Magnetochemistry

15 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion to Assess Edema and Perfusion in Abdominal Organs during Endotoxemia

by Silvia Marchesi, Elin Lundström, Håkan Ahlström and Miklós Lipcsey

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020058 - 17 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1040

Abstract

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) technique probing the microscopic movement of water molecules in tissue, allows for the quantification of water diffusivity and the contribution of perfusion to the total amount of water. In the last decades, its use in organs other [...] Read more.

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) technique probing the microscopic movement of water molecules in tissue, allows for the quantification of water diffusivity and the contribution of perfusion to the total amount of water. In the last decades, its use in organs other than the brain has increased and it has successfully been applied to abdominal organs; otherwise the use of DWI for the assessment of perfusion (by measuring perfusion fraction and edema (by measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient—ADC) of entire organs is not a clinical standard. The aim of this paper is to assess whether DWI, specifically IVIM, can accurately assess edema (the amount of water contained in a tissue) and perfusion in abdominal organs (liver, spleen, intestine and kidneys) in an endotoxemic porcine model. Endotoxemia was induced in 20 piglets and they were divided into three groups: HM group (HighMAP, mean arterial pressure was maintained >65 mmHg by noradrenaline infusion), LM group (LowMAP, MAP was maintained between 50 and 60 mmHg) and LTD (the thoracic duct was ligated to increase abdominal edema). In addition, a fourth group of healthy controls (four animals) underwent MRI. Edema was also assessed by wet–dry weight in liver, spleen and intestine; and perfusion was assessed by hemodynamics, lactate concentration and SvO₂. ADC was found to be higher in the intestine of the LTD group compared with the other groups, in accordance with wet–dry weight. In addition, ADC in kidneys was found to be correlated to glomerular filtration rate. f was correlated with hemodynamics in kidneys and liver. The presented data show that there is a potential for clinical use of the technique in septic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Resonance Applications and Advanced NMR & MRI Techniques)

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19 pages, 5980 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Spin-Peierls, Spin-Ladder and Kondo Coupling in Weakly Localized Quasi-1D Molecular Systems: An Overview

by Jean-Paul Pouget

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020057 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1465

Abstract

We review the magneto-structural properties of electron–electron correlated quasi-one- dimensional (1D) molecular organics. These weakly localized quarter-filled metallic-like systems with pronounced spin 1/2 antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions in stack direction exhibit a spin charge decoupling where magnetoelastic coupling picks up spin 1/2 to pair [...] Read more.

We review the magneto-structural properties of electron–electron correlated quasi-one- dimensional (1D) molecular organics. These weakly localized quarter-filled metallic-like systems with pronounced spin 1/2 antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions in stack direction exhibit a spin charge decoupling where magnetoelastic coupling picks up spin 1/2 to pair into S = 0 singlet dimers. This is well illustrated by the observation of a spin-Peierls (SP) instability in the (TMTTF)2X Fabre salts and related salts with the o-DMTTF donor. These instabilities are revealed by the formation of a pseudo-gap in the spin degrees of freedom triggered by the development of SP structural correlations. The divergence of these 1D fluctuations, together with the interchain coupling, drive a 3D-SP ground state. More surprisingly, we show that the Per2-M(mnt)2 system, undergoing a Kondo coupling between the metallic Per stack and the dithiolate stack of localized AF coupled spin ½ (for M = Pd, Ni, Pt), enhances the SP instability. Then, we consider the zig-zag spin ladder DTTTF2-M(mnt)2 system, where unusual singlet ground state properties are due to a combination of a 4k_F charge localization effect in stack direction and a 2k_F SP instability along the zig-zag ladder. Finally, we consider some specific features of correlated 1D systems concerning the coexistence of symmetrically different 4k_F BOW and 4k_F CDW orders in quarter-filled organics, and the nucleation of solitons in perturbed SP systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Molecular Materials Insights—a Themed Issue in Honour of Professor Manuel Almeida on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)

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15 pages, 4140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Using Ferromagnetic Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and MgO-Bentonite Nanocomposite

by Sally E. A. Elashery, Islam Ibrahim, Hassanien Gomaa, Mohamed M. El-Bouraie, Ihab A. Moneam, Shimaa S. Fekry and Gehad G. Mohamed

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020056 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

In this work, the exploitation of the synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles and MgO-bentonite nanocomposite as an effective photocatalyst has been reported. They were utilized to study their applicability for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet in wastewater. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray powder [...] Read more.

In this work, the exploitation of the synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles and MgO-bentonite nanocomposite as an effective photocatalyst has been reported. They were utilized to study their applicability for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet in wastewater. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used for characterization. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized photocatalysts for CV decomposition has been optimized in terms of several factors such as pH, contact time, the dose of the catalyst, and the dye concentration. The maximum degradation efficiency of CV was found to be 99.19% at the optimum state of pH value of 7, using 0.2 g of MgO NPs, while in the case of MgO-bentonite nanocomposite, the maximum degradation efficiency was decreased to 83.38%. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism was investigated using the scavenging reaction process, revealing that holes were majorly responsible for the degradation of CV. The kinetic data were suitable and best fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Magnetic Materials in Environmental Remediation)

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12 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A 3D Coordination Polymer Based on Syn-Anti Bridged [Mn(RCOO)₂]_n Chains Showing Spin-Canting with High Coercivity and an Ordering Temperature of 14 K

by Soumen Kumar Dubey, Maxcimilan Patra, Kajal Gupta, Subham Bhattacharjee, Rajat Saha and Carlos J. Gómez-García

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020055 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

A new 3D manganese(II) coordination polymer, formulated as [Mn₃(HL)₆] (1) (where H₂L = 6-hydroxypicolinic acid), has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis along with other spectroscopic and magnetic techniques. Structural analysis [...] Read more.

