen as the key component in the development of solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) by virtue of their good processability and flexibility. However, poor mechanical strength, low room-temperature lithium-ion (Li-ion) conductivity and unsatisfactory interfacial compatibility with electrodes limit their practical application. In this work, a composite electrolyte consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene carbonate with a Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂(LLZTO) active filler (PFPC: LLZTO-SPE) is reported to achieve excellent ionic conductivity (4.25 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C), a wide electrochemical window (>4.6 V), a high Li-ion transference number (t_Li⁺ = 0.49) and good interfacial compatibility with the electrode. Incorporating LLZTO as an active filler not only increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, but also homogenizes Li-ion flux and stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface, thereby preventing lithium dendrites from piercing the electrolyte. As a result, Li/Li symmetrical cells using PFPC: LLZTO-SPEs deliver more than 800 h of cyclability at 0.1 mA cm⁻² and a high critical current density (CCD) of 2.6 mA cm⁻². The assembled Li/PFPC: LLZTO/LFP SSLBs achieve 87% capacity retention after 150 cycles at 0.2 C and 89% capacity retention for 100 cycles at 0.5 C. This work inspires new insights into designing high-performance SPEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Batteries: Theory, Methods and Applications)

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11 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery Test Profile Generation Framework for Electric Vehicles

by Dongxu Guo, Hailong Ren, Xuning Feng, Xuebing Han, Languang Lu and Minggao Ouyang

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050256 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

This paper proposes a framework for generating a battery test profile that accounts for the complex operating conditions of electric vehicles, which is essential for ensuring the durability and safety of the battery system used in these vehicles. Additionally, such a test profile [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a framework for generating a battery test profile that accounts for the complex operating conditions of electric vehicles, which is essential for ensuring the durability and safety of the battery system used in these vehicles. Additionally, such a test profile could potentially accelerate the development of electric vehicles. To achieve this objective, the study utilizes a simplified longitudinal dynamics model that incorporates various factors such as the drivetrain efficiency, battery system energy conversion efficiency, and regenerative braking efficiency. The battery test profile is based on the China light-duty vehicle test cycle-passenger car (CLTC-P) and is validated through testing on an electric vehicle with a chassis dynamometer. The results indicate a high degree of consistency between the generated and measured profiles, confirming the efficacy of the simplified longitudinal dynamics model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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