A new 3D manganese(II) coordination polymer, formulated as [Mn₃(HL)₆] (1) (where H₂L = 6-hydroxypicolinic acid), has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis along with other spectroscopic and magnetic techniques. Structural analysis shows that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group and is a non-porous 3D coordination polymer formed by three different Mn(II) centres connected by 6-hydroxypicolinic acid ligands in their keto form. Each Mn(II) centre shows a distorted octahedral coordination environment. Neighbouring Mn(II) centres are connected by two different syn-anti bridging carboxylate groups to form regular coordination chains. There are two different [Mn₂(RCOO)₂] units along the chain, formed by two crystallographically independent Mn centres (Mn1 and Mn2). These chains are further connected by HL⁻ ligands to form a 3D coordination network. Interestingly, both the hydroxy and the carboxylate groups of the ligands are deprotonated and coordinated to the metal centres, whereas the pyridyl group is protonated and uncoordinated, although it participates in strong hydrogen bonding interactions with oxygen atoms of the HL⁻ ligand, as shown by the Hirshfeld surface analysis. Both the absorption and emission spectra of the compound have also been measured. Variable temperature magnetic studies reveal the presence of a spin-canted antiferromagnetic behaviour with a high coercivity of 40 mT at 2 K and an ordering temperature of 14 K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Geometry, Key Parameters in 3d and 4f Molecular Magnetism)

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12 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magneto-Optical Faraday Effect in Quasicrystalline and Aperiodic Microresonator Structures

by Daria O. Ignatyeva, Polina V. Golovko and Vladimir I. Belotelov

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020054 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1383

Abstract

We theoretically and numerically investigate magnetophotonic microresonators formed by a magnetic layer sandwiched between two reflective multilayers with different layer arrangements. Quasicrystals with the Fibonacci layer sequence and aperiodic structures with the Thue–Morse sequence are all compared to the conventional photonic crystal Bragg [...] Read more.

We theoretically and numerically investigate magnetophotonic microresonators formed by a magnetic layer sandwiched between two reflective multilayers with different layer arrangements. Quasicrystals with the Fibonacci layer sequence and aperiodic structures with the Thue–Morse sequence are all compared to the conventional photonic crystal Bragg microresonators. The magneto-optical spectral properties of such magnetophotonic structures are completely different from each other and from a uniform magnetic film. In multilayered structures of various order types, microresonator modes are excited. The feature of multilayered structures with arrangements different from a periodic one is that they support the excitation of the multiple microresonator modes in a limited visible and near-infrared spectral range. The wavelengths of the two microresonator modes in a regular photonic crystal differ by more than one octave. This feature of the quasi-crystalline and aperiodic microresonators is important for applications in devices based on the Faraday effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Magneto-Optical Ceramics)

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9 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Vibronic Relaxation Pathways in Molecular Spin Qubit Na₉[Ho(W₅O₁₈)₂]·35H₂O under Pressure

by Janice L. Musfeldt, Zhenxian Liu, Diego López-Alcalá, Yan Duan, Alejandro Gaita-Ariño, José J. Baldoví and Eugenio Coronado

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020053 - 09 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1415

Abstract

In order to explore how spectral sparsity and vibronic decoherence pathways can be controlled in a model qubit system with atomic clock transitions, we combined diamond anvil cell techniques with synchrotron-based far infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations to reveal the vibrational response of [...] Read more.

In order to explore how spectral sparsity and vibronic decoherence pathways can be controlled in a model qubit system with atomic clock transitions, we combined diamond anvil cell techniques with synchrotron-based far infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations to reveal the vibrational response of Na

_{9}

[Ho(W

_{5}

O

_{18}

)

_{2}

]·35H

_{2}

O under compression. Because the hole in the phonon density of states acts to reduce the overlap between the phonons and f manifold excitations in this system, we postulated that pressure might move the HoO

_{4}

rocking, bending, and asymmetric stretching modes that couple with the

M_{J}

= ±5, ±2, and ±7 levels out of resonance, reducing their interactions and minimizing decoherence processes, while a potentially beneficial strategy for some molecular qubits, pressure slightly hardens the phonons in Na

_{9}

[Ho(W

_{5}

O

_{18}

)

_{2}

]·35H

_{2}

O and systematically fills in the transparency window in the phonon response. The net result is that the vibrational spectrum becomes less sparse and the overlap with the various

M_{J}

levels of the Ho

^{3 +}

ion actually increases. These findings suggest that negative pressure, achieved using chemical means or elongational strain, could further open the transparency window in this rare earth-containing spin qubit system, thus paving the way for the use of device surfaces and interface elongational/compressive strains to better manage decoherence pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Molecular Materials Insights—a Themed Issue in Honour of Professor Manuel Almeida on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)

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14 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Phase Space Density Evolution of Radiation Belt Electrons under the Action of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure

by Peng Hu, Haimeng Li, Zhihai Ouyang, Rongxin Tang, Liangjin Song, An Yuan, Bopu Feng, Yangyang Wang and Wenqian Zou

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020052 - 09 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

Earth’s radiation belt and ring current are donut-shaped regions of energetic and relativistic particles, trapped by the geomagnetic field. The strengthened solar wind dynamic pressure (P_dyn) can alter the structure of the geomagnetic field, which can bring about the dynamic variation [...] Read more.

Earth’s radiation belt and ring current are donut-shaped regions of energetic and relativistic particles, trapped by the geomagnetic field. The strengthened solar wind dynamic pressure (P_dyn) can alter the structure of the geomagnetic field, which can bring about the dynamic variation of radiation belt and ring current. In the study, we firstly utilize group test particle simulations to investigate the phase space density (PSD) under the varying geomagnetic field modeled by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) and T96 magnetic field models from 19 December 2015 to 20 December 2015. Combining the observation of the Van Allen Probe, we find that the PSD of outer radiation belt electrons evolves towards different states under different levels of P_dyn. In the first stage, the P_dyn (~7.94 nPa) results in the obvious rise of electron anisotropy. In the second stage, there is a significant reduction in PSD for energetic electrons at all energy levels and pitch angles under the action of intense P_dyn (~22 nPa), which suggests that the magnetopause shadowing and outward radial diffusion play important roles in the second process. The result of the study can help us further understand the dynamic evolution of the radiation belt and ring current during a period of geomagnetic disturbance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetodynamics of Space Plasmas)

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10 pages, 2459 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Manipulation of the Martensitic Transformation and Exchange Bias Effect in the Ni₄₅Co₅Mn₃₇In₁₃ Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy Films

by Jiahong Wen, Bochu Yang, Zhichao Dong, Yaxin Yan and Xiaoyu Zhao

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020051 - 08 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1028

Abstract

The martensitic phase transition and exchange bias effect of the Ni-Mn-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) Ni₄₅Co₅Mn₃₇In₁₃ (Ni-Co-Mn-In) films are investigated in this paper. The martensitic transformation properties of the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloy target material are manipulated [...] Read more.

The martensitic phase transition and exchange bias effect of the Ni-Mn-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) Ni₄₅Co₅Mn₃₇In₁₃ (Ni-Co-Mn-In) films are investigated in this paper. The martensitic transformation properties of the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloy target material are manipulated by the process of electric arc melting, melt-fast quenching, and high-temperature thermal pressure. The Ni-Co-Mn-In alloy films with martensite phase transition characteristics are obtained by adjusting deposition parameters on the (001) MgO substrate, which shows a significant exchange bias (EB) effect at different temperatures. With increasing sputtering power and time, the film thickness increases, resulting in a gradual relaxation of the constraints at the interface between the film and the substrate (the interfacial strain decreases as the increase of thin film thickness), which promotes the martensite phase transition. Between zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) curve obvious division zone, the decrease of exchange bias field (H_EB) and coercive force field (H_c) with an increase in test temperature is due to ferromagnetic (FM) interaction begins to dominate, resulting in a reduction of antiferromagnetic (AFM) anisotropy at the interface. The maximal H_EB and H_c reach ~465.7 Oe and ~306.9 Oe at 5 K, respectively. The manipulation of the martensitic transformation and EB effect of the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloy films demonstrates potential application in the field of information and spintronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Material and Magnetic Research)

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11 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transition-Layer Implantation for Improving Magnetoelectric Response in Co-fired Laminated Composite

by Sheng Liu, Sihua Liao, Hongxiang Zou, Bo Qin and Lianwen Deng

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020050 - 05 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1147

Abstract

Magnetoelectric (ME) laminated composites with strong ME coupling are becoming increasingly prevalent in the electron device field. In this paper, an enhancement of the ME coupling effect via transition-layer implantation for co-fired lead-free laminated composite (80Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-20Bi_0.5 [...] Read more.

Magnetoelectric (ME) laminated composites with strong ME coupling are becoming increasingly prevalent in the electron device field. In this paper, an enhancement of the ME coupling effect via transition-layer implantation for co-fired lead-free laminated composite (80Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-20Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃)/(Ni_0.8Zn_0.2)Fe₂O₄ (BNKT/NZFO) was demonstrated. A transition layer composed of particulate ME composite 0.5BNKT-0.5NZFO was introduced between the BNKT piezoelectric layer and the NZFO magnetostrictive layer, effectively connecting the two-phase interface and strengthening interface stress transfer. In particular, an optimal ME voltage coefficients (α_ME) of 144 mV/(cm·Oe) at 1 kHz and 1.05 V/(cm·Oe) at the resonant frequency in the composite was achieved, with a layer thickness ratio (BNKT:0.5BNKT-0.5NZFO:NZFO) of 3:1:6. The static elastic model was used to determine strong interface coupling. A large magnetodielectric (MD) response of 3.95% was found under a magnetic field excitation of 4 kOe. These results demonstrate that transition-layer implantation provides a new path to enhance the ME response in co-fired laminated composite, which can play an important role in developing magnetic field-tuned electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: From Design to Application)

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10 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Zero-Field Splitting in Cyclic Molecular Magnet {Cr₈Y₈}: A High-Frequency ESR Study

by Zhendong Fu, Zhong-Wen Ouyang, Qian-Cheng Luo, Yan-Zhen Zheng, Wei Tong, Huanpeng Bu, Hanjie Guo and Jin-Kui Zhao

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020049 - 03 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1314

Abstract

Cyclic 3d-4f molecular magnets have received considerable attention owing to their potential applications in high-density data storage and quantum information processing. As a rare example of ferromagnetic polynuclear Cr rings, {Cr₈Y₈} represents a valuable test bed to directly study [...] Read more.

Cyclic 3d-4f molecular magnets have received considerable attention owing to their potential applications in high-density data storage and quantum information processing. As a rare example of ferromagnetic polynuclear Cr rings, {Cr₈Y₈} represents a valuable test bed to directly study the magnetic interaction between Cr³⁺ ions in large hexadecametallic {Cr₈Ln₈} (Ln = 4f metal) molecules. We have proposed a “single-J” model to approximate the low-temperature spin dynamics of {Cr₈Y₈} in our earlier study, while a zero-field splitting (ZFS) of the quantum levels was also suggested by the heat capacity data. In order to have a deeper understanding of the magnetism of {Cr₈Y₈}, it is necessary to verify the ZFS by means of high-resolution spectral methods and identify its origin. In this work, we present a high-frequency electron spin resonance (HF-ESR) study on the ZFS of {Cr₈Y₈}. The X-band ESR spectra consists of multi-peak structure, indicative of magnetic anisotropy that breaks the degeneracy between spin states in the absence of a magnetic field. HF-ESR spectra are collected to extract the ZFS parameters. We observed a sharp resonance peak due to the transitions between the S = 11 quantum levels and a broadband corresponding to a distribution of resonance peaks due to the ZFS of the S = 12 quantum levels. By analyzing HF-ESR spectra, we confirm the expected S = 12 ground state and determine its ZFS parameter D as −0.069 K, and, furthermore, we reproduce the spectra recorded at 154 GHz. The macrospin model proves to still be valid. The ZFS is attributed to the axial magnetic anisotropy, as found in some other Cr-based molecular wheels. The detailed HF-ESR investigation presented in this paper will benefit the studies on other {Cr₈Ln₈} wheels with magnetic Ln³⁺ ions and highlights the importance of the HF-ESR method as a high-resolution probe in determining the ZFS parameters with very small magnitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Magnetism)

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14 pages, 4738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pre-Seismic Anomaly Detection Approach Based on Earthquake Cross Partial Multi-View Data Fusion

by Yongming Huang, Kun’ao Zhu, Wen Shi, Yong Lu, Gaochuan Liu, Guobao Zhang and Yuntian Teng

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020048 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2060

Abstract

It is a challenge to detect pre-seismic anomalies by using only one dataset due to the complexity of earthquakes. Therefore, it is a promising direction to use multiparameteric data. The earthquake cross partial multi-view data fusion approach (EQ-CPM) is proposed in this paper. [...] Read more.

It is a challenge to detect pre-seismic anomalies by using only one dataset due to the complexity of earthquakes. Therefore, it is a promising direction to use multiparameteric data. The earthquake cross partial multi-view data fusion approach (EQ-CPM) is proposed in this paper. By using this method, electromagnetic data and seismicity indicators are fused. This approach tolerates the absence of data and complements the missing part in fusion. First, the effectiveness of seismicity indicators and electromagnetic data was validated through two earthquake case studies. Then, four machine learning algorithms were applied to detect pre-seismic anomalies by using the fused data and two original datasets. The results show that the fused data provided better performance than the single-modal data. In the Matthews correlation coefficient index, the results of our method showed an 8% improvement compared with the latest study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetotelluric Analysis)

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13 pages, 6238 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fine-Grained Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ Transparent Ceramics Prepared by Co-Precipitation Synthesis and Two-Step Sintering

by Lixuan Zhang, Xiaoying Li, Dianjun Hu, Mariya Dobrotvorska, Roman Yavetskiy, Zhengfa Dai, Tengfei Xie, Qiang Yuan, Haohong Chen, Qiang Liu and Jiang Li

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020047 - 01 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1527

Abstract

In recent years, transparent terbium aluminum garnet (TAG) ceramics have attracted much attention for use in high-power Faraday isolators. Fine-grained ceramics usually possess better mechanical properties and accordingly better service performance. In this work, transparent TAG ceramics with fine grains were prepared using [...] Read more.

In recent years, transparent terbium aluminum garnet (TAG) ceramics have attracted much attention for use in high-power Faraday isolators. Fine-grained ceramics usually possess better mechanical properties and accordingly better service performance. In this work, transparent TAG ceramics with fine grains were prepared using a two-step sintering procedure based on the low-temperature sintering process to suppress grain growth. The composition of TAG precursor and powders calcined at different temperatures was studied in detail. The microstructure and relative density of air pre-sintered TAG ceramics were studied to meet the requirements of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post-treatment. Driven by the low pre-sintering temperature in air, the average grain sizes of the obtained TAG ceramics after HIP treatment are about 2.9–5.3 μm. The TAG ceramics (1.2 mm thick) pre-sintered at 1450 °C with HIP post-treatment at 1550 °C for 3 h under a 176 MPa Ar atmosphere possess the highest in-line transmittance of 80.3% at 1064 nm. The Verdet constant of the TAG ceramics at 632.8 nm is −180.5 rad·T⁻¹·m⁻¹ at room temperature, which is about 1.3 times larger than that of the commercial Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ single crystals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Magneto-Optical Ceramics)

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13 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into Unsteady Separated Stagnation Point Flow of Hybrid Nanofluids Subjected to an Electro-Magnetohydrodynamics Riga Plate

by Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie, Norihan Md Arifin, Nur Syahirah Wahid and Ioan Pop

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020046 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1085

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to analyze and compare the numerical solutions of an unsteady separated stagnation point flow due to a Riga plate using copper–alumina/water and graphene–alumina/water hybrid nanofluids. The Riga plate generates electro-magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) which is expected to delay [...] Read more.

The main objective of this work is to analyze and compare the numerical solutions of an unsteady separated stagnation point flow due to a Riga plate using copper–alumina/water and graphene–alumina/water hybrid nanofluids. The Riga plate generates electro-magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) which is expected to delay the boundary layer separation. The flow and energy equations are mathematically developed based on the boundary layer assumptions. These equations are then simplified with the aid of the similarity variables. The numerical results are generated by the bvp4c function and then presented in graphs and tables. The limitation of this model is the use of a Riga plate as the testing surface and water as the base fluid. The results may differ if another wall surfaces or base fluids are considered. Another limitation is the Takabi and Salehi’s correlation of hybrid nanofluid is used for the computational part. The findings reveal that dual solutions exist where the first solution is stable using the validation from stability analysis. Graphene–alumina/water has the maximum skin friction coefficient while copper–alumina/water has the maximum thermal coefficient for larger acceleration parameter. Besides, the single nanofluids (copper–water, graphene–water and alumina–water) are also tested and compared with the hybrid nanofluids. Surprisingly, graphene–water has the maximum skin friction coefficient while alumina–water has the maximum heat transfer rate. The findings are only conclusive and limited to the comparison between graphene–alumina and copper–alumina with water base fluid. The result may differ if another base fluid is used. Hence, future study is necessary to investigate the thermal progress of these hybrid nanofluids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Materials)

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14 pages, 10265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Bismuth on the Structure, Magnetic and Photocatalytic Characteristics of GdFeO₃

by Yudie Ma, Hui Shen, Yating Fang, Heyan Geng, Yu Zhao, Yasheng Li, Jiayue Xu and Yunfeng Ma

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020045 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1354

Abstract

In this paper, a series of Gd_1-xBi_xFeO₃ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) nanoparticles have been readily synthesized by a green and facile sol–gel method. It gradually changed from the orthorhombic structure (space group Pbnm [...] Read more.

In this paper, a series of Gd_1-xBi_xFeO₃ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) nanoparticles have been readily synthesized by a green and facile sol–gel method. It gradually changed from the orthorhombic structure (space group Pbnm) to the rhombohedral perovskite structure (space group R3c). Weak ferromagnetic behavior was effectively induced by Bi³⁺, with reduced magnetization. It was closely related with the lattice distortion of the perovskite structure and modified interactions between Fe-O-Fe. Boosted photocatalytic activities of Gd_1-xBi_xFeO₃ were observed for the removal of methylene blue (MB) under the visible light irradiation. In particular, Gd_0.5Bi_0.5FeO₃ showed the optimum photocatalytic efficiency, in which the degradation efficiency reached 82.1% after 180 min of visible light illumination, with good stability and repeatability. The improved performance was mainly ascribed to enhanced visible light absorption, decreased optical band gap from 2.21 to 1.8eV and stronger charge transfer efficiency. A possible photocatalytic mechanism is also proposed according to the band structure. The results indicate that this system will be a promising candidate for the degradation of organic pollutant as a novel magnetically recoverable photocatalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perovskite Materials: Preparation, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties)

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13 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetization Dynamics in Fe_xCo_1-x in Presence of Chemical Disorder

by Banasree Sadhukhan, Raghuveer Chimata, Biplab Sanyal and Abhijit Mookerjee

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020044 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1060

Abstract

In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation of magnetization dynamics in disordered binary alloys, based on the Kubo linear response theory, interfaced with a seamless combination of three approaches: density functional-based tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbitals, generalized recursion and augmented space formalism. We [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation of magnetization dynamics in disordered binary alloys, based on the Kubo linear response theory, interfaced with a seamless combination of three approaches: density functional-based tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbitals, generalized recursion and augmented space formalism. We applied this method to study the magnetization dynamics in chemically disordered Fe_xCo_1−x (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) alloys. We found that the magnon energies decreased with an increase in Co concentration. Significant magnon softening was observed in Fe₂₀Co₈₀ at the Brillouin zone boundary. Magnon–electron scattering increased with increasing Co content, which in turn modified the hybridization between the Fe and Co atoms. This reduced the exchange energy between the atoms and softened down the magnon energy. The lowest magnon lifetime was found in Fe₅₀Co₅₀, where disorder was at a maximum. This clearly indicated that the damping of magnon energies in Fe_xCo_1−x was governed by hybridization between Fe and Co, whereas the magnon lifetime was controlled by disorder configuration. Our atomistic spin dynamics simulations show reasonable agreement with our theoretical approach in magnon dispersion for different alloy compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Magnetic Materials)

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10 pages, 6068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Formation Mechanism of Lunar Hematite

by Yue Fu, Huizi Wang, Jiang Zhang, Jian Chen, Quanqi Shi, Chao Yue, Honglei Lin, Ruilong Guo, Anmin Tian, Chao Xiao and Wensai Shang

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020043 - 28 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1671

Abstract

Hematite, a ferric mineral with diagnostic features in the visible and infrared spectral range, has recently been discovered in the polar regions of the Moon by the Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³). The oxygen involving the oxidization process producing lunar hematite [...] Read more.

Hematite, a ferric mineral with diagnostic features in the visible and infrared spectral range, has recently been discovered in the polar regions of the Moon by the Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³). The oxygen involving the oxidization process producing lunar hematite is supposed to originate from the Earth’s upper atmosphere, and hematite with different ages may have preserved information on the oxygen evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere in the past billions of years. The discovery of lunar hematite may provide insight into the understanding of the oxidation products on the Moon and other airless bodies. In this work, we analyze hematite abundance distribution in the lunar polar regions, showing that the content of hematite on the lunar surface increases with latitude, and is positively correlated with surface water abundance. We suggest that the latitude dependence of hematite is derived from the latitude dependence of water, which indicates that water may play an essential role in the formation of hematite. The correlation between hematite and the optical maturity parameter (OMAT) was analyzed and a significant positive correlation was observed, which suggests that the hematite in the polar regions is the result of gradual and persistent oxidation reactions. In addition, based on the analysis of oxygen particles in the Earth wind, it was found that O⁺ and O₂⁺ are much more abundant, suggesting that low-energy O⁺ or O₂⁺ ions escaping from the upper atmosphere of the Earth may play a crucial role in the formation of hematite in the lunar polar regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetodynamics of Space Plasmas)

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17 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Magnetic Transition State Searching: Beyond the Static Ion Approximation

by Robert A. Lawrence, Scott J. Donaldson and Matt I. J. Probert

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020042 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1205

Abstract

The effect of structural relaxations on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The theory of the impact of magnetostructural coupling on the MAE was discussed, including the effects on attempt frequency. The MAE for ferromagnetic FePt [...] Read more.

The effect of structural relaxations on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The theory of the impact of magnetostructural coupling on the MAE was discussed, including the effects on attempt frequency. The MAE for ferromagnetic FePt (3.45 meV/formula unit) and antiferromagnetic PtMn (0.41 meV/formula unit) were calculated within the local density approximation (LDA). The effects of the structural relaxation were calculated and found to give a <0.5% reduction to the MAE for the ferromagnet and ∼20% for the antiferromagnet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials, Thin Films and Nanostructures)

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12 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Characteristics and Recent Development of Fluoride Magneto-Optical Crystals

by Zhonghan Zhang, Zhen Wu, Zhen Zhang, Liangbi Su, Anhua Wu, Yang Li and Jianghe Lan

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020041 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Magneto-optical materials are the fundamental component of Faraday isolators; therefore, they are significantly important for solid-state laser systems. Fluoride magneto-optical crystals such as CeF₃, KTb₃F₁₀ and LiTbF₄ exhibit advantages of wide transmittance range, high optical homogeneity, smaller [...] Read more.

Magneto-optical materials are the fundamental component of Faraday isolators; therefore, they are significantly important for solid-state laser systems. Fluoride magneto-optical crystals such as CeF₃, KTb₃F₁₀ and LiTbF₄ exhibit advantages of wide transmittance range, high optical homogeneity, smaller thermal lensing and weaker thermal induced depolarization effect, and thus are promising candidates for Faraday isolators in high-power solid-state lasers. Recent progress in crystal growth and characterizations of these fluoride magneto-optical crystals are introduced. Possible applications of Faraday isolators based on various fluoride crystals are discussed, especially for solid-state lasers in the ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) spectral region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Magneto-Optical Ceramics)

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27 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural Model of Magnetic and Deformation Behavior of Single Crystals and Polycrystals of Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy

by Anatoli A. Rogovoy and Olga S. Stolbova

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020040 - 20 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1198

Abstract

In this article, a microstructural model of the Heusler alloy with the shape memory effect caused by the application of an external magnetic field is constructed. The dynamics of the magnetization process are described using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. For the numerical implementation of [...] Read more.

In this article, a microstructural model of the Heusler alloy with the shape memory effect caused by the application of an external magnetic field is constructed. The dynamics of the magnetization process are described using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. For the numerical implementation of the model using the finite element method, the variational equations corresponding to the differential formulation of the magnetic problem are used. Such an approach makes it possible to reduce (weaken) the requirements for the smoothness of the sought solution. The problem of magnetization of single crystals of the Ni₂MnGa alloy, which has a “herringbone”-type martensitic structure (a twinned variant of martensite), is considered. In each element of the twin, the magnetic domains with walls of a certain thickness are formed. The motion and interaction of these walls and the rotation of magnetization vector in the walls and domains under the action of the external differently directed magnetic fields are studied. These processes in the Heusler alloy are also accompanied by the detwinning process. A condition for the detwinning of a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy in a magnetic field is proposed, and the effect of the reorientation (detwinning) of martensitic variants forming a twin on the magnetization of the material and the occurrence of structural (detwinning) deformation in it are taken into account. First, the processes of magnetization and structural deformation in a single grain are considered at different angles between the anisotropy axes of twinned variants and the external magnetic field. For these cases, the magnetization curves are constructed, and the deformed states are identified. The model described such experimental facts as the detwinning process and the jump in magnetization on these curves as a result of this process. It was shown that the jump occurred at a certain magnitude of the strength of the applied external magnetic field and a certain direction of its action relative to the twinning system. Then, based on the obtained results, deformed states arising due to the detwinning process were determined for various (isotropic and texture-oriented) polycrystalline samples, and magnetization curves taking into account this process were constructed for these materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applications of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials)

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14 pages, 5529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cluster Observation of Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins

by Bin Li, Huigen Yang, Jicheng Sun, Zejun Hu, Jianjun Liu, Xiangcai Chen, Yongfu Wang, Jie Ren, Chao Yue, C. Philippe Escoubet, Qian Wang and Qiugang Zong

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020039 - 20 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1765

Abstract

The ionosphere is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere that is caused mainly by photoionization by solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission and the atmospheric photochemistry process. The ionospheric ions escape from the ionosphere and populate the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this case study, [...] Read more.

The ionosphere is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere that is caused mainly by photoionization by solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission and the atmospheric photochemistry process. The ionospheric ions escape from the ionosphere and populate the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this case study, ion outflows from two different origins were obtained by spacecraft Cluster C1 in the magnetospheric cusp region. One of the outflows was from the reflection of the dispersed solar wind particles. The other was the ionospheric outflow passing through the low latitude boundary layer of the cusp (LLBL/cusp), which was energized by downward Poynting flux. Similar to the reflected solar wind particles, outflowing ionospheric cold ions could also extend to the high-latitude region with magnetic field line convection, which mixed it up with solar wind particles. Based on the Cluster observation in the cusp region, two different origins of the outflowing particles were determined, and their unique mechanisms of formation were discussed. Results suggest that the strong electric field associated with solar wind particle precipitation may additionally accelerate the cold ionospheric ion flow in the LLBL/cusp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetodynamics of Space Plasmas)

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11 pages, 3390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Magnetic Fluid and Back Blade Combined Seal for Sealing Water

by Hujun Wang, Zhongquan Gao, Xinzhi He, Zhenkun Li, Jinqiu Zhao, Zhuo Luo and Yaqun Wei

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020038 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1277

Abstract

When sealing liquids with magnetic fluid, the interfacial stability problem caused by the interaction between the magnetic fluid and the sealed liquid leads to poor sealing performance. Centrifugal force is generated by the rotation of the sealed liquid in the back blade seal, [...] Read more.

When sealing liquids with magnetic fluid, the interfacial stability problem caused by the interaction between the magnetic fluid and the sealed liquid leads to poor sealing performance. Centrifugal force is generated by the rotation of the sealed liquid in the back blade seal, which forms back pressure to reduce the load of the seal or prevents the sealed liquid from leaking. To reduce the influence of the shaft speed on the sealing performance, a combined magnetic fluid and back blade seal was designed for sealing liquids and a combined seal experiment stand was set up. Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out. The results showed that under a higher shaft speed, the combined seal structure had better sealing performance in which the back blade seal played the main role; the magnetic fluid seal played a major role in stopping and lowering the speed to prevent seal leakage. The combined seal could run stably under different shaft speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Applications of Magnetic Field-Responsive Fluid)

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13 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nanomaterial Endocytosis: Quantification of Adsorption and Ingestion Mechanisms

by Abhinav Sannidhi, Chen Zhou, Young Suk Choi, Allan E. David, Paul W. Todd and Thomas R. Hanley

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020037 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

The widespread use of nanomaterials in vaccines, therapeutics, and industrial applications creates an increasing demand for understanding their ingestion by living cells. Researchers in the field have called for a more robust understanding of physical/chemical particle–cell interactions and a means to determine the [...] Read more.

The widespread use of nanomaterials in vaccines, therapeutics, and industrial applications creates an increasing demand for understanding their ingestion by living cells. Researchers in the field have called for a more robust understanding of physical/chemical particle–cell interactions and a means to determine the particles ingested per cell. Using superparamagnetic nanobeads, we measured the beads per cell and quantified the kinetics of the receptor-independent endocytosis of particles having seven surface chemistries. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated nanoparticles were ingested less effectively by cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and more effectively by aminated nanoparticles than starch-coated particles. The cells ingested 2 to 4 × 10⁵ of the most attractive particles. The interplay between Van der Waals and coulombic potentials was quantified on the basis of Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory modified to include hydration repulsion using physical parameters of the seven surface chemistries. Using dose–response curves for inhibitors of clathrin- or caveolae-dependent ingestion, we quantified how particle surface chemistry determines which endocytic pathway is used by the cell. Such characterization can be useful in predicting nanomaterial uptake in medical and toxicological applications and in the selection of particle surface chemistries for receptor-dependent endocytosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedicine 2022)

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12 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Molecule Magnets Based on Heteroleptic Terbium(III) Trisphthalocyaninate in Solvent-Free and Solvent-Containing Forms

by Maxim A. Faraonov, Alexander G. Martynov, Marina A. Polovkova, Salavat S. Khasanov, Yulia G. Gorbunova, Aslan Yu. Tsivadze, Akihiro Otsuka, Hideki Yamochi, Hiroshi Kitagawa and Dmitri V. Konarev

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020036 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1654

Abstract

Binuclear heteroleptic triple-decker terbium(III) phthalocyaninate (Pc)Tb[(15C5)₄Pc]Tb(Pc), where Pc²⁻ is phthalocyaninate dianion and 15C5 is a 15-crown-5 moiety, has been synthesized as a solvent-free powder (1) and a well-defined crystal solvate with o-dichlorobenzene (Pc)Tb[(15C5)₄Pc]Tb(Pc)⋅6C₆H [...] Read more.

Binuclear heteroleptic triple-decker terbium(III) phthalocyaninate (Pc)Tb[(15C5)₄Pc]Tb(Pc), where Pc²⁻ is phthalocyaninate dianion and 15C5 is a 15-crown-5 moiety, has been synthesized as a solvent-free powder (1) and a well-defined crystal solvate with o-dichlorobenzene (Pc)Tb[(15C5)₄Pc]Tb(Pc)⋅6C₆H₄Cl₂ (2). In the crystal structure of 2, the Tb-N(Pc) distances to the nitrogen atoms in the outer and inner decks are 2.350–2.367(4) and 2.583–2.598(4) Å, respectively, and the Tb–Tb distance is 3.4667(3) Å. The twist angle between the outer and the inner decks is 42.6°. The magnetic properties were studied for both 1 and 2. The χ_MT magnitude of 23.3 emu⋅K/mol at 300 K indicates a contribution of two Tb^III centers with the ⁷F₆ ground state. The χ_MT product increases with decreasing temperature to reach 38.5 emu⋅K/mol at 2 K. This is indicative of ferromagnetic coupling between Tb^III spins in accordance with previous data for triple-decker lanthanide phthalocyaninates of a dipolar nature. Both forms show a single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior manifesting the in-phase (χ′) and out-of-phase (χ″) AC susceptibility signals in an oscillating field of 3 Oe with estimated effective spin-reversal energy barriers (U_eff) of 222(9) and 93(7) cm⁻¹ for 1 and 2, respectively. The compounds show narrow hysteresis loops in the −1 – +1 kOe range, and the splitting between the zero-field-cooling and field-cooling curves is observed below 6 K. Thus, in spite of similar static magnetic characteristics, each form of the Tb(III) complex shows a different dynamic SMM behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Spin Crossover Materials: Recent Trends, Emerging Properties and Applications)

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5 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Magnetochemistry in 2022

by Magnetochemistry Editorial Office

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020035 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 933

Abstract

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article

13 pages, 9393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Magnetotelluric Parallel-Constrained-Inversion Using Artificial-Fish-Swarm Algorithm

by Zuzhi Hu, Yanling Shi, Xuejun Liu, Zhanxiang He, Ligui Xu, Xiaoli Mi and Juan Liu

Magnetochemistry 2023, 9(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9020034 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162

Abstract

An important way to improve the resolution of electromagnetic exploration is by using known seismic and logging data. Based on previous work, 2D magnetotelluric (MT) parallel-constrained-inversion, based on an artificial-fish-swarm algorithm is further developed. The finite-difference (FD) method with paralleling frequency is used [...] Read more.

An important way to improve the resolution of electromagnetic exploration is by using known seismic and logging data. Based on previous work, 2D magnetotelluric (MT) parallel-constrained-inversion, based on an artificial-fish-swarm algorithm is further developed. The finite-difference (FD) method with paralleling frequency is used for 2D MT-forward-modeling, to improve computational efficiency. The results of the FD and finite-element (FE) methods show that the accuracy of FD is comparable to FE in the case of suitable mesh-generation; however, the calculation speed is ten times faster than that of the FE. The artificial-fish-swarm algorithm is introduced and applied to parallel-constrained-inversion of 2D MT data. The results of the synthetic-model test show that the artificial-fish-swarm-inversion based on paralleling forward can recover the model well and effectively improve the inversion speed. The processing and interpretation results of the field data are verified by drilling, which shows that the proposed inversion-method has good practicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetotelluric Analysis)

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Magnetochemistry, Volume 9, Issue 2 (February 2023) – 25 articles

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